Chapter Five
Ionic & Covalent
Compounds
1
2
Types of Compounds
Compound: 2 or more elements chemically combined
Ionic: Covalent:
• Cation + Anion • Form by sharing electrons
• Form from transfer of • Contain atoms, not ions
electrons • Often nonmetal + nonmetal
• Often metal + nonmetal o Elements that are
o Elements that are very “similar”
“different” o Same side of Periodic
o Opposite sides of Table
Periodic Table o Hydrogen is a nonmetal
• Ex. NaCl (sodium chloride) • Ex. CO2 (carbon dioxide)
• Contain specific ratios of • Molecules contain specific
ions but no specific numbers of atoms.
number of ions
3
Law of Definite Proportions
A compound will always have same chemical composition
• Each product is formed from definite proportions of reactants
+
3 eggs 2 cups flour 1 cake
Water is
+ ALWAYS
H2 O
16 Hydrogen 8 Oxygen 8 Water
atoms atoms molecules
• Same mass proportions & atomic ratios of elements present
4
Law of Multiple Proportions
If the same two elements can combine to form more than
one compound:
• The masses of one element combine with a fixed mass
of the second element.
•The combination is in a ratio of small whole numbers.
Open face sandwich
1 bread + 1 filling
1:1 ratio
Regular sandwich
2 bread + 1 filling
2:1 ratio
Compounds are formed when atoms of
different elements unite in fixed proportions
5
Chemical Formulas
Represent chemical composition (atomic ratios)
• Empirical: Ratio of atoms (NH2 instead of N2H4)
o Can use for ionic or covalent compounds
• Molecular: Actual # of atoms (N2H4)
o Only use for covalent compounds. Molecule = covalent
• Structural: Shows how atoms are connected in molecules
6
Chemical Formulas
Symbols tell you what
elements are present
Fe(CO3)2
Subscripts tell you how
many atoms/ions of
each element are present
Parentheses show that a subscript belongs
to a group of elements, not a single element
(distribute the 2 to oxygen & carbon)
Lewis Dot Symbols
7
Consists of atomic symbol surrounded by 1 dot
for each valence electron in the atom
Only used for main group elements
# valence electrons = group number
8
Drawing Lewis Dot Symbols
Mg S
Cl Ar
9
Formulas & Names of
Ionic Compounds
Sodium chloride
Ionic Bonding 10
Electrons are transferred from one atom to
another forming charged atoms called ions
• Metal atoms: Lose electrons to form positive cations
• Nonmetal atoms: Gain electrons to form negative anions
Electrostatic force (+ & - attraction) bonds ions
into an ionic compound (ionic bond)
• Form an ionic salt with repeating structure: NaCl, LiF
Ionic Bonds follow the octet rule
• Atoms lose or gain valence e- to make an octet (8e-)
• 8 valence e- = Noble gas configuration
Li Li+ + e- 1s22s1® 1s2
e- + F F - 1s22s22p5 ®1s22s22p6
Li+ + F
- Li+ F -
Ionic Compounds (salts)
11
Cations & Anions bind together to form crystals
The net charge on the compound is 0
• Positive & negative charges are balanced: number
of positive charges = number of negative charges
• Not always a 1:1 ratio of ions – depends on charge
Large network of ions
• Not distinct individual units
• Positive charge of cation attracts all nearby anions
• Negative charge of anion attracts all nearby cations
• Energy required to convert an ionic solid into ions
in the gas phase is known as lattice energy
12
Using the Periodic Table to Predict Ionic Charge
(Main Group Elements Only)
Goal: Get 8 valence electrons (“full”)
• electrons in “outermost” energy level
• ”A” column number tells number of valence electrons
• Noble gases (column 8A/18) already have 8 – generally no charge
• Can gain or lose electrons to get 8 – generally do what is easier
• Electrons are negative à gain electrons = negative charge!
The correct charge is usually the smallest number
Left Side (metals): K1+ or K-7 Mg2+ or Mg6-
Right Side (nonmetals): O6+ or O2- F7+, or F1-
Ionic Bonding:
13
Ca & Cl
Charges on Transition & Other Multi-charge Metals14
Sn & Pb are
the “others”
that you will
see most
often
• Become cations
• Charge cannot always be predicted by column
• Often have more than one charge (also possible for
some main group elements)
o Designated with a Roman Numeral
o Iron (III) = Fe3+; Iron (II) = Fe2+
o Roman numerals required in names of ionic
compounds if cation can have more than one charge
§ Iron (III) oxide
§ Copper (II) chloride
Polyatomic Ions
15
• Charged molecules
• Lose or gain electrons as a group
• Charge is spread over 2 or more atoms
Memorize the following polyatomic ions!
Ammonium NH4+ Hydronium H3O+
Phosphate PO43- Acetate CH3COO-
Hydroxide OH- Nitrate NO3-
Cyanide CN- Sulfate SO42-
Permanganate MnO4- Chlorate ClO3-
Carbonate CO32- Perchlorate ClO4-
16
Formula of an Ionic Compound
must give an overall charge of zero!
Al & O
Ca & Br
Na & CO3
Ca & NO3
Pb4+ & O
17
Names of Ions and Ionic Compounds
Naming Ions:
For cations: add the word ION after element name
Na = sodium Al = aluminum
• In col 1, so loses 1 e- • In col 13, so loses 3 e-
• Na+ = • Al3+ =
For anions: change the element name ending to –ide first
Cl = chlorine O = oxygen
• In col 17, so gains 1e- • In col 16, so gains 2 e-
• Cl- = • O2- =
18
Naming Ionic Compounds (ie salts):
• Write the name of the cation followed by the name of the anion.
• If the cation can have more than one charge, include a Roman
Numeral representing the charge after the name of the cation.
Na & Cl Al & O
Net Charge: (+1) + (-1) = 0 Net Charge: 2(+3) + 3(-2) = 0
Chemical Formula is NaCl Chemical Formula is Al2O3
Na = sodium Al = aluminum
Cl = chloride O = oxide
Name = Sodium chloride Name = Aluminum oxide
Fe & S
Fe = iron –> 2 possible charges, +2 & +3
S = Sulfide –> charge is -2
If Iron is +2 If Iron is +3
Net Charge: (+2)+(-2) = 0 Net Charge: 2(+3)+3(-2) = 0
Chemical Formula is FeS Chemical Formula is Fe2S3
Name = Iron (II) sulfide Name = Iron (III) sulfide
19
Naming Ionic Compounds
1.) K2O 4.) Ca(NO3)2
2.) CaF2
5.) K3PO4
3.) KF
If the formula contains a cation that can have more than
one charge, you need to determine the charge based on
the anion & include it as a Roman Numeral.
6.) PbCl2
7.) Fe2O3
20
Formulas & Names of
Covalent Compounds
CO2 = Carbon Dioxide
21
Covalent Bonding
Electrons are shared between atoms, forming a
covalent bond
• Elements are similar so they are not able to fully pull
electrons away from each other
• Atoms remain uncharged, but “gain” additional valence
electrons to have an octet
• Number of shared electrons can vary depending on the
number needed for each atom to gain an octet
Often results in formation of individual units
called molecules
H + Cl H Cl = Molecule of HCl
• Sometimes large networks similar to ionic crystals can
be formed – diamonds are one example
22
Molecular Compounds
Molecules contain specific numbers of atoms
• The number and type of each atom is shown in the
molecular formula
• Diatomic molecules – 2 atoms
• Homonuclear – same element
not a compound (just an element)
• Heteronuclear - different elements
a compound
• Polyatomic molecules – more than 2 atoms
23
Names of Binary Molecules (2 Elements, Covalent)
Names and formulas have 2 parts, 1 for each element:
Dinitrogen tetroxide --------------------- N2O4
1st word is 1st element name --------- N = Nitrogen
2nd word is 2nd element name
à change ending to “–ide” ---------- O = Oxygen à Oxide
Formula: Subscripts = # of atoms ------ N2O4
Name: Prefix = # of atoms ---------------- Dinitrogen tetroxide
Do not include a prefix for the first element if there is
only one atom
Ex: CO2 = Carbon dioxide (not monocarbon dioxide)
CO = Carbon monoxide
24
Need to know prefixes up to 10
Note that the o or a at the end of the prefix is often
dropped when the element begins with a vowel.
• Monoxide, not monooxide
• Tetroxide, not tetraoxide
25
Names & Formulas of Binary Molecules
1.) N2O
2.) SCl3
3.) P2O5
4.) nitrogen dioxide
5.) dinitrogen tetrasulfide
Acids and Bases
26
Acid
• Arrhenius: Compound ionizes in H2O to form H+ & anions
- Name by changing anion –ide ending to –ic acid
- Add hydro to acids with HX formula (X=halogen; col.17)
ex: HCl = Hydrochloric acid
• Bronsted acids: H+ grabs H2O to form H3O+ in water
Base
• Arrhenius: Compound ionizes in H2O to form OH- & cations
- Name as salts: All hydroxide salts are considered bases
• Bronsted base: Pulls H+ from H2O so NH3 is a base:
H2O + NH3 _ OH- + NH4+ _ NH4OH
Neutralization
• Reaction between acid & base – form water & a salt
H+ + OH- _H2O and cation + anion _ salt
HCl + NaOH _H2O + NaCl (aq)
27
Common acids and bases
Be able to recognize & associate formula with name
Acids
Hydrochloric Acid: HCl Carbonic Acid: H2CO3
Sulfuric Acid: H2SO4 Nitric Acid: HNO3
Chloric Acid: HClO3 Phosphoric Acid: H3PO4
Perchloric acid: HClO4 Acetic Acid: CH3COOH
Bases
Sodium hydroxide: NaOH
Potassium hydroxide: KOH
Ammonium hydroxide: NH4OH (ammonia, NH3, in H2O)
Lithium hydroxide: LiOH
28
Naming Oxoacids and their Anions:
Reference Only
HClO4
Perchloric acid
HClO3
Chloric acid
HClO2
Chlorous acid
HClO
Hypochlorous acid
29
Molar Mass &
Mass Percent Calculations
SO2: 64.0648g/mol
49.9476% oxygen
50.0524% sulfur
Molar Mass 30
The mass of one mole of a substance
• Units of g/mol
To calculate for a compound:
SO2 - molecule
• Find atomic mass of each element
à located on Periodic table (often below symbol)
• Multiply atomic mass of element by subscript, then
add all elements together.
• Molecular mass: mass of molecule
à include every atom
• Formula mass: mass of ions in a salt
à use smallest ratio
Examples:
1 mol Na = 22.99 g/mol NaCl – ionic compound
1 mol SO2 = 64.07g/mol
1 mole NaCl = 58.44g/mol
31
Calculating Molar Mass for Compounds
1.) NaCl
2.) SO2
3.) Pb(NO3)2
Mole-based Calculations
32
(Mass/Mole/Particle Conversions)
Molar Mass (M): grams/mol – from Periodic Table!
Avogadro’s Number Na: 6.022x1023 particles/mol
Same as for elements,
but with molar mass of compounds
33
# moles à mass
What is the mass, in grams, of 0.557 mol K2O? (52.5 g)
mass à # moles
How many moles are there in 25.64 g of K2O? (0.2722 mol)
34
# moles à # particles
How many molecules are in 2.6 moles of CO2? (1.6 x 1024 molecules)
# moles à # particles
How many oxygen atoms are in 4.57 moles of SO3? (8.26x1024 atoms O)
# moles à # particles
How many ions are in 2.6 moles of NaCl? (3.1 x 1024 ions;
1.6x1024 Na+ ions & 1.6x1024 Cl- ions)
35
Combined!
How many atoms are there in 2.578 g of SO2
(MM = 64.065 g/mol)?
Mass à Moles à Molecules à Atoms
A: 7.270 x 1022 atoms
36
Percent Composition of Compounds by Mass
(Mass % Compostion)
• General idea for percentages is “part / total”
• For mass %: mass of each element in the compound
divided by the total mass of the compound
• Units should be the same for both values (usually g)
To Determine the Mass % of a Compound:
• Assume 1 mole of compound.
v This will make subscripts = # moles of each element
• Calculate molar mass of compound.
• Calculate mass of each element based on subscripts.
• For each element, divide mass by molar mass of
compound
37
Mass % Compostion
3 pieces Pepperoni (Pe) – 10. g per piece
2 pieces Cheese (Ch) – 9.0 g per piece
5 pieces Veggie (Ve) – 12 g per piece
Pe3Ch2Ve5
Total: 10 slices, 108 g
pizza-express-london-51
Percent by slice: Percent by mass:
Pe: (3/10)*100 = 30% Pe: (30./108)*100 = 27%
Ch: (2/10)*100 = 20% Ch: (18/108)*100 = 17%
Ve: (5/10)*100 = 50% Ve: (60./108)*100 = 56%
38
Mass % Composition of Calcium Chlorite,
Ca(ClO2)2
Ca(ClO2)2
Step 1: Find the molar mass of Ca(ClO2)2
2 ClO2
1 Ca
2 Cl 4O
Step 2: Divide each elemental mass by the molar mass of
Ca(ClO2)2 (Total should equal approximately 100%)
39
Empirical Formulas from Mass % Composition
What is the empirical formula for a compound with a
mass composition of 2.2% H, 26.7% C, and 71.1% O?
Assume 100g, then can change % of each
element to grams:
Convert grams of each element to moles:
Divide by smallest # of moles
Use integers for subscripts
H1C1O2 = HCO2 (empirical formula)
40
What If You Don’t get Whole Numbers?
Multiply Results from Empirical Formula by the
smallest possible value to get whole numbers:
C = 1.5
O=1
H=3
Formula = C3H6O2
41
Molecular Formula from Mass % Composition
What is the molecular formula for a compound with a
mass composition of 2.2% H, 26.7% C, and 71.1% O, and
a molar mass of 135.053g/mol?
Follow steps to get empirical formula:
From previous slide: HCO2
Calculate formula mass from empirical formula:
Divide molar mass by formula mass:
Multiply subscripts by value from previous step:
