Scribd
Upload
27 views9 pages

Science 9 - Genetics (1st Q)

Uploaded by

aeon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
27 views9 pages

Science 9 - Genetics (1st Q)

Uploaded by

aeon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Genetics

Genetics – study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in an organism


Inheritance – genetic information is passed on from the parent to child
Gene – unit of heredity that codes for a specific trait
●​ Genotype – genetic makeup
●​ Phenotype – physical feature or trait
Punnett square – representation of the possible genotypes
Gregor Mandel – father of genetics
-​ He used pea plants for his experiment
-​ His law states that hereditary units occur in pairs that separate during gamete formation so
that every gamete receives but one member of a pair. (I got this from the internet)
Two different types of complications: (I don’t think this will be in the test)
1.​ Genotypic ratios follow Mende’s Laws but phenotypes do not. Somehow the underlying
genotypic ratios are hidden.
2.​ Mendel’s laws do not apply. Both genotypes and phenotypes are not following Mendel’s laws.
Law of Dominance – when two alleles are heterozygous, the allele expressed is dominant whereas the
allele not expressed is recessive
Incomplete Dominance – when a dominant allele doesn’t completely mask the effects of a recessive
allele, and the physical traits shows blending
Co-Dominance – occurs when two alleles of the same gene are present in a living thing and both are
expressed.

Sex-limited and Sex-influenced traits


-​ Humans have 46 chromosomes (44 autosomes, 2 sex-chromosomes)
-​ X-chromosomes are present in all living things
-​ Y-chromosomes determine the possible sex
Sex-limited traits – generally autosomal (not found in X or Y chromosomes)
-​ Expressed in only one gender
Antigens – trigger immune responses if it’s foreign to the body
-​ They induce an immune response to ​a body or substance in blood
Antibodies – recognize and counteract against foreign substances to the blood

Multiple Alleles – instances where a particular gene may exist in three or more allelic forms
Penetrance – percent of individuals that have certain genotypes and show expected phenotypes
Pleiotropy – occurs when one gene influences two or more unrelated phenotypic traits

3 Laws of Mendelian Genetics


-​ Principle of Dominance
-​ Law of Independent Assortment
-​ Law of Segregation

Mendelian Inheritance
1. The inherited traits are determined by genes that are passed from parents to children.
2. A child inherits two sets of genes—one from each parent.
3. A trait may not be observable, but its gene can be passed to the next generation.

Gametes - reproductive cells or sex cells that unite during sexual reproduction to form a zygote
Law of Segregation – gametes formed during meiosis separate alleles so that each gamete only has one
gene for each trait
Mendelian Genetics
Traits
●​ Genetics – study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring
Punnett Square
●​ a square diagram that is composed of a grid of usually four boxes and is used to calculate and
depict all the combinations and frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes among the
offspring of a cross in accordance with Mendelian inheritance
3 Laws of Mendelian Genetics
●​ Principle of Dominance
●​ Law of Independent Assortment
●​ Law of Segregation
Mendelian Inheritance
1.​ The inherited traits are determined by genes that are passed from parents to children.
2.​ A child inherits two sets of genes one from each parent.
3.​ A trait may not be observable, but its gene can be passed to the next generation.

Monohybrid Inheritance

Mendelian Genetics (Complete Dominance)


●​ Only two possible Phenotypes: either dominant or recessive
●​ Tall plant (TT) X Short plant (tt) = Tall plant (Tt)
Law of Dominance – one form of a hereditary trait dominates or prevents the expression of
the recessive trait.​
​ ​ Dominant allele – capital letter (tall = T)​
​ ​ Recessive allele – lower case letter (short = t)
●​ Parents have 2 alleles (2n) Diploid
●​ Gametes have 1 allele (1n) Monoploid (half due to meiosis)
Non-Mendelian Genetics
●​ But not all inheritance is based on the rules of Complete Dominance.
●​ Mendelian Genetics describes inheritance patterns based on Complete Dominance or
Recessiveness.
●​ There are other types of inheritance that Mendel never considered:
o​ Incomplete Inheritance
o​ Codominance
o​ Multiple Alleles
o​ Polygenic Traits
o​ Sex-linked
Law of Segregation – Gametes formed during meiosis separate alleles so that each gamete
contains only one gene for each trait. At fertilization the alleles combine to form new
combinations.
●​ Mendel tested this hypothesis by predicting the outcome of crosses he never did
before.
●​ In simple words, the law states that only a single gene copy from a parent is
distributed in a gamete, and the allocation of the gene copies is entirely random.​

Law of Independent Assortment – Two traits will


be inherited independently of each other, provided
their genes are located on non-homologous
chromosomes. When gametes form, the alleles for
different traits segregate independently of each other.
●​ This law states that allele pairs separate
independently during the formation of
gametes. Therefore, traits are transmitted to
offspring independently of one another.
Gametes are reproductive cells or sex cells that unite during sexual reproduction to
form a new cell called a zygote. Male gametes are called sperm and female gametes
are ova (eggs).

Non-Mendelian Genetics
●​ Genetics – It is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation and
heredity in organism.
●​ Inheritance – A process by which genetic information is passed on from parents to child.
●​ Gene – It is a unit of heredity; a section of DNA that codes for a specific trait.
Genotype is the genetic makeup of organism.​
Phenotype is a physical feature or trait of an organism.
Law of Dominance/Complete Dominance
●​ Gregor Mendel’s law stating that when two alleles of an inherited pair is heterozygous, then, the
allele that is expressed is dominant whereas the allele that is not expressed is recessive.
Incomplete Dominance

●​ Incomplete Dominance is when a dominant allele, or form of a ge ne, does not completely mask
the effects of a recessive allele, and the organism’s resulting physical appearance shows a
blending of both alleles.
●​ Dominant Allele is not completely expressed.
●​ There is no clearly dominant allele.
●​ May result in a 3rd phenotype.

​
​

Co-Dominance

●​ Codominance occurs when two versions, or “alleles,” of the same gene are present in a living
thing, and both are expressed. Instead of one trait being dominant over the other, both traits

appear.

Sex-Limited and Sex-Influenced Traits


A person has 46 chromosomes / 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes.
X-Chromosome – present in all living organisms​
Y-Chromosome – determines the possible sex of the living organism
Sex-Limited Traits
●​ Sex-limited traits are generally autosomal, which means that they are not found on the X or Y
chromosomes.
●​ The difference comes in the expression of the genes in the phenotype of the individual.
●​ They are expressed only in one gender.
Lactation
●​ Mammary gland
●​ Sex hormone (estrogen) of girls
Expression of Lactation in cattle

Multiple Alleles
Blood types – Type O, Type A (A antigens), Type B (B antigens), Type AB (Both antigens)
Antigens
●​ substances that can trigger immune response if foreign to body
●​ are chemicals that induce an immune response to a body or substance in blood
Antibodies – recognize and counteract against foreign & unfavorable substances to the blood
Type O – the universal donor
Multiple Alleles – instances in which a particular gene may exist in three or more allelic forms are known
as multiple allele conditions.
Phenotypic Ratio – shows the ratio of physical trait that could possibly inherit by the offspring.

Blood Genotype Blood Phenotype


IAIA Type A (homozygous)
IAi Type A (heterozygous)
IBIB Type B (homozygous)
IBi Type B (heterozygous)
IAIB Type AB
ii Type O

Sex-influenced Traits – these characters are expressed differently in males and females.
Penetrance - the percent of individuals who have a certain genotype and show the expected phenotype.
●​ Some genes are not have 100% penetrance.
●​ The terms penetrance and expressivity quantify the modification of gene expression by varying
environment and genetic background; they measure respectively the percentage of cases in
which the gene is expressed and the level of expression.
●​ The effects of penetrance and expressivity through a hypothetical character “pigment
intensity.” In each row, all individuals have the same allele—say, P—giving them the same
“potential to produce pigment.” However, effects deriving from the rest of the genome and from
the environment may suppress or modify pigment production in an individual.
Pleiotropy - occurs when one gene influence two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits.
Therefore, a mutation in a pleiotropic gene may have an effect on several traits
●​ White cat fur and blue eyed cats are 40% deaf.
●​ The gene affecting fur and eye color also lead to deafness.

Male Genotype Male Phenotype


XBYB Bald male
XBYb Bald male
XbYb Non-bald male
Female Genotype Female Genotype
XBXB Bald female
XBXb Non-bald female
XbXb Non-bald female

Male Genotype Male Phenotype


XCY Normal eye vision male
XcY Colorblind male
Female Genotype Female Phenotype
XCXC Normal eye vision female
XCXc Normal eye vision female (carrier)
XcXc Colorblind female

You might also like