Se ee Fo= = tL as We Treas i aaa >ALGEBRAIC DESCRIPTION OF A CIRCLE |.1 Equation of a circle 1.1 Equation of a circle given the coordinates of a centre and the length of a radius pension ofa cirele with centre at the origin 5 . ‘os ne point P(x, y) is a point on the circle with center at the origin O; therefore, Fig 11.1 Let r be the radius of the circle then by Pythagoras theorem r? = |0Q/? + |PQl? (oF + -07 xy? equation r? = x? + y” is the simplest equation of @ circle. mple 1 cle of radius 3, whose centre is at the origin. tind the equation of a cir P(x, y) be a point on the circumference and origin (0,0) with r= 3. the distance formula, the required equation will be (x — 0)? + (y — 0)? = 3?, which fxample 2 Tn standard form the equation of a circle of radius 7, whose centre is 00,0). follow the procedure in example 1, then we can write out the required equation as mple Fare the equation of oircle which passes through the point (1, 2) and centered at theSolution Center (0, 0), Point (1, 2) (@- 0)? + -0)? =r? Gao nar rated reas Equation ofa circle x? + y? =r? Peels ASSIGNMENT ; ae Find the equation of a circle with center at the origin and having the following points i (v2.1) ii (V2.2) iii, (1,1) (0) Equation ofa cirele with centre not at the CHER ie. centre at (a, b) Given that the point P(x, y) which is ceed at the point (a, b) and has radius 7. From Fig 11.2 |¢Q|? + |pgj2 = Icp/?. Ga)? + — py? = 72 Equation (x — q)2 4 Ob)? =r? | With centre at (a, ‘a, b), Example 3 Find an equation for the circle of radius 4 centered Solution From equation (ii) with a= —5,» = 3andrag een (1) is the standard &quation of a circle with radius at (-5, 3),we obtain (@ + 5)* + (y — 3 = 42 If desired, this equation can be wri ‘ simplifying: ® Written in en expanded fy tm by squaring the terms, then (e + 10x + 25) + @ — 6y 4.9) — 46 15 ai vty? +10x—6y+18=9 Example 4 Find an equation for the circle with Centre (1, ~2) that passes through (4, 2).\ Solution oe The radius r of the circle is the di istance betw or= (= o'= Graal Riimesr es das We now know the centre and radi i ind radius, so we can use equation (iii) to obtain the equation (x 1)? + (y + 2)? = 25 which can also be written as x+y? — 2x + 4y—20=0 Example 5 Find the equation of the circle with radius 2 and centre (2,2) Solution ‘ cane 2 From equation (if) with a =3,b = Sand = 2we obtain(x-5) +(y- ay = 2.16 desired, this equation can be written in an expanded form by squaring the terms, ‘then simplifying: eS 1 (a-x+)+("-p tie) *° a a0 gtytae—gytgtye t=? Se aot etytor-dy- ge 4622 +16)? — 16x—24y—54=0 11.2 The General Equation ofacircle _ py =1?. We can expand From fig 1 eee the equation gid. (@- 9° +0 Bia oh sen equation (ii) to obtain oes x? — 20x + Be y? — aby t BOE emi =0or re-arranged as Pty? gee aby eee Note that a2 + ba =r? = constant: : that a? +b? —T if gp er? then wo will have c, therefore @ 2 -(iv) a4 peow “ae Ur une citcle with AB as di — ; re Toa ae as diameter where A (3, -1) and B(-5, -3). PACS, 2) and B (2, a LS: i i rel 2 ae of 2 circle given three points on the circle T ne equation of a circl i ae i le through three points A, B, and C say, use any of the methods First method 1. Substitute the co-ordinates of 2. Solve the three simultane: each point into the general equation of the circle 3. Substitute g, ‘ous equations to find g, fand c. fand c in the general equation to get the required equation of a circle. Second method 1. Find the equations of the perpendicular bisectors of any two pairs of the points, i. & AB and BC say Find the point of intersection of the two lines. This gives the centre of the circle Find the radius of the circle using this centre and any of the three points. Using the centre and radius, find the equation of the circle. Example 1 2 3% 4. Find the equation of a circle which passes through the points A (2, 1), B (0, -3) and C4, 3) Solution First method : F . The general equation of a circle is: x? +y? +2gx+2fytc=0,Substituting the three points into the equation, we have for A (2, 1); (2)? + (1)? + 2g) + af) +e =0 4+14+49+2f+c=0 4ge2f +0=—5..-.,, (1) For B (0,-3), 0+9+0-6f +c=0 ~6f ee) For C(4, 3), 16+94+89+6f+c=0 89 +6f +c =-25......6) Letus solve equations 1 and 2 first 4g +8f = 4 4) Again, solving equations 3 and 4 Let us multiply equation (4) by 2 + equation (5) 4f =24 f=6 Substituting f = 6 into eqn (4)Zz oe (ee implies that, r° = Ge Peete oe implies ( 3. fee fore T= simplifying we shall get 7 Gis a there! +, 2. 4 s +. N26 Therefore. the centre of the circle is G. -5) and the radius is B. Using completing of squares Y al The ae ‘and radius ofa circle in a general form could be obtained by using “the 1 of completing of squares” and hence compare the results with the centre-radius form equation of circle. : We shall use the method to determine the centre and radius of the examples above. Example 1 Find the centre and radius of the circle x? + y? — 49 = 0. Solution: We know that one of the standard equations of a circle is (x — h)? + Gy — k)} where (h, k) are the coordinates of the centre, and r the radius, The given equa y* ~ 49 = 0, can be expressed as (x — 0)? + (y — 0)? = 7? ... (ii) when we con : components of equations (i) and (ii) we find that the centre (h, k)=(0,0), which is the: we shall also notice that h = 0, k = 0 and r = 7. Hence the centre is (0,0) and the radius is 7. Example 2 Find the centre and radius of the circle x? + y?— 4x + 6y —12 = 0 Solution: Here, we must first re-write the given ‘equation in the standard form. —a)* ‘ ’ @-al+Q-—b?=r72... (i). You know why we should do that when wear express the given equation in the standard form, and then the clearly seen. centre and the radius We shall use completing the square method to ex; form. We learnt how to solve quadratic ‘Thope you will find its use here easy, Press the given equation in the equations using the completing the sqSa) OF Soy + (32 therefore to ¢ CH= eye a con = 0+ The sf . mplete the square, we take half the x coeffi - ficient and square, juares for t] the y terms, we take half the coefficient of y and sq juares: 9, We then add these mumbers to both sides of equation (i), as follows: jy +0? +6y 4+ @)= 124 C224 Gy the coefficient of x? and y? are 3respectively. We shall divide through 3y? — 4x + By — 2 =0 by 3, When we do that the given equation = 0: using the completing the squares method, Let us Z ; =2=0. ficient of =e fe ne 2y+(3))- ey 0. The coel ‘therefore to complete the square, we take half the x coefficient and square, 2 22 _4 '_ halfthe eveiicient of y and savares eetting for the y terms. we take as follows: these numbers © both si 23+ +0 squares, "= 22. We then add y)+ +O) oe 8. (Ay \eeeet +(e) se 26 and comparine with ides of equation (ii), 125