ARMY INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA, UP

BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY LAB

SUBJECT CODE: BBA 213

Submitted by: Submitted

to: Saad Akhtar Prof. Raman
Arora
BBA Assistant
Professor

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01118401722
GGSIPU

Table of Contents

Page from Page to Sign

SPSS
 Defining Variables 3 3
 Importing of Data 3 3
 Sort Cases and Select Cases 4 4
 Recoding Variables 4 4
 Computing Variables 5 4
 Creating and Saving Output 5 5
 Frequencies 6 6
 Descriptives Statistics 7 7
 T Test 7 9
 Chi Square Test 9 10
 Z Test 10 11
 Cross Tabs 11 11
 Correlation 12 12
 Scatter Plot 12 13
 Saving File 13 13

Excel
 Worksheet 14 14
 Basic Cell Formatting 14 15
 Cell Referencing 15 16
 Logical Functions 17 19
 Statistical Formulas 19 23

Advance Excel

 V look up 23 23
 H/X look up 24 24
 Pivot Table 24 25
 Pivot Chart 25 26
 Data Analysis 26 27
 Data Visualisation 27 28

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 SPSS
I. Defining the variables
In SPSS, data can be defined in the variable view in SPSS datasheet and the
data is shown in the data view

II. Importing of data

File>open>data>files of type(excel)>open

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III. Sort Cases
Data>sort cases>sort by>sort order>ok

IV. Recording the variables

Transform>recode into same variable >select variable>old and new
values>add>continue>ok

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V. Computing the variables
Transform > compute variables > enter value > enter formula > ok

VI. Creating and saving output

Output>Export>objects to export>select all/all select/all visible>ok

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VII. Frequencies
Analyse>descriptive statistics>frequencies>select variable>ok

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VIII. Descriptive Statistics
Analyse>descriptive statistics>descriptive>select variable>options>select
descriptive option mean, standard deviations, minimum,
maximum>continue>ok

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IX. T – Test
One Sample
One sample- Analyse>compare means>one sample test>select test
variables>ok

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Paired Sample
Paired- Analyse>compare means>paired sample test>select test
variables>ok

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X. Chi – Square Test
Analyse>descriptive statistics>cross tabs>select rows and
columns>statistics>chi square>continue>ok

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XI. Z – Test
Analyse > Descriptive Statistics > Descriptives > Define Variables > Options
> Ok

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XII. Crosstabs
Analyse>descriptive statistics>cross tabs>select row and column>ok

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XIII. Correlation
Analyse>correlate>bivariate>select variables>Pearson>ok

XIV. Scatter Plot

Graphs>chart builder>ok>choose from bar or scatter plot>drag variables to
axis>ok

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XV. Saving of file
File>Save data as>save

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 EXCEL
I. Worksheet in excel

Worksheet is defined as the set of rows and columns and the intersecting area
between the rows and columns are known as cells in the table. To open a
worksheet, go to MS Excel > Blank workbook > ok.

II. Basic cell formatting

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 To apply cell formatting go to home tab > cell section > format cells. The cell
dialogue box appears, here you can change the design of cells as well as format
the contents in the cells.

III. Cell referencing

Relative Cell Referencing

For relative cell referencing select the cell E3 > enter the formula =C3*D3 and
click ok, for referencing further drag down from D3 to D8. By default, all cell

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references are relative references. Relative references are especially convenient
whenever you need to repeat the same calculation across multiple rows or
columns.

Absolute cell referencing

Unlike relative references, absolute references do not change when copied or filled.
You can use an absolute reference to keep a row and/or column constant. An absolute
reference is designated in a formula by the addition of a dollar sign ($) before the
column and row.

Mixed Cell Referencing

In mixed referencing, there is both the use of absolute and mixed cell
referencing.

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IV. Logical Functions
These are the functions that are logical in nature and the data is
interpreted on the basis of “yes” & “no” or in the form of “TRUE” and
“FALSE”.

And
The AND Function in excel is a logical function that tests multiple conditions and
returns “true” or “false” depending on whether they are met or not. The
formula of AND function is “=AND (logical1, [logical2] …),”

IF
The IF function in Excel performs a logical comparison between two values. The
result of the IF function is either TRUE or FALSE.: =IF(A1>B2; “TRUE”;
“FALSE”). Format.

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OR
The OR function is a logical function that determines if at least
one condition is true from multiple criteria. Even if only one
condition is true, that value passes the test. Like OR(B2>B4,
B5<B6).

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NOT
The function helps check if one value is not equal to another. If
we give TRUE, it will return FALSE and when given FALSE, it will
return TRUE. So, basically, it will always return a reverse logical
value.

V. Statistical Formulas
These are the various mathematical formulas that used various types of
data and can be easily interpreted. These are as follows: MIN, MAX,
AVERAGE, SUM, COUNTIF, COUNTBLANK, MEDIAN & MODE.

Average/Mean

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 SUM

Minimum

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Maximum

Median

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Mode

Count blank
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Count if

VI. VLOOKUP

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 It is called the vertical lookup that helps to find a specific value by searching it
across the sheet vertically or across the rows.

VII. XLOOKUP

VIII. Pivot Table

A PivotTable is a powerful data analysis tool in Microsoft Excel that allows
you to summarize and analyse large datasets interactively.
Insert > Pivot Table > Select the Table Range > Define the variables > Ok.

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IX. Pivot Chart
A PivotChart is a graphical representation of data from a PivotTable. It
allows you to visualize and analyse data dynamically, providing a visual
representation of the summarized information in your PivotTable.
Insert > Pivot Chart > Select the table Range > Define the variables > Ok

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X. Data Analysis
Data analysis in Excel involves using various tools and functions to explore,
clean, and derive insights from your data.
Minimum, maximum, Sum, Average, Standard Deviation, Skewness, Range,
Count, etc.

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XI. Data Visualization
Data visualization in Excel is a powerful way to convey insights, trends, and
patterns in your data. Excel offers a variety of tools for creating charts and
graphs to represent your data visually.
Insert > Charts >
Histogram, Pie Charts, Bar Graphs Scatter Plots, etc. helps to visualise and
analyse the data more efficiently.

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