8 PROJECTIONSOF POINTS

1. POINTS
formed by three dimensions, viz., length, width/breadth and thickness/height. Ifmore
one
ASolid is solid is converted into a 2-D Plane
Surface. If one
of the dimensions is made zero, the converted into a Line. Finally, if the
remaining
reduced to zero, the plane is
dimension is also becomes a Point.
length and
dimension is also removed, the line is of zero reference planes
point may lie in space, in any one of the four quadrants formed by two
A drawings.
in the
HP and VP. Apoint isrepresented by a dot (.)
Locations of a Point
the First Quadrant, it willbe above HP and in front of VP.
When a point lies in VP.
the point lies in the Second Quadrant, it will be above HP and behind
When VP.
Quadrant, it will be below HP and behind
When the point lies in the Third Quadrant, it willbe in front of VP and below HP.
When the point lies in the Fourth
1.1 BIS CONVENTIONS
the following conventional representations in orthographic projections, similar
BIS recommends internationally and a variation will be treated
conventions are obeyed
10that of a language. These language:
as a spelling or grammar mistake in the graphics
actual points are denoted by capital letters A, B,C, etc., in the pictorial view.
I. The letters with dash
In the Front View, the points are denoted by the corresponding lower-case lower-case letters
k. are denoted by the corresponding
2,b',c', etc. In the Top View, the points letters
Side View, the points are denoted by the corresponding lower-case
4, D, C, etc. In the
with double dashes a", b", e", etc. line XY.
3. The intersection line of HP and VP is shown as the reference pencil).
the orthographic views in thin lines (2H
4. shown in
Projectors are to be necessarily

b. POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT VP.

above HP and 5 mm in front of
Problem 1: (Fig. I) Point A is 30 mm
Draw its Front View and Top View. inthe tirst quadrant.
1. See Point A lies
Fig. (i). Look at the Pictorial VView. Pictorial View from thefront
2. To
obtain the Front View a', look atthe projector perpendiculartotheXYVP.line
Point A is 30 mm above HP. Aa' is the and it is 30 mm above the
A
Hence a' is the Front View of the point
 ,a 30
30
45 90
a x V.P. o
X
30 H.P.
X
45
45
90
ROTAT
H E P.

H.P. Top View

a ORTHOGRAPHIC
H.P. AFTER ROTATION PROJECTIONS

QUADRANT
POINT A IN I (i) Pr
ab
(1) FIG. 1
To
the Pictorial View from the top to the HP.
View a, look at projector perpendicular
the Top is the
3. Toobtain 45 mm infront of VP. Aa and it is 45 mm infront of XY.
Point Ais Top View of the point A Orthographic Projections
is the View into
from Pictorial CW direction as shown in Fig. ().
Hence a
projections a' and a To
in the the position (das
4. To convert HP about Xø line through 90° HP occupies Vier
Rotate quadrant is opened out and the 3
first
After rotation, the the VP. circle with o as center and
0
lines) vertically below of a
HP willtrace a quadrant
on
Also, the point a occupies the position just below o. perpendicularto XY.
radius. Now, a
joining a' and a, called projector, 1s
See Fig. (ii). Line the drawing sheet: at any
orthographic projections on projector
to draw the See Fig. (iüi). Draw the XY line projector. and draw a
How
5. Front View: above XY on the below XY.
Prob
4 poir
View a' 30 mm mm
Mark the Front the Top View
a 45 drawins
mark
6. Top View : On the same projector,
Top
So. while
View. rectangles for th
.
Probl
point
HP in Front View and VP in Squares or discardd
Rule: XY represents the and are to be
Views on your drawing sheet,
and Top
individual imaginary planes Ure
unnecessary
in Fig. (iii) and not Figs.
HP
amd Note:
shown
only the orthogruphic views ing vn
point 1
of a
Problem 2: (Fig. 2) Draw the projections
VP.
in front of
 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS 8.3

To draw the Front View, look at the

Pictorial View from the front
1. See Fig. (i). Point A is lying on
HP. Therefore itsFront View a' lies
on XY linc.
2 See Fig. (ii). Now, in the orthographic
projection, draw XY. Mark a' on it.
"A.a
(i0)
To draw the Top View, look at the
Pictorial View from the top
3. See Fig. (i). Point Ais 50 mm in front
of VP. Hence its Top View a lies (i) FIG. 2
on HP itself and in front of XY.
4. Rotate HP through 90" in CW direction. After rotation, HP occupies the position vertically
below VP. Also, a (Top View of a) on HP comes vertically below a'.
5. See Fig. (ii). Therefore, in the orthographic projection, mark a 50 mm below XY on the
projector drawn from a' as shown.

Problem 3: (Fig. 3) Draw the projections of a point Alying on VP and 55 mm

above HP.
To draw the Front View, look at the Pictorial View from the front
1. See Fig. (i). Point A is 55 mm above HP. Hence a' is 55 mm above XY.
2. Therefore in the orthographic projection
(Fig. ii), mark a' 55 mm above XY.

To draw the Top View, look at the Pictorial

View from the top
3. Point A is on VP. Therefore, its Top View
lies on XY itself. H.P

4. Top View a does not lie on HP. Thus, (ü)

in this case, the HP need not be rotated.
Therefore mark On XY on the
projector drawn from a'. () FIG. 3

Problem 4:(Exercise) Draw the projections of

4 point Q lying on VP and 58 mm above HP. VP
X
HP
Problem 5: (Fig. 4) Draw the projections of a FIG. 4
point F which lies in both HP and VP.

Note: 1. Distance of Front View from XY Distance of the point from HP

2. Distance of Top View from XY Distan'e of the point from VP
 3. POINTS IN II, IIAND IV QUADRANTS
P'roblem 6: (Fig. 5) A point Bis 45 mn above HP and 60 mm behind VP.
projections.
1. To obtain the Front View b', look
Draw i
at the PictorialView from front
Point B lies in the Il Quadrant.
Point B is 45 mm above HP. B 60 5
45
b is the Front View of B and is
45 mm above XY. x VP, HP
2 Toobtain the Top View b, look at (i)
the PictorialView from the top
Point B is 60 mm behind VP. FIG. 5
b is the Top View of B and is X () II QUADRANT
60 mm behind XY.
3. To convert the projections b' b obtained in the Pictorial View into orthogranh.
and
projections, rotate the HP about the XY line through 90° in the CW direction.
4 Afer rotation, HP coincides with VP and both the Front and Top Views are seen above XY
Now, b on HP willtrace a quadrant of a circle with o as center and ob as radius. Now
occupies the position above o.
5. Front View: Draw the XY line. Draw a projector at any pointon it. Mark b'45 mm abov:
XY on thisprojector.
6. Top View: Mark b, 60 mm above XY on the same projector.
Problem 7: (Fig. 6) Apoint C is 35 mm below HP and 25 mm behind VP. Draw it
projections.
1. Front View: C is 35 mm below C 25
HP. Hence c' is 35 mm below XY.
Draw XY and draw a projector at
any point on it. Mark e' 35 mm
V.P. 35
below XY on the projector. C

2. Top View: C is 25 mm behind VP,

Hence c is 25 mm behind XY. X c'
Now in the orthographic projections C
/ (ii)
mark c 25 mm above XY on the
above projector. FIG. 6
() II QUADRANT
Problem 8: (Fig. 7) Apoint D is
45 mm below HP and 60 mn in front of VP. Draw its
projections.
 PROJECTIONS OF POINTS 8.5
Front View: Dis 45 mm below HP.
Hence d 45 mm below XY. Draw
| ine and draw a projector
perpendicular to it.
Mark d 45 mm below XY on the
proccto.

) Top \iew: Dis 60mm in front of VP.

Hence d is60 mm in front of XY,
Now mark d60 mm below XY on the
same projector.
) FIG. 7
VQUADRANT
Problem 9: (Fig. 8) Mark the projections of the following points on a common
reference line, keeping the projectors 35 mm apart. (UQ)
25o
1. A, 25 mm above HP and 35 mm in front of VP
2. B, 25 mm above HP and 40 mm behind VP
3. C, 30 mm below HP and 45 mm behind VP
5.
6.
E, 25 mm above HP and on VP
F. 35 mm below HP and on VP
7. G, 25 mm in front of VP and on HP
4. D, 30 mm below HP and 40mm in front of VP 8 H, 20 mm behind VP and on HP

40

30 f g
0
40

FIG 8

Problem 10: (Fig. 9) Draw the

projections of the
following points on a 15
Common reference line. (UQ)
A,35
B. 40 Inm above
Mm below
HP and 25 mm in front of VP X
16
C.50 ) above HP and 15 mm behind VP
D. 45 mm
mm HP and 25 mm behind VP
, 30 mn below HP and 25 mm behind VP
behind VP andon HP FIG. 9

PrB.oblAemnis in11: (xercise) A poinn 25 mm below XYis the top view uf two
and B is 35 mm below HP. Mark the projectivns af A B.
poNts A and
and
HP
 8.6 PROJECTIONSOF POINTS
Problem 12: Mention the position
of the following points shown in
Fig. 10. with respect to the planes of
projection. All the dimensions are
marked in mm. (UQ)

A, 20 mm above HP & 30mm behind VP;

B, 25 mm below HP & 25 mm in front of VP;
C. 25 mn below HP& 30mm behind VP; b'

D, 30 mm below HP & in VP: FIG. 10

E, 25 mm above HP & 20 mm in front of VP.

Problem 13: When the front view of a point lies on XY and its top view lies beto
quadrant. |First. Four
then the point lies either in
Problem 14:
and its front view lies above
When the top view of a point lies on XYquadrant. [First. Secor
then the point lies either in 0r

Problem 15: When the front view of a point lies

below XY, then the point lies eithe
/Third, Four
quadrant.
views then the poin
of a point lie on XY,Jall
Problem 16: When both front and top the quadran
common to

then the pointlies eithe

above XY,
Problem 17: When the top view of a point lies /Seconl.,Th
or quadrant. lies eik:
then the point
above XY, /First, Se
Problem 18: When the front view of a point lies
or quadrant.
poinn lieseth
below XY, then the /Firs, Fvu
Problem 19: When the top view of a point lies
quadrant.
Problem 20: point coincide and both fall below
The projections of a
quadrant is the point situated?

* SlDE VIEW OF POINTS IN FIRST QUADRAN! frontof

in
Problemn 21: (Figs. 1l & 12)
Draw the front, top A point 4 is 35 mm above HP
and 20 mm
and right side view.
 Method l: Mitre Line
1. Draw XY line.
Method
(Fig. 1l)
2. Mark a' 35 mm above XY.
3. Mark a 20 mm below
XY on the
drawprojector
4. To draw the right side view, of a'.
a new
left of the projections.
$. From the point of intersection of XY
reference lie X,Y, t te
(Mitre Line). and X,Y,, draw 45 lme
6 Draw a horizontal line
from a till it cuts the mitre Jine
1 Now, draw a vertical projector from the
Also, draw a horizontal line from a'. point on the mitre line
These
at apoint a" which is the required right sidetwo lines will interset
view.
Method Il: Arc Method (Fig. 12)
1. Draw the front and top view of the point A as
shown.
2. To draw the right side view, draw a new
left of the projections.
reference line XY, to the
3. Through a, draw a horizontal line till it cuts the X,Y, line.
4. Then, from that point draw an arc with the point of
intersection of
XY andXY, as center till it cuts the XY line.
5. Draw a vertical projector from the above point to meet the horizontal lie tnz iea
6. These two lines will intersect at a point a'" which is the right side viea.

Problem 22: (Exercise) Apoint P is 35 mm above HP nd 9 i froe of

Draw the front, top and left side iew by Mitre Line Method and Ar Metkod
NOTE : 1. Studentsare ahised to make their own parer curin pN
of HP and VP. The model will faciltae dnlorR g
the relative positions of the points ling in amv of tèe iar qaa
Since the Projections of Points. Lines and Plams are tùN hNC e
Jor the orthcoming topics on Solids i . r A So N i
Development of Suraces, ee), the stunN sÀN NN tès
Chapters carefully to draw the orthograzt rnya
J. In this Chapter, a seeries of pictoridd views are llusrae E

VP.
8. 8
PROJECTIONS OF POINTS

5. POINTSTO REMEMBER
I. Both the front view and top view of a point must lie in a single straight \ine calle

Projector be used to represent the points of

Z. Lower case letters with
a prime should
and 1', 2. 3", etc.)
front
b', c',etc.,
(Examples: a',
used to represent the points of top view.
be
3. Lower case letters should 2,3. etc.)
(Examples: a, b, c. ete.,and 1. should be used to represent the points of side V]e;
double prime
4. Lower case letters with and 1", 2", 3'", etc.)
(Examples: a", b, e", ete.,
solid is formed by three dimensions
themeasurobjeed:
Line - Point: A
5. Solid - Plane Surface - one of the dimensions is made zero,
directions. If
three mutually perpendicular surface. If one more dimension is also reduced to zero the pl
converted into a 2-D plane remaining dimension is also removed, the lin
if the
is converted into a line. Finally, point. Therefore, a point in 3-D geometry is the sm
zero length and becomes a
dimensionless size of a solid.

5.1 SUMMARY

Location of Point Front View Top View Quadrant

SL.Ne.
Above HP Above XY Below XY First
1. In Front of VP
Above HP Above XY Above XY Second
2. Behind VP
Below HP Below XY Above XY Third
3
Behind VP
Below HP Below XY Below XY Fourth
4
In Front of VP
Above HP Above XY First or Second
On XY
On VP
Below HP
6 Below XY On XY Third or Fourth
On VP

7
On HP
On XY Below XY First or Fourth
In Front of VP
On HP
8. On XY Above XY Second or Third
Behind VP