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math_4.4

The document outlines the evaluation of a specific integral using contour integration techniques. It details the conversion to a complex integral, simplification of the integrand, identification of poles, computation of residues, and application of the residue theorem. The final result of the integral is presented as a formula involving parameters a and b.

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15 views

math_4.4

The document outlines the evaluation of a specific integral using contour integration techniques. It details the conversion to a complex integral, simplification of the integrand, identification of poles, computation of residues, and application of the residue theorem. The final result of the integral is presented as a formula involving parameters a and b.

Uploaded by

daviddikejesus
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Question 4

R 2π sin2 θ
Evaluate 0 a+b cos θ dθ, a > b > 0 using contour integration.

Step 1: Convert to Complex Integral


dz
Let z = eiθ , so dθ = iz , and:
−1
z+z z − z −1 (z − z −1 )2
cos θ = , sin θ = , sin2 θ = − .
2 2i 4
The integral becomes:
−1 2
− (z−z4 )
I
dz
I=  · .
|z|=1 a+b z+z −1 iz
2

Step 2: Simplify the Integrand


Multiply numerator and denominator by 4z 2 :
−1 (z 2 − 1)2
I
I= dz.
4i z(2az + bz 2 + b)
The denominator factors as z(bz 2 + 2az + b).

Step 3: Identify Poles


Poles are at:
• z = 0 (simple pole)
• Roots of bz 2 + 2az + b = 0:
√
−a ± a2 − b2
z= .
b
√
−a+ a2 −b2
Only z1 = b lies inside |z| = 1.

Step 4: Compute Residues


• At z = 0:
(z 2 − 1)2 1
Res(0) = lim z · = .
z→0 z(bz 2 + 2az + b) b
• At z = z1 :
(z12 − 1)2
Res(z1 ) = .
3bz12 + 4az1 + b
Using bz12 + 2az1 + b = 0, this simplifies to:
√
a − a2 − b2
Res(z1 ) = .
b2

1
Step 5: Apply Residue Theorem
2π  p 
I = 2πi (Res(0) + Res(z1 )) = a − a 2 − b2 .
b

Final Answer
2π
sin2 θ
Z
2π  p 
dθ = a − a2 − b2
0 a + b cos θ b

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