S.H.

JONDHALE POLYTECHNIC
DOMBIVLI (W)

A Microproject Report on
“Smoke Detector: Build a smoke detector
for office/hospitals”

1126 – Paras Bagde

1132 – Chirantan Ahirrao
1143 – Kunal Raut
1146 – Gaurav Thakare
1147 – Devesh Phanse

Under Guidance: -
Ms. Mitali Choudhary

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Gaurav Thakare, Mr.

Chirantan Ahirrao, Mr. Devesh Phanse, Mr.
Kunal Raut, Mr Paras Bagde of the Fourth
Semester of Diploma in Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering of Institute
S.H.J.P(code 0044) has completed Micro Project
satisfactorily in course for the academic year
2023-24 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Dombivli Date:

Subject Teacher Head of Department Principal

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have taken efforts in this project.

However, it is not possible without the kind
support and help of our teachers and college
staff. We would like to extend my sincere
thanks to all of them. We are highly indeed to
S.H.J.P for their guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary
information regarding the project. We would
like to express my gratitude towards our
parents for their kind cooperation and
encouragement which helped us in
completion of this project.

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 Topic
Index

Sr No. Topic Page no.

1 Introduction 5

2 Buzzer-Piezoelectric Trransducer 6

3 MQ-5 Gas sensor 7

4 Circuit Diagram 10

5 PCB 11

6 LED light 12

7 Snoke sensor 13

8 330Ω Resistor 14

9 Buzzer 15

10 9V battery 16

11 Maintenance of gas sensor 17

12 Application of gas sensor 18

13 Working 19

14 Result 20

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 A Brief Introduction to Smoke Sensor

A Smoke Detector is a smoke sensing device that indicates fire. Smoke

Detectors are very common in homes, offices, schools and industries.
Smoke Detectors are very useful devices as the damage caused by fire
accidents is catastrophic.Now a days, smoke detectors and smoke
alarms are very cheap as its usage is increasing and cost of
manufacturing is decreasing. In this project, we are implementing a
simple Smoke Detector Circuit using simple hardware.We used a
Gas/Smoke sensor for detecting smoke. The article is divided into
information about Smoke sensor, circuit diagram and working.There
are two types of smoke detectors. Optical or Photoelectric smoke
detectors and Ionization smoke detectors.
Optical smoke detectors consists of a light source like LED and a light
detector like photocell.The photocell conducts as long as the light falls
on it. When there is smoke, the light from the source is interrupted
and the photocell doesn’t conduct.Ionization smoke detectors
consists of two electrodes and an ionization chamber filled with ions.
When there is no smoke, the ions move freely and the electrodes
conduct normally.In the presence of smoke, the chamber is filled with
smoke and interrupts the movement of ions. The electrodes do not
conduct anymore. Depending on the type of sensor and
manufacturer, the conductivity conditions may change but the idea
remains the same. Based on the output of the smoke detector, an
alarm system can be implemented.The sensor used in this project is
MQ-2 Gas/Smoke sensor. It is sensitive to LPG, Hydrogen, Smoke,
Methane, Propane, Alcohol, Butane and other industrial combustible
gases.It has two electrodes made of Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) and a
heating element made of Tin dioxide (SnO¬2) which acts as the main
sensing layer.

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Buzzer - Piezoelectric Transducer
Piezoelectric transducers can work as a loudspeaker or as a
microphone: when a voltage is applied, they produce sound, and
when they are subjected to noise, they’ll generate a voltage. So far so
good.

there are plenty of transducers with only 2 leads. In that case, the
electronics will drive the transducer with an oscillator to create the
desired buzzer frequency.
However, that’s not necessarily ideal for an alarm: each buzzer has its
own resonant frequency, and you get the highest volume, a good thing
for an alarm, when you stimulate the transducer at exactly that
frequency.
Rather than programming this frequency in the chip, people use
transducers with a feedback electrode: the main wire is used to
stimulate the transducer and the feedback electrode measures what
was stimulated. When these 2 operate 180 degrees out of phase, you
can create a circuit where the transducer itself is part of the feedback
loop.

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The Grove - Gas Sensor(MQ5)

This module is beneficial for gas leakage detection (in home and
industry). It is suitable for detecting H2, LPG, CH4, CO, Alcohol. Due to
its high sensitivity and fast response time, measurements can be taken
as soon as possible. The sensitivity of the sensor can be adjusted by
using the potentiometer.

The working principle behind the MQ-5 gas sensor is as follows: The
sensor has a sensitive filament made of SnO2. ... When a combustible
gas such as LPG is introduced, the filament's conductivity rises, and
the amount of change in it's conductance/resistance can be used to
indicate the equivalent gas concentration.This effect tends to be
particularly pronounced at higher temperatures, and resisitive heating
element is present as well. SnO2 is particularly sensitive to Methane,
Butane and Propane, but is also sensitive to other combustible gases
as well.The heating coil H is in contact with the SnO2 filament. In the
presence of unpolluted air, the resistance across the heating coil
doesn't vary.

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As part of this kit available on Amazon the MQ2 sensor is a device that
can detect different gases and smoke in the air. It is composed of a
ceramic substrate with a tin dioxide sensitive layer that changes its
resistance when exposed to gas or smoke. The sensor’s response time
and sensitivity are improved by heating the SnO2 layer. When it
detects a gas or smoke, it sends a signal to the computer that can be
read on the serial monitor (if you are using Arduino’s IDE. The stronger
the gas or smoke, the stronger the signal. The application of this
sensor is mostly to detect gas leaks or indoor fire.
The MQ2 sensor is capable of detecting a range of gases,
including:

1. LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)

2. Propane
3. Methane
4. Butane
5. Alcohol
6. Hydrogen
7. Smoke
8. Carbon monoxide (CO)

The sensitivity of the sensor to each gas may vary, and the sensor
can be calibrated for specific gases to improve its accuracy.

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The MQ2 sensor has several basic uses, including:

1. Gas leak detection: The MQ2 sensor can detect the presence of
flammable gases such as propane, butane, and methane,
making it useful for gas leak detection in homes, offices, and
industrial settings.
2. Smoke detection: The MQ2 sensor can also detect smoke,
making it useful for fire detection and prevention in homes and
buildings.
3. Air quality monitoring: The MQ2 sensor can detect gases such
as carbon monoxide (CO) and alcohol, which are harmful to
human health in high concentrations. This makes it useful for
indoor air quality monitoring and control.
4. Environmental monitoring: The MQ2 sensor can also be used
for environmental monitoring of gas emissions from factories,
vehicles, and other sources.
5. It can be used in air quality monitoring systems.
6. Moreover, it may be utilized in gas leak alarm devices.
7. Also in the fire detecting devices.
8. Residential gas leakage detectors can also use this circuit.
9. industrial Combustible detector may employ this circuit for their
use.
10. Portable gas detectors are also one of its applications.
11. Hence, you can utilize this in safety maintenance
devices.Hence, it can be used in every safety maintenance

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 PCB

PCB A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and

electrically connects electronic components or electrical components
using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or
more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet
yers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally
soldered onto the PCB to both electrically connect and mechanically
fasten them to it. Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest
electronic products. They are also used in some electrical products,
such as passive switch boxes. PCBs can be single-sided (one copper
layer), double-sided (two copper layers on both sides of one substrate
layer), or multi-layer (outer and inner layers of copper, alternating
with layers of substrate). Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher
component density, because circuit traces on the inner layers would
otherwise take up surface space between components. The rise in
popularity of multilayer PCBs with more than two, and especially with
more than four, copper planes was concurrent with the adoption of
surface mount technology. However, multilayer PCBs make repair,
analysis, and field modification of circuits much more difficult and
usually impractical.

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 LED LIGHT

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.

It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a
suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in
the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and
the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor Fig :Parts
of an LED

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 Smoke sensor MQ-5

The MQ5 ( MQ-5 ) is used in gas leakage detecting equipment in

consumer and industry applications, this sensor is suitable for
detecting LPG, natural gas, coal gas. Avoid the noise of alcohol,
cooking fumes, and cigarette smoke. The sensitivity can be adjusted
by the potentiometer.
The sensitive material of the MQ-5 gas sensor is tin Oxide (SnO2),
which with lower conductivity in clean air. When the target
combustible gas exists, The sensor’s conductivity is higher along
with the gas concentration rising. Please use a simple electro
circuit, Convert the change of conductivity to the corresponding
output signal of gas concentration.
MQ-5 gas sensor has a high sensitivity to Methane, Propane, and
Butane, and could be used to detect both Methane and Propane.
The sensor could be used to detect different combustible gas
especially Methane, it is with low cost and suitable for different
application.

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 330Ω Resistor

It's a 330 ohm resistor of 1/4 watt. This is a through hole resistor.
This is a general purpose resistor which is generally used for
consumer electronics, portable device, industrial automation,
power management and DIY mini PCB project.
330 ohm Carbon Film Resistors are typical axial-lead resistors, which
have much better temperature stability and provide lower noise,
and are generally better for high frequency or radiofrequency
applications.

Features

• Highly reliable electrode construction

• Compatible for all soldering processes

• Highly stable in auto-placement surface mounting application

• Barrier layer end termination

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 Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be

mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of
buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, train and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

The working principle of a buzzer depends on the theory that, once

the voltage is given across a piezoelectric material, then a pressure
difference is produced. A piezo type includes piezo crystals among
two conductors.

Once a potential disparity is given across these crystals, then they

thrust one conductor & drag the additional conductor through
their internal property. So this cont330inuous action will produce
a sharp sound signal.

The specifications of the buzzer include the following.

• Color is black
• The frequency range is 3,300Hz
• Operating Temperature ranges from – 20° C to +60°C
• Operating voltage ranges from 3V to 24V DC
• The sound pressure level is 85dBA or 10cm

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 9V Battery

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is an electric battery that

supplies a nominal voltage of 9 volts. Actual voltage measures 7.2
to 9.6 volts, depending on battery chemistry. Batteries of various
sizes and capacities are manufactured; a very common size is
known as PP3, introduced for early transistor radios.

The PP3 battery has both terminals in a snap connector on one

end. The smaller circular (male) terminal is positive, and the larger
hexagonal or octagonal (female) terminal is the negative contact.
The connectors on the battery are the same as on the load device;
the smaller one connects to the larger one.

➢ The 9V (nine volt) battery is a rectangular dry cell classified by

its 48.5mm x 26.5mm x 17.5mm dimensions and one-sided
clasp terminals. They hold mid-range capacities upwards of
1,200mAh and were often used in radios, but today are used
more for walkie-talkies, clocks, smoke detectors, and house
alarms.

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Maintenance of Smoke Detectors

The various steps in the maintenance of the smoke detector

• Maintenance of smoke detectors can be done by testing once a
month.
• Replace the batteries yearly twice in the detectors don’t
deactivate smoke detectors even temporarily.
• Regularly cleaning your smoke detector can keep them
functioning properly. ƒ
• Once every ten years replace the detectors
• Design regular drills for the fire to confirm that everyone
identifies closely what to do when the smoke detector generates
sound
• If you are constructing a new home, consider installing a smoke
detector to reduce the risk of dying from home fires and to save
hundreds of lives in a year.

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Applications of Smoke Detectors

• Smoke detectors are suggested for common use as they give the
maximum level of protection. These devices can be used in
leakage routes to offer sufficient early warning to let the clearing
of residents.
• There are two kinds of smoke detectors namely ionization and
optical that are familiar as well general-purpose detectors and
they are accessible in both analogs addressable and
conventional.
• Ionization smoke detectors are highly sensitive to burn quickly
and flaming fires that generate small smoke particles. These
detectors are used widely for workshop printings, paint stores,
paper mills and also used for general purpose
• Optical smoke detectors are apt for detecting slow-burning, fires
smoldering which generate large smoke particles. These
detectors are used in bedrooms, electrical switch rooms, and
escape corridors and also used for general purposes.

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 Working

❖ Smoke Detectors are amazing devices as they are small, cheap

yet very useful. In this project, we implemented a simple Smoke
Detector Circuit with adjustable sensitivity.
❖ We used a Smoke Sensor MQ-5 as the main sensory device. The
working of the circuit is simple and is explained below.
❖ We joined the connecting wires to the ±VCC, GND and output of
the Smoke Sensor MQ-5 with a 330Ω resistor and further
connected it with a 9V battery.
❖ When the smoke enters the gap, the IR rays falling on the
phototransistor are obstructed. As a result, the phototransistor
stops conducting and the Darlington-pair transistors conduct to
activate the buzzer and light up LED.
❖ When the smoke in the gap is cleared, light from the IR LED falls
on the phototransistor and it starts conducting. As a result,
Darlington-pair transistors stop conducting and the buzzer and
LED1 turn off.
❖ Initially, when the air is clean, the conductivity between the
electrodes is less, as the resistance is in the order of 330Ω. The
inverting terminal input of comparator is higher than the non-
inverting terminal input. The indicator LED is OFF.
❖ In the event of fire, when the sensor is filled with smoke, the
resistance of the sensor falls to 30Ω and the conductivity
between the electrodes increases.
❖ This provides a higher input at the non-inverting terminal of
comparator than the inverting terminal and the output of
comparator is high. The alarming LED is turned ON as an
indication of presence of smoke.

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 Result

Conclusion: -
Hence the experiment of SMOKE DETECTOR is done by using MQ-5
smoke detecting sensor successfully and it is is displayed.

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