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 Chapter 6
6.1
3.75 m 60 kN
1
D B
A Bx
7.5 m 3m
NA 1.5 m By

3.75 m 60 kN
M1 M1 V1
B
A P1 P1 Bx = 0
D D
7.5 m V1 3m
By = 18.75 kN
NA = 41.25 kN 1.5 m

FBD of entire beam:

MA = 0 By (12) 60(3:75) = 0 By = 18:75 kN

Fx = 0 Bx = 0
Fy = 0 NA + 18:75 60 = 0 NA = 41:25 kN

FBD of segment AD:

Fx = 0 P1 = 0 J
Fy = 0 41:25 V1 60 = 0 V1 = 18:75 kN J
MD = 0 M1 41:25(9) + 60(5:25) = 0
M1 = 56:25 kN m J

FBD of segment DB

Fx = 0 P1 = 0 J
Fy = 0 V1 + 18:75 = 0 V1 = 18:75 kN J
MD = 0 M1 18:75(3) = 0 M1 = 56:25 kN m J

237
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 6.2
12 kN
1
D Bx
A
1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m B
NA By
12 kN V1
M1 M1
1.5 m 1.5 m P1 Bx = 0
A P1
D D 1.5 m B
NA = 8 kN V1 By = 4 kN

FBD of entire beam:

MA = 0 4:5By 12(1:5) = 0 By = 4 kN
Fx = 0 Bx = 0
Fy = 0 NA + 4 12 = 0 NA = 8 kN

FBD of segment AD:

Fx = 0 P1 = 0 J
Fy = 0 8 12 V1 = 0 V1 = 4 kN J
MD = 0 M1 8(3) + 12(1:5) = 0 M1 = 6 kN m J

FBD of segment DB:

Fx = 0 P1 = 0 J
Fy = 0 V1 + 4 = 0 V1 = 4 kN J
MD = 0 M1 4(1:5) = 0 M1 = 6 kN m J

238
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 6.3

6.4
240 lb 2.5 ft

3 ft
Ax A 1 B

5 ft 2 C 5 ft 240 lb 2.5 ft
Ay NB

M2 3 ft
Ax = 0 P2
C 5 ft
A 5 ft C V1 M1
Ay = 60 lb V2 P1

239
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 FBD of entire structure:

MB = 0 Ay (10) 240(2:5) = 0 Ay = 60 lb
Fx = 0 Ax = 0

FBD of segment above section 1:

Fx = 0 V1 = 0 J
Fy = 0 P1 240 = 0 P1 = 240 lb J
MC = 0 M1 240(2:5) = 0 M1 = 600 lb ft J

FBD of segment to the left of section 2:

Fx = 0 P2 = 0 J
Fy = 0 V2 = 60 lb J
MC = 0 M2 60(5) = 0 M2 = 300 lb ft J

6.5

240
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 6.6

6.7

241
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 6.8
V1
M1 P2 M2 V2
P1

.
6 in.

6 in
48 lb 60o 48 lb
O B O B
(a) (b)
FBD (a):
Fx = 0 P1 = 48 lb J
Fy = 0 V1 = 0 J
MO = 0 6P1 M1 = 0 M1 = 6(48) = 288 lb in. J
FBD (b):
FP 2 = 0 P2 48 sin 60 = 0 P2 = 41:6 lb J
FV1 = 0 V2 + 48 cos 60 = 0 V2 = 24:0 lb J
MO = 0 6P2 M2 = 0 M2 = 6(41:6) = 250 lb in. J

6.9
400 lb
By
1 12
A D
Bx
C B
12 2
NA 150 lb
20 20 20

400 lb By = 110 lb
20 M1
A C
P1 M2 12
Bx = 250 lb
12 P2
V1 D 20 B
NA = 110 lb 150 lb V2

FBD of entire stucture:

MA = 0 By (60) (150 + 400) (12) = 0 By = 110 lb
Fx = 0 Bx 400 + 150 = 0 Bx = 250 lb
Fy = 0 NA By = 0 NA = By = 110 lb

242
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 FBD of portion AC:

MC = 0 M1 + 150(12) 110(20) = 0
M1 = 400 lb in. J
Fx = 0 P1 = 150 lb J
Fy = 0 V1 = 110 lb J

FBD of portion DB:

MD = 0 M2 400(12) + 110(20) = 0
M2 = 2600 lb in. J
Fx = 0 P2 400 + 250 = 0 P2 = 150 lb J
Fy = 0 V2 = 110 lb J

6.10

3.6(2.4) = 8.64 kN 0.6 m 3.6(1.2) =4.32 kN

Ax C M1
B B
A P1 C
3.6 m 1.2 m NB
Ay V1 1.2 m oNB = 7.482 kN
30o 30
FBD of entire beam:

MA = 0 (NB cos 30 ) (4:8) 8:64(3:6) = 0 NB = 7:482 kN

FBD of segment CB:

MC = 0 M1 + 4:32(0:6) (7:842 cos 30 ) (1:2) = 0

M1 = 5:56 kN m J
Fx = 0 P1 + 7:482 sin 30 = 0 P1 = 3:74 kN J
Fy = 0 V1 + 7:482 cos 30 4:32 = 0 V1 = 2:16 kN J

243
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 6.11

C 1200 N

1.6 m P1
2 M1
B D
D
1 V1
800 N
1.6 m 1.6 m
Ax 1.8 m 1.8 m E
A E 0.9 m
Ay NE NE = 1466.7 N

FBD of entire frame:

MA = 0 NE (3:6) 800(1:8) 1200(3:2) = 0 NE = 1466:7 N

FBD of segment DE:

MD = 0 M1 1466:7(0:9) = 0 M1 = 1320 N m J
0:9
FV1 = 0 V1 1466:7 p V1 = 719 N J
0:92 + 1:62
1:6
F P1 = 0 P1 1466:7 p P1 = 1278 N J
0:9 + 1:62
2

244
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 6.12

Cx
C
1.8 m
Cy
1.6 m
By Dy
0.9 m 0.9 m Dx D
Bx B D Dx
800 N Dy = 400 N 1.6 m
Dy = 400 N
M2
0.9 m
Dx = 1425 N E
P2 F D
V2 NE = 1466.7 N

FBD of member BD:

MB = 0 Dy (1:8) 800(0:9) = 0 Dy = 400 N

FBD of member CE (NE was computed in the solution of Prob. 6.11):

MC = 0 Dx (1:6) + 400(0:9) 1466:7(1:8) = 0 Dx = 1425 N

FBD of segment F D:

MF = 0 M2 400(0:9) = 0 M2 = 360 N m J
Fx = 0 P2 = 1425 N J
Fy = 0 V2 = 400 N J

6.13

245
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 6.14

246
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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 6.15
T
D

5.6 ft
1 2
C Cx
A
6 ft B 9 ft
Cy
2800 lb (a)
T = 4667 lb
D D

T = 4667 lb 5.6 ft 5.6 ft

M1 M2
A P1 A P2
6 ft B 6 ft B
V1 V2
2800 lb (b) 2800 lb (c)

FBD (a):
MC = 0 2800(15) 9T = 0 T = 4667 lb
FBD (b):
5:6
MB = 0 2800(6) p
(4667) + M1 = 0
5:62 + 62
M1 = 13 629 lb ft J
6
Fx = 0 p (4667) + P1 = 0 P1 = 3410 lb J
5:6 + 62
2

5:6
Fy = 0 p (4667) V1 = 0 V1 = 3180 lb J
5:62 + 62
FBD (c):

MB = 0 2800(6) + M2 = 0 M2 = 16 800 lb ft J
Fx = 0 P2 = 0 J
Fy = 0 4667 2800 V2 = 0 V2 = 1867 lb J

247
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 6.16
4 D
3
PCD P2
G
24 in. P1 M2 V2
PBE M1 6 in.
E V1 B 45 lb
E
12 in. 12 in. 12 in.
18 in. 1080 lb. in.
Fx 1080 lb. in. 1080 lb. in. F
A
F
Ay Fy 60 lb 60 lb 60 lb

FBD of entire frame:

MA = 0 1080 18Ay = 0 Ay = 60 lb
Fx = 0 Fx = 0
Fy = 0 Fy Ay = 0 Fy = Ay = 60 lb

FBD of member F ED:

MD = 0 24PBE 1080 = 0 PBE = 45 lb

FBD of segment DEF below section 1:

Fx = 0 V1 = 0 J
Fy = 0 P1 60 = 0 P1 = 60 lb J
ME = 0 M1 1080 = 0 M1 = 1080 lb in. J

FBD of segment ABC below section 2:

Fx = 0 V2 45 = 0 V2 = 45 lb J
Fy = 0 P2 + 60 = 0 P2 = 60 lb J
MG = 0 M2 45(6) = 0 M2 = 270 lb in. J

248
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 6.17

6.18

249
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 6.19
V2
M2
6000 lb B 6 ft C 6 ft C
3 P2 3
B
PCE 4 4
PCE = 5000 lb
8 ft

Ax
A
Ay

Note that CDE is a two-force body.

FBD of ABC:
3 4
MA = 0 PCE (8) + PCE (6) 6000(8) = 0 PCE = 5000 lb
5 5
FBD of BD:

MB = 0 4000(6) M2 = 0 M2 = 24 000 lb ft J
Fx = 0 P2 3000 = 0 P2 = 3000 lb J
Fy = 0 V2 + 4000 = 0 V2 = 4000 lb J

250
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 *6.20

6.21
w0 B
A x
L
w0L/2 w0L/2
w0L/2

V x
_ w L/2
0

2
w0L /8
M x

w0 x
x/2
A M
x
w0L/2 FBD V

251
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Other documents randomly have
different content
to-morrow is the English flag."
"Then you purpose taking the city by assault?" said Evaña.
"Just so," answered the general; "I intend to give those saucy
citizens of yours another taste of the cold steel, it seems that one
lesson is not enough for them."
"You will lose many men, General. You have the command of the
river, I should have thought a blockade would have been much more
certain and would have spared useless bloodshed."
"The calculation of a civilian and not of a soldier, Señor Evaña. What
do you say, Craddock? Do you think you would win your spurs by
starving them out?"
"I should precious soon tire of that work," answered the aide-de-
camp; "besides which you would have to shoot me, General, for I
should begin to smuggle provisions into the city as soon as I heard
that the pretty Porteñas were beginning to look thin on siege
rations."
"Always thinking of the girls, Craddock," said the general laughing.
"Well, I can promise you that you won't have to wait much longer
before you can begin making love to them."
"He may chance to have his love-making spoiled before he even
sees them," said Evaña, bending over the table and examining the
map of the city which lay before him.
"Every bullet has its billet," said the aide-de-camp, with a sneer; "the
billets of those of your militia seem mostly up in the air from what I
hear of their shooting."
During this talk most of the officers who had taken part in the
council left the room, but two or three still remained. One of them
was a strikingly handsome man of medium stature, with curly brown
hair and hazel eyes.
"Perhaps the Señor Evaña would like to know our plan of assault,"
said this officer.
"Explain it to him, Craddock," said the general.
"We shall keep 1000 men in reserve at the corrales," said Craddock,
"besides Colonel Mahon's brigade, which will advance to the Galvès
bridge to-morrow. The rest of the troops we divide into three
columns of attack, which will advance by parallel streets through the
city to the river-side, and will then unite in a combined attack upon
the great square, where we understand the principal force of the
enemy is entrenched."
"I see a great many streets marked on the plan," said Evaña.
"Exactly so," replied the aide-de-camp; "each column will march in
subdivisions by adjacent streets, which will mutually support each
other in case of need."
"And each subdivision will be separated from the next by a block of
barricaded houses 140 yards long," interrupted Evaña.
"You see, General," said the handsome officer, "he has hit upon your
weak place at once."
"What does he know?" said the general angrily; "fire away,
Craddock."
"In the Spanish cities," continued Craddock, "the churches invariably
occupy the most important positions. We have thus fixed upon two
churches upon which the three columns will form their base of
attack upon the centre."
"We have learnt to-day that they are running up barricades in some
parts of the city," said the officer who had spoken before.
"Are they?" exclaimed Evaña eagerly, as he thought of the plan of
defence he had left with Don Gregorio Lopez. "Do you know where
they have placed these barricades?"
"Near to the principal square," answered the other.
"There is nothing that we know of to prevent us reaching our first
positions," said the aide-de-camp. "We shall simply march down the
streets musket on shoulder without firing a shot, till we are near
enough to inspect these barricades. We may probably have to batter
them with cannon before we make our second advance. See, these
are the churches I told you of. On the north there is this place, a
large convent, I believe."
"Las Monjas Catalinas," said Evaña.
"A convent is always a good place to occupy as a post, it is——"
"Quite in your line, eh! Craddock," interrupted the general;
"unfortunately, my boy, you won't be with that column to-morrow."
"The columns of the left and centre will concentrate upon this
convent after establishing a strong rearguard at the bull-ring here to
the north of the city," resumed Craddock. "Then in the centre there
is this church, San Miguel I think they call it."
Evaña nodded his head.
"This church stands in the highest part of the city. When the three
columns have reached their stations, we shall march a part of the
reserve upon this church so as to open communications with the
attacks from the north and south upon the great square. Then on
the south, where Crauford has the command," said Craddock,
nodding to the brown-haired officer, "we have first a large detached
house surrounded by iron railings."
"The Residencia," said Evaña.
"I believe that is what it is called. Colonel Guard will be detached to
occupy this position. Then farther on, only three blocks from the
great square, we have a large church with a dome and two lofty
towers. General Crauford with the rest of the column of the right will
form his base of attack upon this church."
"How do you call that church, Señor Evaña?" asked General
Crauford.
"The church of Santo Domingo," answered Evaña.
"Crauford takes great interest in that church," said Craddock; "he
has been all day on the roof examining it through a telescope, but
he can't see much of it from here."
"Crauford wanted to take the city all by himself on Thursday night,"
said General Whitelock.
"There was nothing to oppose me after I had dispersed the militia
and that negro regiment that fought so well," said General Crauford.
"If I had not been recalled by Gower I should have marched through
the city and captured the fort. I penetrated through the suburbs to
the head of a street which Pack told me leads straight to the great
square."
"It is a pity you did not," said Evaña; "the city was panic-struck from
what I hear; you would probably have captured the fort without
firing a shot. To-morrow you will find it a very different matter to
march down those long, straight streets."
"We shall lose some men, of course," said General Whitelock, "but
we shall establish ourselves on both flanks of their principal position,
and then you will see that Frenchman will have had enough of it,
and he will surrender."
"You know not what you are doing, General," said Evaña; "if you had
studied for a year you could not have devised a plan which would
have entailed greater sacrifice of life. I tell you that if you carry out
this plan of yours, those streets of Buenos Aires will be to you and
your men pathways of death."
"Señor Evaña," replied General Whitelock, rising brusquely from his
chair, "when I need the advice of so distinguished a militaire as
yourself be certain that I shall not forget to ask for it."
To this Evaña made no answer, but rising from his seat he took up
his hat, bowed formally to all present, and left the room.
"This native friend of ours has somewhat nettled the general,"
whispered Captain Craddock in Crauford's ear.
"He has," answered the other gloomily, "and the worst is, that what
he says is perfectly true. Give me that city and a garrison of 10,000
men, and I defy any 50,000 troops in the world to drive me out of it,
even if they had Napoleon himself to lead them, or that new Indian
general of ours they think so much of at home, Sir Arthur Wellesley."
"Bah!" replied the aide-de-camp scornfully; "they are only militia and
dismounted gauchos, what need we fear from them? As for Liniers,
you and Gower showed us on Thursday what he is worth."

Long after nightfall Don Carlos Evaña walked by himself on the flat
roof of the quinta house, wrapped in a large cloak which kept the
cold from his body, and in thought which made him oblivious to all
that passed around him. He heeded nothing the buzz and bustle
which pervaded all the quinta, never noticed the mounted
messengers who rode forth or came in continually at the open
gateway, his eye looked only on the glittering lights of his native city,
his ear heard only the distant hum witch told him that there also all
was busy preparation for the conflict of the morrow.
His heart was sad, for his hopes died away within him. He had
crossed the ocean to urge on the despatch of this very expedition
which now menaced his native city. So far success had attended it,
even beyond his hopes, but the result which he desired seemed
further from attainment than ever. Should the struggle of the
morrow end in favour of the English, the result would be merely a
change of masters; instead of serving men of their own race,
language, and religion, his countrymen would serve strangers.
On the other hand, if the English were worsted in their attack upon
the city, then would his countrymen be more than ever attached to
Spain, more quiescent than ever under her most tyrannical decrees.
For the danger and the glory would be theirs, the blood that might
flow would be their blood, the city they had fought and bled to
defend would be their city, saved by them for Spain. Men love ever
those for whom they have done great service and for whom they
have braved great danger.
In either case the dream of a republic of Argentines, of the rise of a
great, young nation on the banks of La Plata, was at an end, and an
Argentine Republic was the dream of Evaña's life.
Therefore Don Carlos Evaña was sad at heart, and the hope of years
had died away within him.
Yet his cheek flushed with pride as he thought of the defiant answer
his countrymen had returned to the summons of the British general.
On what grounded they their confidence? Surely the Corrales de la
Miserere had taught them plain enough that their troops could not
meet those of England on equal terms! Then Evaña thought of his
own plan of defence.
"If they have adopted it only in part," said he to himself, "the plan of
attack devised by this General Whitelock will give them every
possible advantage."
"Oh! that it were not for Spain, and that I were with you! Oh! my
people," he exclaimed aloud.
His own voice startled him. He looked round hurriedly; no one was
near. He resumed his monotonous walk up and down, and now his
thoughts went back to the council upon which he had intruded in the
afternoon, and he pondered upon the talk he had had with General
Whitelock and the others.
"Such manifest folly," said he to himself. "They all saw it except that
fool of an aide-de-camp. There are good soldiers among them, how
is it that the one who knows least commands them all? Have I been
mistaken in the English? Would their alliance be of no service to us?
No, I have seen them in their own country. The English are a great
people, but there are many fools among them."
 CHAPTER XI
THE PATHWAYS OF DEATH
The Corrales de la Miserere stood in a hollow. On the higher ground
behind this hollow stood Mr White's house and some other quintas;
to the east of the hollow the ground rose gradually for more than
half-a-mile till it reached the level of the centre of the city, which
extended to within half-a-mile of the eastern face of the city, when
the ground again sloped gently down to the beach. Thus from the
Corrales de la Miserere nothing whatever could be seen of the city,
save the houses immediately bordering on the Plaza, and the
orchards and aloe fences of the suburbs which stretched to the right
and left of the position held by the British army. Even from Mr
White's house, which overlooked the suburbs and the nearer
quarters of the city, very little could be seen of it without ascending
to the roof, from which the towers and domes of the churches were
plainly visible, but the city itself appeared only as a wilderness of
houses, the lines of the streets being undistinguishable.
The city of Buenos Aires at that time was in the shape of a triangle,
of which the river front of the city, about three miles long, formed
the base, the apex being at the Plaza Miserere. On the two sides of
this triangle clustered the suburbs, cut up at regular distances into
blocks by roads which were the continuations of the streets of the
city. The city with its suburbs formed thus an irregular parallelgram,
but in the suburbs, in addition to the streets, there were many bye-
roads, in which a stranger might easily go astray.
The centre of the position held by the British army rested upon the
apex of the triangle which formed the city proper; in front of the
right and left of this position lay the suburbs.
An hour before daylight on the morning of the 5th July the entire
British army was under arms. Each subdivision paraded at the head
of the street by which it was to advance into the city. The number of
men in each subdivision varied from 250 up to 600 men, the total
force comprising the three columns being something less than 5000.
The column of the left, under the command of Sir Samuel Auchmuty,
comprised the 38th, 87th, and 5th regiments of the line, and was
directed to occupy the bull-ring, the Retiro, and the convent of Las
Monjas Catalinas. The column of the centre, under the command of
General Lumley, comprised the 36th and part of the 88th regiment,
and was directed to establish itself in the houses overlooking the
beach, and then combine with the column of General Auchmuty in
an attack upon the centre of the city. The column of the right, under
the command of General Crauford, comprised eight companies of
light infantry, eight companies of the 95th (the rifle corps), and
seventy recruits of the 71st regiment, also the 45th regiment, which
was detailed under Colonel Guard for the special service of
occupying the Residencia. General Crauford was directed to occupy
the church of Santo Domingo. Thus the instructions to the three
generals in command were to establish themselves along the eastern
face of the city, in positions distant three miles from the
headquarters of the army, and separated from it by a wilderness of
houses and quintas swarming with a hostile population. Further than
this they had no definite instructions, save that the capture of the
fort and the great square was understood to be the main object of
the attack.
The reserve consisted of the 6th Carabineers; four troops of the 9th
Light Dragoons, all dismounted; a part of the 88th regiment; pickets
from all these regiments, which remained in charge of the knapsacks
and great-coats of the men; about forty of the 17th Light Dragoons,
mounted, and such of the artillery as had not been left with Colonel
Mahon at Quilmes.
General Crauford had two light field-pieces attached to his column,
the other columns were without artillery.
Colonel Duff of the 88th regiment had such misgivings as to the
result of the day that he left the colours of his regiment behind him
with the reserve, and, when he advanced before dawn to the head
of the street by which he was to enter the city, he found his
regiment so weak that he sent back for two of the companies which
had been left with the reserve. Before these companies were
allowed to join him they were ordered to take the flints from their
muskets and leave them behind, and Colonel Duff lost much time in
trying to provide them with flints, by searching among the rest of his
men for spare ones. Even so, many of the men of these two
companies entered into action without flints.
The division under the command of Colonel Mahon, which advanced
from Quilmes to the Puente Galvès on the 5th July, consisted of
about 1800 men, infantry, artillery and dismounted cavalry, the 9th
and 17th Light Dragoons, and 200 sailors from the squadron, who
had been landed by Admiral Murray to assist in dragging the cannon
through the swamps at Ensenada, where five guns captured from
the Spaniards at Monte Video stuck fast and were destroyed by
Colonel Frazer.
The idea of General Whitelock appears to have been, that by
avoiding the main streets of the city, which led direct from the
Corrales to the Plaza Mayor, and by a rapid march before sunrise,
without firing, through the suburbs and shorter streets, he would
succeed in surprising the principal positions to the north and south
of the great square, which idea, considering that most of these
positions were a league distant from the Plaza Miserere, presumed a
great want of vigilance on the part of the garrison, while all chance
of a surprise was effectually destroyed by the way in which the
signal to advance was given.
As the day dawned a salvo of twenty-one British guns on the Plaza
Miserere gave the signal. The troops marched at once; each
subdivision in column of sections, seven men in line, left its position
and disappeared down the muddy roads, hedged by aloe fences,
which led through the suburbs. They disappeared, marching along
avenues in which they could see nothing either to the right hand or
to the left, towards an unknown goal at the end of a long, narrow
path shrouded in darkness and in mist.
Liniers had made every preparation for a vigorous defence. Including
the regular troops, the three battalions of Patricios, the Arribeño
regiment, armed citizens, slaves,[6] and the dismounted paisanos, he
had over 15,000 men under his command. The regular troops were
concentrated about the defences of the Plaza Mayor, but the militia
were spread about on the azoteas all over the city.
The thunder of the British guns roused up at once the sleeping city;
on every azotea the troops stood to arms, by every gun stood a
gunner with a lighted match. There had been much rain for several
days past, now over all the city there hung a thick haze. Men rushed
up to the roofs of their houses, and peered anxiously over the
parapets into the murky morning air. Then over the whole city there
fell a great silence.
Rapidly through the suburbs marched the invading columns, meeting
with no foe, scarce seeing any sign of life; then as the haze cleared
somewhat away they entered the long, straight streets of the city,
long monotonous lines of white houses, with barred windows and
parapeted roofs, deserted streets in which was neither life nor
motion, streets stretching straight before them with no visible end.
Some of the subdivisions encountered cavalry videttes near the
suburbs, who trotted away before them, shouting up to the azoteas
of the houses as they passed the warning of their approach.
When or where the firing commenced no one knows, but presently
these deserted streets sprang at once into fiery life; on each hand
the azoteas bristled with armed men who fired without aim into the
thick of the moving mass of men beneath them, who still marched
swiftly on with shouldered muskets, and fired not one shot in return.
When one man fell another took his place, and still the word was
"forward." Fiercer and fiercer grew the fire from the parapets of
those flat-roofed houses, men no longer crouching under them for
shelter, but leaning over the better to select their victim. Losing
patience at the tedious task of reloading, casting aside their
firelocks, some tore down the parapet itself with their hands and
hurled the bricks at the heads of the marching men. Women with
dishevelled hair ran about madly on those flat roofs, more fierce,
more relentless than the men, urging them on in their work of
death, seizing bricks, grenades, or any other missile that came to
hand, and throwing them in wild fury at the lines of living men, who
pressed steadily on with teeth clenched and glaring eyes, but who
still sent back not one shot in return. Rank after rank was broken,
men fell by dozens and by scores, and still where each man fell
another took his place, still with sloped muskets, and shoulder to
shoulder, the soldiery pressed on up those pathways of death, where
the leaden hail poured upon them like hailstones in a winter storm,
and where, as they neared the centre, round shot and grape from
the defences of Plaza Mayor tore through them.
Through all this tempest of fire the well-trained troops held on their
way unflinchingly, and every subdivision, or a remnant of it, reached
the position for which it marched. The bull-ring, the Retiro barracks,
the church of Las Monjas Catalinas, the church of Santo Domingo,
the Residencia, and several blocks of houses on the river face of the
city were captured and occupied. But round each position so
captured crowded thousands of the furious foe, rendered more
furious still by the unavailing slaughter they had inflicted upon the
invaders.
Then the British troops came to bay, the welcome word was given to
load and fire, and in turn their shot poured havoc and death into the
dense masses about them. Many a trim soldier of the Patricios fell
lifeless on the parapet over which he leaned. Many an honest
householder, who had loaded his fowling-piece with ball that day in
defence of hearth and fatherland, then fired it for the last time, and
fell back upon the tiles which covered his own home, pouring out his
life-blood from a mortal wound. Many a swarthy, bearded paisano
threw up his arms as a pang shot through him, and glaring wildly on
the unwonted scenes around him, bethought him of the peaceful
solitude of his native Pampa, bethought him of his lowly rancho and
of the half-naked little urchins who called him father, then sank
down with swiftly-failing breath as death darkened those wild eyes
for ever. Many a slave who fought bravely with freedom before him
as his guerdon then gained equality with his master in the grave.
But, regardless of those who fell, more and more pressed fiercely
round every position held by the British troops; those regiments
which penetrated into the vicinity of the Plaza Mayor were the most
fiercely assailed.
The 88th regiment, in two subdivisions, under the command of
Colonel Duff and Major Vandeleur, entered the city by the streets
now known as Piedad and Cuyo. After an abortive attempt to
capture the church of San Miguel, Colonel Duff marched on, losing
men at every step, till he found himself under the guns of the
defences of the centre, when turning to the left he burst into and
occupied a house close to the Merced Church. Major Vandeleur, after
losing half his command, occupied another house about a square
farther north. But their men were driven from the azoteas by the
overwhelming fire of the enemy, and after several hours of
unavailing resistance both divisions were compelled to surrender.
General Lumley, with the remainder of his brigade, advancing by the
Calles Parque and Tucuman, seized some houses in the last block
before reaching the beach and held them with the 36th regiment
against furious assaults and a heavy cannonade from the fort until
the afternoon.
The column of the left, under the command of Brigadier-general Sir
Samuel Auchmuty, advanced upon the northern quarter of the city.
The 38th regiment, under the command of Colonel Nugent, at the
extreme left of the line, made a considerable detour through the
suburbs, and then advanced by a narrow road straight upon the
Plaza del Retiro. Here the garrison was strongly posted in the
barracks and the bull-ring, with cannon planted upon the open
ground, and a large, flat-roofed house in front was occupied as an
outpost. From this house a heavy fire was directed upon the
regiment, causing severe loss; but it was captured by the bayonet,
not one of the garrison escaping. Colonel Nugent then attempted to
advance upon the bull-ring, but was repulsed by a murderous fire of
artillery, upon which he detached two companies to take possession
of a house on the high ground overlooking the river, to the north of
the Retiro barracks. This operation was successful, and the two
companies leaving the house by a side door forced their way into the
barracks, drove out the garrison at the point of the bayonet and
captured several cannon, all of which but one twelve-pounder were
spiked. Colonel Nugent then hoisted his colours on the flag-staff, and
opened fire with the captured gun upon the bull-ring.
Meantime Sir Samuel Auchmuty had advanced with the 87th
regiment by the Calles Arenales and Santa Fé, thinking that they
would lead him to the left flank of the enemy's position on the Plaza
del Retiro; instead of which, after a march of more than two miles,
he found himself directly in front of their position, and was received
by a tremendous fire of artillery and musketry from the bull-ring,
against which it was impossible to advance. He accordingly retreated
two squares to the right, where the little river Tercero, which flows
down the Calle Paraguay, had scooped out a sort of trench, along
which he marched his regiment, sheltered from the fire of the
enemy, and took possession of a large house and garden on the high
ground overlooking the river. Then hearing of the success of Colonel
Nugent, he advanced to his support, and at half-past nine, after two
hours of incessant firing the garrison of the bull-ring hung out a
white flag and surrendered at discretion.
By this success the British column captured 700 prisoners, thirty-two
guns, most of them of large calibre, two mortars, and an immense
quantity of ammunition, and secured at once a formidable base of
attack, and the means of communicating with the squadron.
The right wing of this column, consisting of the 5th regiment, under
the command of Lieutenant-colonel Davie, which advanced by the
Calles Charcas and Paraguay, met with but slight opposition, and
captured some spiked guns in a cross street. After occupying some
houses on the river front Colonel Davie detached an officer with a
strong party to seize the church and convent of Las Monjas
Catalinas, but Major King of this regiment in attempting to capture
another large house was driven back by overwhelming numbers of
the enemy.
The right column of attack, under the command of General Crauford,
marched upon the southern quarter of the city. The left wing of this
column, led by Colonel Pack, about 600 strong, advanced by the
Calle Moreno, and penetrated to the last block without much loss,
although the Calle Moreno was but one block distant from the
defences of the Plaza Mayor. The approaches to these defences had
been all night illuminated by lamps hanging in the doorways and
windows of the houses; these lamps were still burning dimly in the
murky air of the early morning when Colonel Pack halted among the
scattered houses which overlooked the beach to the south of the
fort. These houses were under the guns of the fort and offered no
position that he could safely occupy. He looked about him; to his left
lay a narrow street, closed by a black mound of earth; once over
that mound and he was in the Plaza de los Perdices, and by one
desperate effort might seize the fort and decide the fortunes of the
day. His first step was to detach Colonel Cadogan with his rearguard
to attack the church of San Francisco and so secure his rear. This
church stood close to the trench which crossed the Calle Defensa at
its junction with the Calle Potosi; the azoteas all round were strongly
garrisoned.
Advancing rapidly up the narrow street, Colonel Cadogan brought up
a field-piece to blow open the side door of the church, but from the
surrounding azoteas and from the earthwork so tremendous a fire
was poured upon him that "on a sudden the whole of the leading
company and every man and horse at the gun were killed or
disabled." He was forced to a precipitate retreat, and bursting into a
house in the Calle Moreno took refuge there with 140 men.
Colonel Pack, with the remainder of his command, wheeled rapidly
into the Calle Balcarce, and made a desperate assault upon the
earthwork which closed the entrance to the Plaza de los Perdices.
Over the top of this earthwork frowned the muzzles of two heavy
guns, in front yawned a ditch twelve feet wide by six deep. The light
infantry rushed up that narrow street straight upon the black
muzzles of those guns, while the grape-shot tore through their
ranks, and an incessant fire of musketry poured upon them from the
azoteas on either hand. They reached the ditch and sprang into it,
only to find before them a perpendicular wall of earth twelve feet
high, over which they strove to clamber, while hand-grenades,
bricks, and all sorts of missiles were showered upon them from
above; till seeing no possibility of success, Colonel Pack, who was
himself wounded, drew off seventy men, the remnant of his force,
and retreated upon the church of Santo Domingo. There he met
General Crauford, who had reached that position unopposed, and
who at once took possession of the church by blowing open a side
door with a shot from a field-piece.
On the extreme right of the British line, Colonel Guard, with the 45th
regiment, penetrated through the suburbs to the south of the city,
and attacked and captured the Residencia with very slight loss,
taking about 100 prisoners. The Residencia was at that time used as
a hospital, the wards being occupied by 150 sick, many of whom
had been wounded in the affair of the 2nd. It was surrounded by
high walls and an iron railing, and was a very strong position.
Leaving Major Nicholls with 400 men to hold the Residencia, Colonel
Guard then advanced with the grenadier company by the Calle
Defensa to join General Crauford. Reinforced by that general with a
detachment of light infantry, he then attempted to re-open
communications with Colonel Cadogan, but had hardly advanced
fifty yards from Santo Domingo when the guns on the defences of
the Plaza Mayor opened upon him with grape, and a storm of shot
poured upon him from the adjacent azoteas. The grenadier company
was swept away, Major Trotter of the Rifles was killed, and he, with
the few men left, was forced to seek shelter in the church.
Meantime, on the Plaza Miserere, General Whitelock, surrounded by
his staff, walked to and fro, knowing nothing of what had happened,
hearing from far off the shouts and cries of the combatants, the
incessant rattling of musketry, the frequent boom of cannon. Of
those troops who had disappeared in the murky dawn into that great
wilderness of houses, not one returned to tell how their comrades
fared. The firing was far off on the eastern face of the city to the
north and to the south of the Plaza Mayor. Between these points and
the Plaza Miserere there intervened a vast mass of flat-roofed
houses, which swarmed with armed men. No messenger could
penetrate that wilderness. One officer, who was sent off to the right
with a few dragoons, returned, saying that to pass onwards was
impossible.
The troops of the reserve were all under arms, and surrounded by
swarms of native cavalry, who now and then crept near enough to
fire upon them, and who watched for an opportunity of pouncing
upon any weak party which might venture away from the main body.
One party of this cavalry, about 200 men, approached so near that
Lieutenant-colonel Torrens, chief of the staff to General Whitelock,
was apprehensive of danger from them. Taking with him thirty
dragoons, he charged them, drove them before him, and pursued
them for nearly a league.
Then about eight o'clock General Whitelock determined upon a
further offensive movement upon the centre. Two detachments were
ordered upon this service. Three companies of infantry with two
field-pieces advanced by the street now known as the Calle Piedad,
and a corps composed of the 6th Carabineers and two troops of the
9th Light Dragoons, dismounted, under the command of Colonel
Kington of the Carabineers, with Major Pigot of the Dragoons as his
second in command, was ordered to penetrate by the next street to
the right. This corps had also two field-pieces attached to it. The
carabineers were armed with carbines and bayonets, the dragoons
had muskets.
The infantry, galled by a heavy fire from the azoteas, forced their
way as far as the church of San Miguel, and bursting open the
church doors and the doors of several of the adjacent houses
established themselves there, filling the tower of the church with
marksmen, whose fire soon drove away the enemy from the
neighbouring azoteas. The two field-pieces were planted in the
street in front of the church and by their fire drove off a party of the
enemy who were advancing upon them up to Calle Piedad.

At dawn Don Isidro Lorea inspected all his preparations and posted
his men with great care. At each loop-hole in the barricaded
windows of his house and almacen he placed three men, two of
whom were to load while the other fired; his own company of
Patricios he stationed on the azotea and took command of them
himself. He had barely completed his arrangements when the salvo
of British guns gave the signal for the attack. At the report of the
guns Doña Dalmacia ascended to the azotea.
"Go! go!" said Don Isidro, as she approached him. "They come! How
can I do my duty if thou art in danger?"
"I come to but embrace thee once more," she answered; "I know
that thou art brave and wilt do thy duty," so saying she threw her
arms round him and kissed him. Then turning to the men she spoke
cheerful words to them, encouraging them to do their duty, and
passing along the ranks shook hands with many of them whom she
had known from childhood. The men answered her words with loud
"Vivas," she left them and retired to the security of her own room,
but not to rest there in idleness, she knew that fighting would entail
wounds and death. With her maids around her she went on with the
work from which the report of the guns had roused her—appliances
for the relief of the wounded and for the alleviation of the sufferings
of the dying.
Hardly had Doña Dalmacia left the azotea than the report of a
musket was heard in the suburbs somewhat to the right, then
another, then came shouts and cries, and the musketry grew into
one continuous rattle, gradually spreading over the whole city to the
north and to the south of the Plaza Mayor, but Don Isidro could see
no foe approach him, and no musket was fired in his immediate
neighbourhood.
Two hours his watch lasted and the partial cessation of the firing told
him that the heat of the conflict was over; from all sides came
reports of a fearful slaughter of the invaders. Then away in the
suburb beyond his position he heard the reports of several muskets,
and there was a cry from a neighbouring azotea:
"They come!"
He moved his men up to the parapet, and stationed himself at the
corner, looking up the street out westwards. What he saw was a
dense body of red-coated soldiery, with brass helmets, with sloped
muskets and bayonets fixed, marching rapidly towards him. What he
saw was a miscellaneous multitude of men leaning over the parapets
of the houses and firing upon these marching soldiers, or stepping
back from the parapet to reload. What he saw were soldiers
dropping on their faces as they marched, or staggering out of the
ranks and clutching at the bars of windows ere they laid them down
on the side-walks to die.
As they issued from the street and emerged upon the open space,
the galling fire which had attended their progress died away. The
azoteas in front of them and about them were lined with armed
men, who waited for the signal from Don Isidro, and Don Isidro
stood motionless at his corner watching them. At the head of the
column came a troop of stalwart men, marching on with firm step
and eyes looking straight before them; in front of them rode a
mounted officer, the plumes of his cocked hat had been shot away,
blood stained the white gauntlet he wore on his bridle-hand, but
stiffly erect he sat in his saddle, and his face was calm as though he
knew no anxiety, but his lips were firmly pressed together, and the
fingers of the right hand twined round the hilt of his sabre in a
convulsive grasp.
Don Isidro was a civilian, but he was also sufficiently a soldier to
admire and appreciate the perfection of military drill. Admiration and
pity struggled within him against what he knew was his stern duty;
his men looked at him in astonishment. The leading troopers were
already half way across the open space, when with a shudder he
shook himself free from his thoughts, leaped up on to the parapet,
waved his sword, and shouted:
"At discretion! fire!"
A storm of shot shattered the ranks of those stately troopers, the
horse of the mounted officer plunged wildly in the air, and fell back
over him, the head of the column was completely destroyed, the
bodies of the tall troopers strewed the ground on which a minute
before they had marched so proudly. Only for a moment was the
march of the column delayed, on it came swiftly as before, men
dropping at every step under the fire from the loop-holed windows.
They reached the corner, then from the windows of the almacen a
rapid flanking fire opened upon them, and fresh assailants, leaping
over the parapets of the houses on either hand, met them with a
fresh storm of shot. The column reached the corner, entered the
street, but went no further, the leading files melted away under that
deadly fire. The retreat was sounded, the soldiery retired out of
reach of the fire of the Patricios to the back of the open space,
where, opening fire themselves, they drove the defenders back from
the nearer parapets and obtained a respite.
Meantime the infantry corps had passed on a square further north.
From this subdivision came galloping back a mounted officer, his
cocked hat and plumes showed him be to an aide-de-camp. He
enquired angrily from Colonel Kington the reason of his halt, and of
his breaking the general orders by allowing the men to fire. In reply
the colonel pointed to the heaps of men, dead and dying, who lay
about the street corner.
"I am bringing up a gun. I must take that corner house, I cannot
pass it, the windows are all loop-holed."
"You know the positive orders of General Whitelock! Unless you
advance at once I shall be forced to report you."
Again the troopers formed in column, again they advanced over
ground strewn with the bodies of their slaughtered comrades, their
leader marching, now on foot, at their head, the aide-de-camp
beside him, a fine-made young man, with the blue eyes and yellow
hair of the midland counties, Craddock by name, the favourite aide-
de-camp of General Whitelock.
Don Isidro had watched all these manœuvres; again he reserved his
fire till the column was more than half way to the fatal corner, again
leaping on to the parapet he waved his sword as a signal, again a
storm of shot swept away the whole ranks of living men. Colonel
Kington fell; the aide-de-camp reeled in his saddle, let go his reins to
press his hand to his side, his frightened horse turned and galloped
off, away back through the now silent suburb to the British camp;
his rider, seeing nothing, knowing nothing of where he went, kept
his seat till the horse stopped, when he was gently lifted from the
saddle, carried into a house and laid upon a bed. There he lingered
till sundown, neither opening his eyes nor speaking, save once when
General Whitelock bent over him and spoke to him.
"Ah, General!" he said, "Those streets of Buenos Aires, they are, as
that Spaniard said they would be, the pathways of death."
Again the column recoiled from that fatal corner, and a gun being
now brought up was wheeled into position in front of the door of
Don Isidro's house, at somewhat more than 100 yards distance. The
first shot crashed through a panel of the door and did little harm;
the second struck it full in the centre, where it was secured by a
heavy cross-bar, shattering the latter and the door itself so much
that it was only held by the lower bolts. Two more shots, and the
door was a complete wreck. Then the troopers, in open order, again
advanced, firing steadily at the Patricios on the azotea, and at the
loop-holed windows.
Fiercely occupied as each man was at his own post, Doña Dalmacia
was the first to notice the shattered door. Leaving her own room she
ran across the patio to the almacen, calling upon the men there to
bring out boxes and barrels to block up the zaguan. Excited men
rushed out into the patio as they heard her voice, not
comprehending what she said amid the roar of musketry. Seeing the
open doorway they fired from the patio upon the advancing troops.
In vain Doña Dalmacia ran among them, entreating them to block up
the entrance at once, they were mad with fury of the fight. English
bullets came amongst them, several of them fell, then Doña
Dalmacia, running into the sala, brought out a heavy chair and threw
it on its side in the middle of the zaguan. Hardly had she done so
ere a bullet struck her in the throat, she fell forward upon the chair,
clinging to it with her hands, her blood pouring over the
embroidered velvet in a steady stream.
Don Isidro had heard his wife's voice; calling upon some of his men
to follow him, he ran down the narrow stair from the roof; as he set
foot in the patio he saw his wife fall.
"Dalma!" he screamed rushing to her and raising her in his arms. It
was the last word he ever uttered. She opened her eyes once,
looked upon him with a loving smile, her lips moved, but no words
came, he saw she was dead. With one arm clasped round her, he
shook the other hand fiercely at the English; they poured in one
deadly volley, and then rushed into the zaguan. Don Isidro fell, shot
through the heart, in death yet clasping his wife to him; their blood,
mingling in one red stream, dyed the feet of the furious soldiers as
they ran in over their prostrate bodies.
The shouts of men, the screams of women, as they saw Don Isidro
fall back upon the pavement with his wife's body in his arms,
brought the entire garrison of the house into the patio. From the
roof, from the sala, from the almacen men rushed towards the main
entrance, beating back the soldiery with clubbed muskets, stabbing
furiously with knives, bayonets, or whatever weapon came to hand,
while from the azotea the Patricios opened fire upon the zaguan
itself. The struggle was sharp but short; all the English who had
entered the patio were killed, the zaguan was choked with the
bodies of their dead. Reinforcements poured in from every side, a
strong party from the suburbs ventured into the open street and
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