GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC GOPALGANJ DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ADVANCE SURVEYING LAB (4TH SEM) © UST OF EXPERIMENTS 7 | Use plane table survey to prepare plans of a plot of seven-sided closed traverse by Radiation Method. 2_| Use plane table survey to prepare plans, locate details by Intersection Method. 3 _| Use plane table surveyto prepare plans, locate details by Traversing Method. 4 _| Use transit theodolite to measure Horizontal and Vertical angle by Direct Method, 5 _| Use Theodolite as a Tacheometer to compute reduced levels and horizontal distances. 6 _| Use Total station instrument tomeasure horizontal distances. 7_| Use Total station instrument to measure vertical angle. & | Use GPS to locate the coordinates of a station. ‘+ PRACTICAL OUTCOMES S.No. POs POI __| Prepare plan by plane table survey. PO2__| Measure horizontal and vertical angle by theodolite, total station and EDM PO3 | Measure distance and level by theodolite and totalstation. POs | Locate coordinate ofa station by GPS + MAPPING S.NO.[ poi | poz | P03 | Poa | POS | POs | PO7 | PSO1 | PSO2 | PSO3 L L L L 1 1 1 B/B]a[B/PExperiment no :- 01 aim: Use plane table survey to prepare plans of a plot of closed traverse by Radiation Method . Instruments required: Tripod Plane Table Plumbing Fork Level Magnetic needle compass Alidade Measuring Tape Ranging Rods (For demonstration purpose) Other accessories 0 28° x 22'drawing sheet © Scotch Tape © Chisel pointed Pencil ce Eraser Theory Radiation method In the radiation method, the instrumentis generally set up at a single point, from where all the details which are to be plotted are clearly visible, The rays are drawn from the instrument station to the points which are to be plotted. The distance between the instrument’s station and the point is measured with a tape or chain. After that, the distance is plotted in the drawing sheet to some suitable scale along with their respective rays. This method is generally suitable for a survey when the distances are small and can be measured with a tape length. But if we measure the distance with a telescopic alidade which works on the principle of the tachometer, the radiation method can be applied to a greater distance. + Theprocess of setting up aplane table in radiation method: ‘The setting up of a plane table overa station in a plane table survey includes a number of steps. In general, there are five steps that are followed. Step-1 Fixing the tripod stand with the Plane table At first, the tripod stand is attached to the bottom of the board by a wing nut. The wing mut is generally attached to a circular plate attached to the bottom of the board. Step-2 Level the plane table After fixing the tripod stand the table is levelled by adjusting the tripod legs. The level of the table is checked with the help of a spirit level. The spirit level is placed at a different place on ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 1the board to check it plane table. inclinations. The bubble should be at the centre at every position of the Step-3 Centre the plane table exactly over the station After the levelling operation, a drawing sheet is fixed on the board. A pin is fixed on the station. Plot this station on the drawing sheet with the help of a U-fork and plumb bob. After that, the board is clamped and proper precautions are taken not to disturb it. Step-4 Marking the N-S line After centering the table and fixinga drawing sheet on the board, the north-south line is drawn ‘on the sheet. This N-S line is found with the help ofa through compass or circular box compass. ‘This N-S line is very useful for the orientation of the plane table. Step-5 Orientation ‘The orientation operation is not performed in the radiation method of plane table surveying. Because in this method all the rays are drawn from a single central station. So, there is no chance of shifting the plane table over several stations. Procedure:- Select a suitable point P on the ground such thatall the details are visible from it ‘Centre and level the plane table over P '* Mark the direction of the North on the sheet by using compass ‘© Locate instrument station p on the sheet by using plumbing fork, such that p on sheetis exactly over P on ground ‘© Centering the alidade on point p sight various details step by step and draw aray fromeach detail along the fiducial edge of the alidade © Let the details be named as A, B,C, D, E ete. Now measure the distances of each point from P i.e. PA,PB, PC, PD, PE and plot themto scale on the sheet as pa, pb, pc, pd, pe respectively ¢ Jointa, b,c, d, and cto give the outline of the details NOTE: These details may be building corners, electric towers, tree, manhole etc. But for demonstration purpose we will put ranging rods ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 2+ signifi cati This is the easiest method in plane tabling. It is used when: © All the details are visible and accessible from one instrument station + The ground is level and smooth Distances are so small that can be measured with single tape ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 3Experiment no :- 02 ALM; Use plane table survey to prepare plans, locate details by Intersection Method. Ee E EB required: Tripod Plane Table Plumbing Fork Level ‘Magnetic needle compass Alidade Measuring Tape Ranging Rods (For demonstration purpose) Other accessories 28” x 22” drawing sheet Scotch Tape Chisel pointed Pencil Eraser e00000000 In this method we can locate the point by plotting two rays from two known stations. As shown i figure, P and Q are the known station. First the equipment is placed on P and plot the lines by sighting the stations A, B and Q. then shift the equipment to station Q and plot the lines by sighting stations A, B and P. Finally, the intersection of A and B rays is the required location of point of intersection. ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 4IL Levelling. ML Centering IV. Orientation Fixing is the process in which the plane table is properly fixed on the tripod stand, White drawing sheet is then placed on the flat table and properly fixed with clips or thumb screws. During the whole process of plane table surveying care should be taken that the position of the drawing sheet should not be misplaced. Levelling is the process in which the plane table is properly levelled by using spirit level. The plane table should be parallel to the ground surface. The survey should not be carried out until the table is properly levelled. Centering is the process in which the plane table is properly centered by using a plumbing fork which is very similar to plumb bob. It is used to mark the centre point on the ground which exactly represents the center point on the drawing sheet. Orientation is the process of setting the plane table into some fixed direction so that the line representing a certain direction on the plan is parallel to that direction on the ground. Procedure: 1. Select two instrument stations P and Q, such that all the points or details to be locatedare visible from both the stations. 2. Now set the table on P and make it centered and level. all oo 3. Using the plumbing form locate the ground station on the sheet i. p, such that the point pon the sheet is exactly over the point P on the ground. Measure the distance between P and Q. ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV s4. Now using the alidade pivoted at P orient the table so that other instrument station Qis sighted and clamp the table and draw a line along the fiducial edge of the alidade according to a suitable scale. This line pq is a base line and hence must be measured and drawn accurately 5. With the alidade pivoted on p sight other details and draw rays as a’, b’ ¢’, dete as shown in Figure 0-1 6. Now shift the table to station Q and make it centered and levelled such that point q on sheet is exactly above the Q on the ground 7. With the alidade placed along line pq orient the table and back sight the station P andclamp the table. 8. With the alidade pivoted on q sight other details and draw rays as a’, b”? ”, d’” etcas shown in Figure 0-2 9% Intersection of a’, b’ ¢’, d’, o? with a”, b” c,d”, ©” are named as a, b,c, d, ¢ respectively. Join a, b, c, d, ¢ as shown in Figure 0-3, Meuilicumee und applications In this method a base line is drawn between two instrument stations. The significance of this method is that only the base line is measured and plotted to scale very accurately. Other points or details depends on the scale and accuracy of the base line. It is used When; +The ground is not level and smooth + Distances are so large that cannot be iieasured with single tape: ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 6Experiment no :- 03 aim:- Use plane table survey to prepare plans, locate details by traversing Method. Equipment Required:- 1. Twochains 20m or 30m 2. Arrows 3. Ranging rods 4, Cross staff or optical square 5. Plumb bob ‘Traversing is the connection of series of straight lines. In the case of traversing, the plane table is located at one point for supposing A as shown below. From that point sight towards B and measure the distance AB. Then shift the plane table to point B and sight towards A and measure BA. The average distance of AB and Ba are plotted to scale in the drawing sheet. ‘Then Sight the point C from B and measure BC and repeat the same procedure until the last point. Conduct some checks at some points. Finally, traverse lines are plotted on the drawing sheet. + Tony 1 Fixing. IL Levelling M1. Centering. IV. Orientation Fixing is the process in which the plane table is properly fixed on the tripod stand. White drawing sheet is then placed on the flat table and properly fixed with clips or thumb screws. During the whole process of plane table surveying care should be taken that the position of the drawing shect should not be misplaced. Levelling is the process in which the plane table is properly levelled by using spirit level. The plane table should be parallel to the ground surface. The survey should not be carried out until the table is properly levelled. Centering is the process in which the plane table is properly centered by using a plumbing fork which is very similar to plumb bob. It is used to mark the centre point on the ground which exactly represents the center point on the drawing sheet. ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 7Orientation is the process of setting the plane table into some fixed direction so that the line representing a certain direction on the plan is parallel to that direction on the ground. (i) Select the traverse stations A, B, C ete. (Gi) Set up the table over one of them say A. Select the point a suitably on the sheet. Level and centre the table over A. (iii) Mark the direction of the magnetic meridian on the top corner to the sheet by means of the trough compass, (iv) With the alidade touching a, sight B and draw the ray. (v) Measure the distance AB and scale off ab, thus fixing the position of b on the sheet, which represents the station B on the ground. (vi) Locate the nearby details by offsets taken in the usual manner or by radiation and the distant objects by intersection, (vii) Shift the table and set it up at B, with b over B and orient it by placing the alidade along ba, turning the table until the line of sight strikes A ,and then clamp it. 6 With the alidade touching b sight C and draw a ray. (ix) Measure the line BC and cut off be to scale, ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 8(x) Locate the surrounding detail as before. (xi) Proceed sit larly at other stations, in cach case orienting by an each sight before taking the forward sight until all the remaining stations are plotted. ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IVUse transit theodolite to measure Horizontal and Vertical angle by Direct Method. Aber Theodolite surveying is that branch of surveying in which theodolite is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles. A Theodolite is a very precise instrument, mainly used for determining the horizontal and vertical distances between two points. It can also be used for prolonging a line, measuring distances indirectly, as a level, like a tachometer. Due to its wide range of applications, it is also termed as “Universal Instrument”. ‘Types of Theodolites: There are generally two types of Theodolites: ‘+ Transit Theodolite: - A transit Theodolite is the one in which the telescope mounted in the instrument can be revolved through a complete revolution about its horizontal axis, in a vertical plane. ‘+ Non-Transit Theodolite: - It isthe opposite of Transit Theodolite. In this type of Theodolite, the telescope can not be revolved through a complete revolution about its horizontal axis, in a vertical plane. It can be rotated to a certain extent to take vertical angles. © Temporary Adjustments of a Theodolite: - The activities required at every setting of the theodolite at a station before taking the observations is called temporary adjustments of a theodolite, It includes: Setting up Centering Levelling Focusing the Eye-Piece Focusing the Objective Measurement of a Horizontal Ansle by Theedolite Horizontal angles can be done by two methods: 1. Repetition Method 2. Reiteration method. Repatition method is used mostly in measuring the horizontal angles. ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 10the upper clamp screw. By turning the upper tangent screw, Vernier A & B are accurately ced into its readings. ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV "II The upper clamp screw is then tightened, and the lower clamp is loosened. The instrument is rotated to bisectthe ranging rod at one point. The lower tangent screw is used for accurately, dissecting the ranging rod. IV. _ The lower clamp screw is then tightened, and the upper clamp screw is loosened. By tuming the telescope in a clockwise direction, about its horizontal axis, the ranging rod at other point is bisected. The reading at scale is to be noted. V. These steps should be repeated thrice, the average value should be taken. Measurement of a Vertical Angle by Theodolite This is another important anti function of a Theodolite, and it is the only manual instrument using which vertical angles should be taken. The procedures of taking vertical measurements are as below: Procedures: 1 Levelling and Centering of the instrument are done following the above-mentioned methods. I The Vernier A & Vernier B of the vertical scale is to fixed at 0° and 180° respectively. Ill The telescope is targeted towards the point from which vertical angle is to be taken. Tangent screws are used for accurate bisection of the ranging rod at that point. IV. Then the telescope is rotated in a vertical plane to bisect the point at some certain elevation. V. _ After the bisection of the point, the telescope is to be fixed, and the reading is taken, which is the required angle of elevation. ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 2au: The objective of this experiment is to use a theodolite as a tacheometer to measure and compute the reduced levels, (RL) and horizontal distances (HD) between various points on the ground. ‘Equipment Reauired ‘* Theodolite with tacheometric facility + Levelling staff (graduated staff) Tripod stand © Measuring tape + Field book for recording observations © Plumb bob © Pegs and flags for marking stations, Theory Tacheometry is a branch of surveying where horizontal distances and differences in elevation are determined indirectly. A theodolite equipped with a tacheometric facility is used for this purpose. The method relies on the principle that the horizontal distance (D) and vertical difference in elevation (Ah) can be determined using the readings obtained from the theodolite and a levelling staff placed at the observation point. ‘The formulae used in tacheometric surveying are: 1 Horizontal Distance (D): D=k-s-cos*(@) +C where: * D-=Horizontal distance * k= Multiplying constant of the tacheometer (usuelly 100) 8 = Staff intercept (difference between the top and bottom staff readings) @ = Vertical angle C = Additive constant (often negligible or zero for most modern theodolites) ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 22. Vertical Difference in Elevation (A\ Ah = k- s-cos(6) «sin(@) + (he; — hy) where: + Ah = Vertical difference in elevation © h; = Height of instrument (theodolite) above the datum oh, Height of the staff reading above the ground The Reduced Level (RL) of a point is calculated by adding or subtracting the vertical difference in elevation to or from the known RL of the reference point. Procedure ‘Setting Up the Instrument 1. Setting up the Theodolite: ‘© Set upthe tripod stand over the survey station. ‘© Attach the theodolite to the tripod and ensure itis securely fixed. ‘© Level the theodolite using the foot screws and the bubble level 2. Station Marking: ‘© Select and mark the survey stations on the ground with pegs or flags. ‘© Record the RL of the initial station (benchmark). Taking Observations 1. Staff Readings: ‘© Place the levelling staff vertically at the survey point. ‘© Sight through the theodolite and bisect the central crosshair on the staff. ‘© Record the top, middle, and bottom readings on the staff (these are used to calculate the staff intercept sss). 2. Angle Measurement: ‘© Measure the vertical angle (Q\theta0) between the line of sight and the horizontal plane. ‘© Record the angle for each observation point. Computing Horizontal Distance and Reduced Level 1. Horizontal Distance Calculation: ‘© Use the formula D to compute the horizontal distance between the theodolite station and the observation point. ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 1“2. Vertical Difference in Elevation Calculation: ‘© tocompute the vertical difference in elevation between the theodolite station and the observation point. 3. Reduced Level Calculation: ‘0 Determine the RL of the observation point by adding or subtracting the vertical difference in elevation to or from the known RL of the reference point. Observations Create a table to record the observations taken during the experiment. An example observation table is shown below: Staff Staff Staff Staff Vertical Horizontal Vertical Reduced Reading Reading Reading Intercept Angle —Distance_—Difference_—_Level Station (Top) (Middle) (Bottom) (5) ® o (ah) Ru A 18001500 1.200 0.600 cy 609m 523m 10023 m 8 1750 1.450 1.150 0.600 10° 591m 11043 102566 m c 17001400 1.100 0.600. = 600 m 523m 100.000 (Note: Values in the table are for illustrative purposes only and should be replaced with actual field data.) Calculations Using the observation data, perform the following calculations for each station: ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 51. Staff intercept (s): 5 = Staff Reading (Top) ~ Staff Reading (Bottom) 2. Horizontal Distance (D): D=k-s-cos'(@)+C 3. Vertical Difference in Elevation (Ah): Ah = k-s-cos(8)- sin(8) + (It; — h,) 4. Reduced Level (RL): RL pew = RLiniiat + Ah ‘Bosults and Discussion + Summarize the computed horizontal distances and reduced levels for each observation point. * Discuss the accuracy and reliability of the tacheometric method. © Compare the results with known values or a control survey to evaluate the method's precision. Conclusion The experiment demonstrates the use of a theodolite as a tacheometer to effectively measure horizontal distances and ‘compute reduced levels. By following the outlined procedure and performing the necessary calculations, accurate survey data can be obtained for various engineering and construction projects. Precautions + Ensure the theodolite is accurately leveled before taking readings. Verify the staff is held vertically to avoid errors in the staff intercept. + Double-check all recorded angles and readings for consistency. Anplications ‘Tacheometric surveying is widely used in topographic surveys, construction site planning, and preliminary engineering surveys where rapid and accurate measurements are request. ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 16Linear Tap. © Gunter’s chain (20m and 30m). Steel band(20m and 30m). © Inver tap. © Hunter Short Base (80m). Electronic Distance Measurement Instruments, Total station and GPS. Theory: Total Station :- A total station is an clectronic theodolite and an electronic “distance meter ( EDM ). This combination makes it possible to determine the coordinates of a reflector by aligning the instrument's cross hairs on the reflector and simultaneously measuring the vertical and horizontal angles and slope distances. A microprocessor in the instrument takes care of recording, readings and the necessary computations. The data is easily transferred to a computer where it can be use to generate a map. Wild, ‘ Tachymat ‘ TC 2000, and itis manufactured by M/s Wild Heerbrugg. ‘A total station (TS) or total station theodolite (TST) is an electronic/opiical instrument used for surveying and building construction. It is an electronic transit theodolite integrated with electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and horizontal angles and the slope distance from the instrument to a particular point, and an on-board computer to collect data and perform triangulation calculations. Eundamental Measurements The rotation of the instrument's optical axis from the instrument north in a horizontal plane horizontal angle Inclination of the optical axis from the local vertical i.e. vertical angle. Distance between the instrument and the target i.e. slope distance. ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV ”oe oON 6 8 7 1. Handle 16. Optical plummet réticie cover 2. Handle securing screw 17. Optical plummet eyepiece 3. Data input/output terminal 18. Horizontal clamp (Remove handle to view) 19. Horizontal-fine motion screw 4. Instrument height mark 20. Data input/output connector (Besides 5. Battary cover the operation panel on SET600/600S) 6. Operation panel 21.) External power source connector 7. Tribrach clamp (Not inciuded on SET6O0/600S) (SET300S/500S/600S: Shifting clamp) 22. Piate level 8. Base plato 23. Plate level adjusting screw 9. Levelling foot screw 24, Vertical clamp 10. Circular level adjusting screws 25. Vertical fine motion screw 11. Circular level 26, Telescope eyepiece 12. Display 27. Telescope focussing ring 18. Objective tens 28. Peep sight 44. Tubular compass siot 29. Instrument center mark 15. Optical plummet focussing ring Procedure := 1. The theodolite is mounted on the tripod stand. 2. The theodolite is centered over one of the given stations P from where the other given inaccessible station R and the staif station G can be sighted without any obstruction. The instrument is levelled using the foot screws and the altitude bubble is brought to the centre of its run, 3. Station R is sighted through the telescope. 4. The central vertical cross hair is made to bisect the station R and the central horizontal cross hair is made tangential to the top most point of the station R. 5. The vertical circle is read and the vertical angle is recorded. SSS ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 86. The theodolite is then turned and the staff station G is sighted. 7. Thelin of sight is made horizontal by setting both the verniers C and D on the vertical circle at 0°00°00” and the staff reading on station G is observed and recorded. 8. Another instrument station Q is selected 20m away from P and in line with station P and Ron the same vertical plane by reversing the line of sight at P. 9. The theodolite is shifted and the centered over the station Q. The instrument is levelled using the foot screws and the altitude bubble is brought to the centre of its run, 10. Station R is sighted again through the telescope. 11. The vertical angle is read and the vertical angle is recorded by repeating the above procedure. 12. The theodolite is then turned and the staff station G is sighted. 13. The staff reading on G is observed and recorded after making the line of sight horizontal following the above procedure. 14, The horizontal distance between the two given stations P and R and the elevation of station R are determined from relevant trigonometric expressions. ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 18Experiment no ;- 07 Aim Use Total station instrument to measure vertical angle. ‘Theodolite 2. Pegs 3. Amows 4. Tape Theory : ‘A total station (TS) or total station theodolite (TST) is an electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and building construction. Itis an electronic transit theodolite integrated with electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and horizontal angles and the slope distance from the instrument to a particular point, and an on-board computer to collect data and perform triangulation calculations. Theodolite . basic surveying instrument of unknown origin but going back to the 16"-century English mathematician Leonard Digges; it is used to measure horizontal and Vertical angles. In its modern form it consists of a telescope mounted to swivel both horizontally and vertically. Levelling is accomplished with the aid of a spirit level; crosshairs.in the telescope permit accurate ignment with the object sighted. After the telescope is adjusted precisely, the two accompanying scales, vertical and horizontal, are read. Procedures 1. The theodolite is mounted on the tripod stand. 2. The theodolite is centered over an arbitrarily selected station P from where the given stations ‘can be sighted without any obstruction and the instrument is levelled using the foot screws and booth the plate bubble and the altitude bubble are brought to the centre of their run, 3. The theodolite is set on the face right mode and the vernier A on the horizontal circle is initiall set at 0°00°00" 4. The line of sight is made horizontal by setting both the vernier C and D on the vertical circle at 0°00°00". ‘The vertical clamp screw isunclamped and the telescope is raised or lowered in a vertical plane and the given station is sighted and the central horizontal cross hair is made tangential to a specific mark on the given station and the vertical angles on both the vernier C and D are observed. 6. The vernier A is then initially set at 90°00°00" and the same vertical angle is observed by repeating the above procedure. 7. The theodolite is then set on the face left mode and the vernier A on the horizontal circle is initially set at 180°00°00" . ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 208 ‘The line of sightis made horizontal by setting both the vernier Cand D on the circleat 0°00°00" and the vertical angle to the given station is observed by repeating the above procedure. 9. .. The vernier A is then initially set at 270°00"00” and the same vertical angle is observed by repeating the above procedure. 10. The observations are recorded in the field book. 11. The actual vertical angle which is mean of vertical angles on the verniers C and D is computed. for each initial setting of vernier A. 12. The average of the four mean values of the vertical angles observed one each for the four initial setting of Vernier A is determined as the result. Targeting Sight Objective Lens LOD Display Operating Keys Cireuiar Vial Tripod Base Plate Focusing Ring Datey One Eyepiece Telescope Fine Optical Plummet Motion ‘Telescope Clamp ‘Communication Port Tribrach Leveling Screw Locking Lever ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV aAlm The objective of this experiment is to use a Global Po: ‘geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude, and elevation) of a specific station, Equipment Required + GPS receiver + Tripod stand (optional) + Ficld notebook + Penor pencil Theory ‘The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides lo¢ation and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth. It consists of a network of 24 to 32 satellites orbiting the Earth, transmitting signals that allow a GPS receiver to determine its exact location (latitude, longitude, and elevation). The GPS receiver calculates its position by: Receiving signals from at least four satellites, Measuring the time it takes for the signals to travel from the satellites to the receiver. Using these time measurements to calculate the distance to each satellite. Applying the principle of trilateration to determine its position on the Earth's surface. Beye Procedure Preparation 1, Selection of Stati ‘© Choose a clear, open area with minimal obstructions (e.g., trees, buildings) to ensure good satellite signal reception. 2. Setting Up the GPS Receiver: © Tumon the GPS receiver and allow it to initialize and acquire satellite signals. This may take a few minutes. © fusing a tripod, mount the GPS receiver on the tripod to stabilize it and improve accuracy. Data Collection 1. Acquiring Satellite Signals: ‘© Wait for the GPS receiver to lock onto at least four satellites. This is necessary for the receiver to calculate its position accurately. ‘© Ensure the signal strength from the satellites is strong and consistent. ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 22, Recording Coordinates: @ Once the GPS receiver has acquired sufficient satellite signals and achicved a stable position fix, record the following information: + Latitude + Longitude + Elevation (altitude) + Date and time of the observation + Number of satellites used for the position fix. Dilution of Precision (DOP) values (if available), which indicate the quality of the satellite ‘geometry and the positional accuracy. 3. Multiple Readings: ‘© To improve accuracy, take multiple readings at the same station over a period of time. Record each set ‘of coordinates and calculate the average values for latitude, longitude, and elevation. Example Observation Table Create a table to record the observations taken during the experiment. An example observation table is shown below: Staff Staff Staff staff Vertical Horizontal. Vertical Reduced Reading Reading Reading —_—Intercept “Angle Distance _ Difference _Level Station (Top) (Middle) (Bottom) _ (s) ® oO) (ah) (RU A 1200 1.500 1.200 0.600 s 60.0 m os2am 100523 B 17501450 1.150 0.600 10" 591m 1043m 101.566 c 1700 1.400 1.100 0.600 600m 0523m 100.000 Calculation of Average Coordinates To improve the reliability of the coordinates, calculate the average values of latitude, longitude, and elevation from the multiple readings. ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 2Y Latitude | Average Latitude = Y Longitude Average Longitude = eal N Elevation N Average Elevation = Where N is the number of observations. Example Calculation Using the example observation table above: 37.7749 + 37.7748 + a Average Latitude = Average Longitude = 15416415414 _ Average Elevation = = 15 Thus the avefaged coordinates are © Latitude: 37,774875" © Longitude: -122.4194” © Elevation: 15m Results and Discussion ‘Summarize the average geographic coordinates of the station. = 122.4194 + (—129.4195) + (-129-4104) 4.(=122.4103) 37774875 Discuss any variations observed in the readings and their potential causes (¢.g., satellite geometry, multipath errors, atmospheric conditions). + Evaluate the accuracy of the GPS measurements by comparing the results with known coordinates (if available) orusing a different method of survey (c.g. total station) ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IVAnalysis of Accuracy ‘The accuracy of GPS readings can be affected by several factors: 1. Number of Satellites: ‘© More satellites generally improve positional accuracy. 2. Satellite Geometry: © Good satellite geometry (indicated by low DOP values) enhances accuracy. 3. Environmental Factors: ‘© Obstructions, such as buildings and trees, can cause signal multipath and reduce accuracy. 4. Atmospheric Conditio ‘© Tonospheric and tropospheric conditions can affect signal travel time. Practical Considerations + For high-precision applications (¢.g., engineering surveys), differential GPS (DGPS) or Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS may be used to enhance accuracy. + Regular calibration and maintenance of the GPS receiver ensure reliable performance, Conclusion ‘The experiment demonstrates the use of a GPS receiver to accurately determine the geographic coordinates of. station. By following the outlined procedure and performing multiple readings, reliable position data can be obtained for various surveying and mapping applications, Applications GPS technology is widely used in various fields, including: Land surveying and mapping Navigation and transportation Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Construction and infrastructure development Environmental monitoring and management Future Work © Explore the usc of advanced GPS techniques (c.g., DGPS, RTK) for higher accuracy. + Investigate the impact of different environmental conditions on GPS accuracy. + Integrate GPS data with GIS for comprehensive spatial analysis and mapping. Precautions + Ensure the GPS receiver has a clear view of the sky to receive satellite signals. * Avoid conducting measurements near tall buildings, trees, or other potential sources of signal obstruction or multipath, + Regularly check the battery level and functionality of the GPS receiver before starting the survey. ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IVb [senss-minoe axis) Elliptical Orvit a [eeme major axis) Ellipse FecalPoints ADVANCE SURVEYING LAB SEMESTERV 26GPS Satelines Assistance Information Station Bare Staten edit by Nagamani ADVANCE SURVEYINGLAB, SEMESTER-IV 2”