Chapter-4 Introduction to EDM, Theodolite

and Total Station (4 hrs)

Principle of Electronic distance measurement and uses of
EDM
Types of theodolites and its components
Principle of theodolite
Uses of Theodolite- Measurement of Horizontal and vertical
angles and bearings
Componets of Total Station
Electronic data recording
Uses of Total Station
Carries about 10 to 15 marks in final examination
question.
Electronic Distance Measurement
(EDM)
Introduction
• Electronic distance measurement (EDM) is a method of
determining the length between two points using
electromagnetic waves.
• The EDM method is based on generation, propagation,
reflection and subsequent reception of
electromagnetic waves.
• EDM instruments are highly reliable and convenient
pieces of surveying equipment and can be used to
measure distances of up to 100 kilometers.
• The instrument is able to calculate distance by
comparing transmitted and received waves with their
phase properties or travel time.
or
 Classification of EDM Instruments
• On the basis of wave used, EDM instruments can be
classified as:
• Light Waves Instrument- Uses visible EMW
• Infrared waves- Uses Near IR EMW
• Micro Waves Instruments - Uses Radio waves
On the basis of Range:
- Long Range (<100 KM)
- Medium Range (<25 KM)
- Short Range (<3 KM)
PRINCIPLE OF EDM
• All the EDM instrument works on principle that
the Distance (D) is equal to product of velocity (v)
and time(t).
There are basically two methods of measurement
employed:
• Pulse Method
• Phase Difference Method
 Pulse Method
• A short intensive pulse of radiation is transmitted to the
reflector target, which immediately transmits it back,
along a parallel path, to the receiver.
• The measured Distance is computed by velocity (C) of
EM signal multiplied with time it takes to complete its
path (Δt). i.e,
2D= C * Δt ; D= C * Δt/2 ,
Here, C= 3*108 m/s; Δt= tb-ta
tb = time of reception & ta= time of departure
 Pulse Method
• Light, in our atmosphere, does not propagate with same
velocity as in vaccum, thus atmospheric corrections needs
to apply.
• Also, Because of great speed of light, it is not possible to
directly and precisely measure the time interval between
transmission and reception.
e.g : For obtaining accuracy of 3mm in distance
measurement, there should be accuracy of 5*10-12
seconds maintained in time interval measurement.
• To overcome this problem, Phase Difference method is
adopted widely.
 Phase Difference Method
• Majority of EDM instruments, whether Infrared, light or
microwave, use this form of measurement.
• The basic Equation used in this method is:
2D= Nλ+ δϕ; D= 1/2 * (Nλ+ δϕ)
Where, N= integer part of wavelength
δϕ = fraction part of wavelength = (ϕ/2π) * λ
λ = Wavelength, ϕ = Phase difference
You can visit this link to know more about EDM
• https://theconstructor.org/surveying/electronic-
distance-measurement-
instrument/6576/#:~:text=Electronic%20distance
%20measurement%20in%20general,visible%20li
ght%20or%20infrared%20waves.
Theodolites
 Introduction
• A theodolite is a precision optical instrument for
measuring angles between designated visible points in
the horizontal and vertical planes.
• It consists of a moveable telescope mounted so it can
rotate around horizontal and vertical axes and provide
precise angular readouts; i.e. 1 second precision in angle.
• The traditional use has been for land surveying, but they
are also used extensively for building and infrastructure
construction, and some specialized applications such
as meteorology and rocket launching.
 Principle of theodolite
• The principles of the theodolite are that a
beam of light travels in a straight line, and that
when you know the length of one side of a
triangle and the angles of the corners as
measured by reflecting beams of light then
you can precisely map features on the ground
both horizontally and vertically.
Types of Theodolites
According to revolution of telescope:
Types of Theodolites
According to graduations:
• Vernier Theodolites:
- Vernier scales are used for reading the graduations. Least count
is 20” .
• Micrometer Theodolites:
- Micrometer scales are used for reading the graduations and has
very simple reading system with least count of 10” .
• Modern Optical Theodolites:
- Optical systems are used for reading the graduation in precision
work, with least count of 1” .
• Digital Theodolites:
- Digital methods of angle reading & display is found in these
theodolites. Used for rapid work with high precision of 1” or
less.
Terms Used in Theodolite
Terms Used in Theodolite
Terms Used in Theodolite
Terms Used in Theodolite
Terms Used in Theodolite
Terms Used in Theodolite
Terms Used in Theodolite
Tribrach
Terms Used in Theodolite
 Temporary Adjustment of
Theodolite/Total station
• Setting Up
Tripod stand is placed over the required
station where the legs are placed well and
firmly on ground. Then, approximate
centering and levelling is carried out.
• Centering
• Levelling
• Focusing of eye piece and objective
 Temporary Adjustment of
Theodolite/Total station
• Setting Up
• Centering
- An optical or laser plummet is normally used for the
most accurate setting. Exact centering is done by using
the shifting head of the instrument. During this, first
the screw-clamping ring of the sliding head is loosened
and the upper plate of the shifting head is slid over the
lower one until the plumb bob is exactly over the
station mark.
• Levelling
• Focusing of eye piece and objective
 Temporary Adjustment of
Theodolite/Total station
• Setting Up
• Centering
• Levelling
- Leveling of an instrument is done to make its
vertical axis adjusted with respect to the apparent
force of gravity at the station.
• Focusing of eye piece and objective
Temporary Adjustment of
Theodolite/Total station
 Temporary Adjustment of
Theodolite/Total station
• Setting Up
• Centering
• Levelling
• Focusing of eye piece and objective
- Focusing of Eye piece:
For focusing of the eye piece, point the
telescope to the sky or hold a piece of white paper
in front of telescope. Move the eye-piece in and
out until a distinct sharp black image of the cross-
hairs is seen. This confirms proper focusing.To
clearly view the object being sighted focus the
objective lens.
 Temporary Adjustment of
Theodolite/Total station
• Setting Up
• Centering
• Levelling
• Focusing of eye piece and objective
- Focusing of Objective lens:
First, direct the telescope towards the object
for observation. Next, turn the focusing
screw until the image of the object appears
clear and sharp as the observer looks through
properly focused eye-piece.
 Measurement of Angles
• Vertical Angle :
- A vertical angle is the difference in direction of two
intersecting lines in a vertical plane. It is usually
measured with respect to horizontal line and inclined
line of sight at observed point. Range is 0 to ±90o .
• Horizontal Angle:
- A horizontal angle is the difference in direction of two
intersecting lines in a horizontal plane. Range is 0 to
360o.
 MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLE
Angle ABC
• The instrument is to be set over B.
• Lower clamp is then kept fixed and upper clamp is loosened.
• Telescope is then turned Clockwise and Vernier A is set to 0° and Vernier B
to approximately 180 degree
• The Upper clamp is then tightened and then by using the upper tangent
screw, Vernier A and B are exactly set to 0° and 180°.
• The Upper clamp is then tightly fixed and the lower one is loosened and
telescope is directed towards A and bisect the ranging rod at A.
• The lower clamp is tightened and the lower tangent screw is turned to
perfectly bisect ranging rod at A.
• The upper clamp is loosed and the telescope is turned clockwise to bisect
the ranging rod at C which is tightened at the upper clamp and adjustment
is being done.
• Finally the reading on Vernier A and B are noted. Vernier A results in the
angle directly and Vernier B results with the reading by subtracting the
initial reading (180°) from final reading.
 Vertical Angle Measurement
• The theodolite is first set up at o, it is then centered and level-led
properly. The zeroes of the Verniers are set at the 0deg -0 deg mark of
the vertical circle. The telescope is then clamped.
• Then plate bubble are brought to the center with the help of a foot
screws and then the altitude bubble is brought to the center by clip
screw. At this position the line of the collimation is exactly horizontal.
• The telescope is raised slowly to bisect the point A accurately V to
measure the angle of elevation. Finally readings on both the verniers
are noted, and the angle of elevation is recorded.
• The face of the instrument is changed and the point A is once again
bisected. The Verniers readings are noted. The mean of the angles of
the observed is assumed to be correct angle of elevation.
• The telescope is lowered slowly and the point B is bisected to measure
the angle of depression. Verniers readings are noted for the two
observations (face left and right). The mean angle of observation is
taken to be the correct angle of depression.
 Measurement of Angles
1. Normal Method:
One face left and one face right readings are
taken, where discrepancies betweeen two face
readings should lie with in least count of
instrument. Then, Mean Horizontal Angle is
calculated by taking the means of these two face
readings.
i. e. Mean HA= (FL+FR)/2
2. Reiterative Method:
This method consists in measuring the several
angles successively, and finally closing the
horizon at the starting point. The final reading of
the vernier A should be the same as its initial
reading. If not, the discrepancy is equally
distributed among all the measured angles.
 Measurement of Angles
3. Repititive Method:
Three sets of Face left and Face right readings A C
are recorded, where discrepancies among
three sets of each face readings should lie with
in least count of instrument. Then, Mean
Horizontal Angle
HAmean = (FRmean + FLmean )/2
This method is used for very accurate work B
TOTAL STATION
TOTAL STATION
Total station
 Data Logger and Data Storage
• A data logger (also data
logger or data recorder) is an
electronic device that records data
over time or in relation to location
either with a built
in instrument or sensor or via
external instruments and sensors.

• Data storage unit stores huge

amount of recorded data and
manage it in a database.
Downloaded data from total station
Total Station Application