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Database_Engineering_Answers

The document provides a comprehensive overview of database engineering concepts, including types of keys, file-based systems, data abstraction levels, and the roles of a database administrator. It also covers database design through ER models, normalization processes, and various anomalies that can occur in databases. Key topics include the definition and functions of relational algebra, ER diagram notations, and the importance of normalization in maintaining data integrity.

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34Audumbar Sawant
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2 views

Database_Engineering_Answers

The document provides a comprehensive overview of database engineering concepts, including types of keys, file-based systems, data abstraction levels, and the roles of a database administrator. It also covers database design through ER models, normalization processes, and various anomalies that can occur in databases. Key topics include the definition and functions of relational algebra, ER diagram notations, and the importance of normalization in maintaining data integrity.

Uploaded by

34Audumbar Sawant
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Engineering - Question Bank Answers

Unit 1: Introduction to Databases

1. List & explain the different types of keys


- Primary Key: Uniquely identifies a record in a table.
- Candidate Key: A set of attributes that can uniquely identify a record.
- Super Key: A superset of a candidate key.
- Foreign Key: Refers to a primary key in another table.
- Composite Key: A combination of two or more columns used as a key.

2. What is File-Based System? List out the limitations of the File System.
- A file-based system stores data in separate files.
- Limitations:
- Data redundancy
- Lack of data consistency
- Difficult data retrieval
- No support for concurrent access

3. Levels of Data Abstraction


- Physical Level: How data is stored.
- Logical Level: Structure of the database.
- View Level: User-specific views.

4. Schema vs. Instance


- Schema: Structure of the database.
- Instance: Actual data stored in the database.

5. Functions of Database Administrator (DBA)


- Database design
- Performance monitoring
- Backup and recovery
6. What is Relational Algebra?
- A formal language for database manipulation.
- Operators: Selection, Projection, Union, Intersection, Cartesian Product, Join.

Unit 2: Database Design (E-R Model & Normalization)

1. ER Diagrams for Bank, Insurance, University Databases


- Bank: Entities like Customer, Account, Loan.
- Insurance: Entities like Policyholder, Agent, Policy.
- University: Entities like Student, Course, Professor.

2. Define Normalization & 1NF


- Normalization: Process of organizing data to reduce redundancy.
- 1NF: Ensures atomic values, removes repeating groups.

3. Reduction of ER Diagram to Relational Schema


- Convert entities into tables.
- Convert relationships using foreign keys.

4. ER Diagram Notations
- Rectangle: Entity
- Oval: Attribute
- Diamond: Relationship
- Line: Connection

5. Types of Attributes
- Simple, Composite, Derived, Multivalued, Key Attribute.

6. Mapping Cardinalities
- One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many.

7. 2NF, 3NF, BCNF


- 2NF: Removes partial dependency.
- 3NF: Removes transitive dependency.
- BCNF: Stronger version of 3NF.

8. Anomalies in Databases
- Insertion Anomaly: Can't insert data without unnecessary fields.
- Deletion Anomaly: Deleting a record removes other important data.
- Update Anomaly: Changing data requires multiple updates.

9. Armstrong Axioms
- Rules used to derive functional dependencies.

10. Participation Constraints


- Total and Partial Participation in relationships.

11. Functional Dependencies


- Defines relationships between attributes.

12. How Normalization Improves Consistency


- Removes redundancy, ensures integrity.

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