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Assignment.theory

The document discusses the impact of building new information systems on organizational change, outlining various degrees of change enabled by information technology, such as automation and business process redesign. It details the systems development process, including analysis, design, and methodologies like structured and object-oriented development. Additionally, it highlights modern approaches such as rapid application development, agile development, and mobile application development to meet the demands of a digital firm environment.

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Sami Benamer
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2 views

Assignment.theory

The document discusses the impact of building new information systems on organizational change, outlining various degrees of change enabled by information technology, such as automation and business process redesign. It details the systems development process, including analysis, design, and methodologies like structured and object-oriented development. Additionally, it highlights modern approaches such as rapid application development, agile development, and mobile application development to meet the demands of a digital firm environment.

Uploaded by

Sami Benamer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫كلية تقنية المعلومات‬

‫) ‪( Building Information Systems‬‬

‫الرقم الدراسي‪4275:‬‬ ‫اسم الطالب‪ :‬مهند خالد الزائدي‬

‫مجموعة ))‪((A‬‬

‫فصل الدراسي‪ /‬خريف‪2021‬‬


How does building new systems produce
organizational change?

Building a new information system is one kind of planned


organizational change. The introduction of a new information
system involves much more than new hardware and software.
It also includes changes in jobs

Systems Development and Organizational Change:


Information technology can promote various degrees of
organizational change, ranging from incremental to far-
reaching. Figure 13. 1shows four kinds of structural
organizational change that are enabled by information
technology: (1) automation, (2) rationalization, (3) business
process redesign, and (4) paradigm shifts. Each carries different
risks and rewards. The most common form of IT-enabled
organizational change is automation . The first applications of
information technology involved assisting employees with
performing their tasks more efficiently and effectively
Business Process Redesign (BPM):
1. Identify processes for change
2. Analyze existing processes
3. Design the new process

4. Implement the new process


5. Continuous measurement

Tools for Business Process Management:


More than 100 software firms provide tools for various aspects of BPM,
including IBM, Oracle, and TIBCO. These tools help businesses identify
and document processes requiring improvement, create models of
improved processes, capture and enforce business rules for performing
processes, and integrate existing systems to support new or redesigned
processes
What are the core activities in the systems
development process?

New information systems are an outgrowth of a process of


organizational problem solving. A new information system is
built as a solution to some type of problem or set of problems
the organization perceives it is facing.

Systems Analysis
Systems analysis is the analysis of a problem that a firm tries to
solve with an information system. It consists of defining the
problem, identifying its causes, specifying the solution, and
identifying the information requirements that must be met by a
system solution.

Establishing Information Requirements


the information requirements of a new system involve identifying who
needs what information, where, when, and how. Requirements analysis
carefully defines the objectives of the new or modified system and
develops a detailed description of the functions that the new system
must perform.
Systems Design:
systems design shows how the system will fulfill this objective. The
design of an information system is the overall plan or model for that
system. Like the blueprint of a building or house, it consists of all the
specifications that give the system its form and structure

The Role of End Users:

Completing the Systems Development Process


programming stage, system specifications that were prepared
during the design stage are translated into software program code.

testing must be conducted to ascertain whether the system produces


the right results.

Production and Maintenance:


What are the principal methodologies for modeling
and designing systems?

Structured Methodologies
Structured refers to the fact that the techniques are step by step, with
each step building on the previous one. Structured methodologies are
top-down, progressing from the highest, most abstract level to the
lowest level of detail—from the general to the specific.

Object-Oriented Development
Object-oriented development addresses these issues. Object-oriented
development uses the object as the basic unit of systems analysis and
design. An object combines data and the specific processes that operate
on those data.
Computer-Aided Software Engineering
Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)—sometimes called
computer aided systems engineering—provides software tools to
automate the method ologies we have just described to reduce the
amount of repetitive work the developer needs to do. CASE tools also
facilitate the creation of clear documentation and the coordination of
team development efforts. Team members can share their work easily
by accessing each other’s files to review or modify what has been done.
Modest productivity benefits can also be achieved if the tools are used
properly. CASE tools provide automated graphics facilities for producing
charts and diagrams, screen and report generators, data dictionaries,
extensive reporting facilities, analysis and checking tools, code
generators, and documentation generators. In general, CASE tools try to
increase productivity and quality by:
• Enforcing a standard development methodology and design discipline
• Improving communication between users and technical specialists
• Organizing and correlating design components and providing rapid
access to them using a design repository
• Automating tedious and error-prone portions of analysis and design
• Automating code generation and testing and controlrollou
What are alternative methods for building information
systems?
The systems life cycle is the oldest method for building information
systems. The life cycle methodology is a phased approach to building a
system, dividing systems development into formal stages,

Steps in Prototyping
Advantages and Disadvantages of Prototyping:
Prototyping is most useful when there is some uncertainty about
requirements or design solutions and often used for designing an
information system’s end-user interface (the part of the system with
which end users interact, such as online display and data entry screens,
reports, or web pages). Because prototyping encourages intense end-
user involvement throughout the systems development life cycle, it is
more likely to produce systems that fulfill user requirements.

End-User Development:
End-user development allows end users, with little or no formal
assistance from technical specialists, to create simple information
systems, reducing the time and steps required to produce a finished
application. Using user-friendly query languages and reporting,

Application Software Packages, Software Services, and


Outsourcing:
Chapter 5points out that much of today’s software is not developed in-
house but is purchased from external sources

Application Software Packages and Cloud Software


Services:
Today many systems are based on commercially available application
software packages or cloud software as a service (SaaS). For example,
companies can choose to implement Oracle enterprise resource
planning
What are new approaches for system building in the
digital firm era?
In the digital firm environment, organizations need to be able to add,
change, and retire their technology capabilities very rapidly to respond
to new opportunities, including the need to provide applications for
mobile platforms

Rapid Application Development (RAD), Agile


Development, and DevOps
Object-oriented software tools, reusable software, prototyping, and
tools for automating program code generation are helping systems
builders create working systems much more rapidly than they could
using traditional systems-building methods and software tools. The term
rapid application development (RAD) is used to describe this process of
creating workable systems in a very short period of time with some
flexibility to adapt as a project evolves

DevOps
DevOps builds on agile development principles as an organizational
strategy to create a culture and environment that further promote rapid
and agile development practices

Component-Based Development and Web Services


We have already described some of the benefits of object-oriented
development for building systems that can respond to rapidly changing
business environments, including web applications
Web Services and Service-Oriented Computing
Chapter 5introduced web services asloosely coupled, reusable software
com ponents using Extensible Markup Language (XML) and other open
protocols and standards that enable one application to communicate
with another with no custom programming required to share data and
services. In addi on to sup por ng internal and external integra on of
systems,

Mobile Application Development: Designing for


A Multiscreen World
Today, employees and customers expect, and even demand, to be able
to use a mobile device of their choice to obtain information or perform a
transaction anywhere and at any time. To meet these needs, companies
will need to develop mobile websites, mobile apps, and native apps as
well as traditional information systems.
A mobile website is a version of a regular website that is scaled down in
content and navigation for easy access and search on a small mobile
screen.

A mobile web app is an Internet-enabled app with specific functionality


for mobile devices

A native app is a standalone application designed to run on a specific


plat form and device

One solution to the problem of having multiple websites is to use


responsive web design. Responsive web design enables websites to
change layouts automatically according to the visitor’s screen resolution,
whether on a desk top, laptop, tablet, or smartphone.

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