Chapter: 5

Complex numbers
Contents
1. Operations of complex numbers -------------------------
2. Solving quadratic equation---------------------------------
3. Rectangular form to polar form---------------------------
4. Polar form to rectangular form----------------------------
5. Product of two complex numbers------------------------
6. Division of two complex numbers -----------------------
7. Demoivre’s theorem----------------------------------------
8. Roots of complex numbers -------------------------------
 Note

 𝑖 2 = −1

 𝑖 3 = −𝑖

 𝑖4 = 1

 𝑖5 = 𝑖

Examples

1. Simplify

a. 𝑖 7 = (𝑖 4 )(𝑖 3 ) = (1)(−𝑖) = −𝑖

b. 𝑖12 = (𝑖 4 )3 = (1)3 = 1

c. 𝑖 5 = (𝑖 2 )(𝑖 3 ) = (−1)(−𝑖) = 𝑖

Exercise

1. Simplify

a. 𝑖 8 b. 𝑖15 c. 𝑖11 d. 𝑖17

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[𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 ∶ 𝑎. 1 , 𝑏. −𝑖 , 𝑐. −𝑖, 𝑑. 𝑖]

Addition and subtraction of complex numbers

Examples

1. Simplify

a. (3 + 4𝑖) + (5 + 2𝑖)

= 3 + 5 + 4𝑖 + 2𝑖
 = 8 + 6𝑖

b. (8 + 10𝑖) − (6 + 4𝑖)

= 8 + 10𝑖 − 6 − 4𝑖

= 2 + 6𝑖

Exercise

1. Simplify

a. (12 + 5𝑖) + (7 + 8𝑖) b. (12 + 3𝑖) − (4 + 9𝑖)

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Multiplication of complex numbers

Examples

1. Simplify

a. (2 + 3𝑖)(4 + 5𝑖)

= 8 + 10𝑖 + 12𝑖 + 15𝑖 2

 = 8 + 22𝑖 + 15(−1)

= 8 − 15 + 22𝑖 = −7 + 22𝑖

Exercise
1. Simplify

a. (7 + 2𝑖)(3 + 4𝑖) b. (10 + 2𝑖)(4 + 2𝑖)

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Conjugate of complex numbers

Example

1. Find the conjugate of

a. 2 + 3𝑖 = 2 − 3𝑖

b. −7 + 8𝑖 = −7 − 8𝑖
 c. 12 − 6𝑖 = 12 + 6𝑖

d. −6 − 3𝑖 = −6 + 3𝑖

Division of complex numbers

Examples

1. Simplify

2+7𝑖
a.
4+3𝑖

2+7𝑖 4−3𝑖
= ×
4+3𝑖 4−3𝑖

8+6𝑖+28−21𝑖 2
=
16−12𝑖+12𝑖−9𝑖2

8+34𝑖−21(−1)
=
16−9(−1)

29+34𝑖
=
16+9

29+34𝑖 29 34𝑖
= = +
25 25 25

Exercise
1. Simplify

4+3𝑖 8
a. b.
5−2𝑖 6+𝑖

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14 23𝑖 48 8𝑖
[𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠: 𝑎. + , 𝑏. − ]
29 29 37 37

Solving quadratic equations in complex numbers

Examples

1. Solve

a. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5 = 0

Using quadratic formula

Let 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2 , 𝑐 = 5
 −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

−(−2)±√(−2)2 −4(1)(5)
𝑥=
2(1)

2±√4−20
𝑥=
2

2±√−16
𝑥=
2

2±√16𝑖 2
𝑥=
2

2±4𝑖 2+4𝑖 2 4𝑖
𝑥= , 𝑥1 = = + = 1 + 2𝑖
2 2 2 2

2−4𝑖 2 4𝑖
𝑥2 = = − = 1 − 2𝑖
2 2 2

Exercise

1. Solve

a. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0

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1 √3 1 √3
[𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑥1 = − + 𝑖 , 𝑥2 = − − 𝑖]
2 2 2 2

Example

1. Find the value of x and y

a. 3𝑥 + 16𝑖 = 15 + 4𝑦𝑖

3𝑥 = 15

3𝑥 15
=
3 3

𝑥=5
 Also

16𝑖 = 4𝑦𝑖

16𝑖 4𝑦𝑖
=
4𝑖 4𝑖

4=𝑦

Exercise

1. Find the value of x and y

a. 6𝑥 + 2𝑖 = 18 + 12𝑦𝑖

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1
[𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑥: 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦: ]
6

Rectangular form to polar form of complex numbers

𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚

𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚

Example
1. Convert 𝑧 = 2 + 2𝑖 into polar form

Solution
First find the radius or length
 𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2

𝑟 = √22 + 22

𝑟 = √8

Next find 𝜃

𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ( )
𝑥

2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ( )
2
−1 (
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 1)

𝜃 = 450 ∴ √8 (𝑐𝑜𝑠450 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛450 )

b. Convert 𝑧 = −2 − 2𝑖 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚

Solution

𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2

𝑟 = √(−2)2 + (−2)2

𝑟 = √8
 Next find 𝜃

𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ( )
𝑥

−2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ( )
−2
−1 (
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 1)

𝜋
𝜃 = 450 =
4
𝜃𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒

𝜋 5𝜋
𝜃 =𝜋+ =
4 4

5𝜋 5𝜋
∴ 𝑧 = √8 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
4 4

Exercise

1 √3
1. Convert 𝑧 = + into polar form
2 2

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𝜋 𝜋
[𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
3 3

polar form to rectangular form of complex numbers

Example

1. Convert 𝑧 = 10[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 ] into rectangular form

Solution

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
x= 10𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 𝑦 = 10𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋
𝑥 = 10(1) 𝑦 = 10(0)
𝑥 = 10 𝑦=0

∴ 𝑧 = 10 + 0𝑖

2. Write 𝑧 = 2[𝑐𝑜𝑠600 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛600 ] into rectangular form.

Solution

𝑧 = 2[𝑐𝑜𝑠600 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛600 ]
1 √3
𝑧 = 2( + 𝑖)
2 2

2 2√3
𝑧= + 𝑖
2 2
 𝑧 = 1 + √3𝑖

Exercise
1. Write 𝑧 = 4(𝑐𝑜𝑠300 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛300 ) into rectangular form.

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[𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑧 = 2√3 + 2𝑖]

Product of two complex numbers

𝑧1𝑧2 = 𝑟1𝑟2[𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃1 + 𝜃2) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃1 + 𝜃2)]

Examples

1. Find the product of the complex numbers leave the answer in polar form.

𝑧1 = 4(𝑐𝑜𝑠500 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛500 ) and 𝑧2 = 7(𝑐𝑜𝑠1000 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛1000 )

Solution
𝑧1𝑧2 = 𝑟1𝑟2[𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃1 + 𝜃2) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃1 + 𝜃2)]

= 4 ∗ 7[𝑐𝑜𝑠 (500 + 1000 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (500 + 1000 )]

= 28(𝑐𝑜𝑠1500 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛1500 )

Exercise

1. Find the product of the complex numbers leave the answer in polar
form.
𝑧1 = 4(𝑐𝑜𝑠600 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛600 ) and 𝑧2 = 6(𝑐𝑜𝑠300 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛300 )

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[𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑧 = 0 + 24𝑖]

Division of two complex numbers

𝑧1 𝑟1
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃1 − 𝜃2) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃1 − 𝜃2)]
𝑧2 𝑟2

Example

1. Find the quotient of complex numbers , leave the answer in polar form.

𝑧1 = 10[𝑐𝑜𝑠600 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛600 ] and 𝑧2 = 2[𝑐𝑜𝑠300 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛300 ]

Solution
𝑧1 𝑟1
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃1 − 𝜃2) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃1 − 𝜃2)]
𝑧2 𝑟2

𝑧1 10
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (600 − 300 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (600 − 300 )]
𝑧2 2

= 5[𝑐𝑜𝑠300 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛300 ]

Exercise
1. 𝑧1 = 40(𝑐𝑜𝑠600 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛600 ) and 𝑧2 = 10(𝑐𝑜𝑠200 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛200 )

𝑧1
Find ?
𝑧2

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 √3 1
[𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: + 𝑖]
3 3

De moivre’s theorem
𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 ]

Examples

1. 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑖 , find 𝑧 4 ?

Solution

𝑟 = √12 + (−1)2 = √2

Next find 𝜃
𝑥 1 √2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = , = =
𝑦 √2 2

√2
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
2
𝜋
𝜃 = 450 = , 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
4

𝜋 7𝜋
𝜃 = 2𝜋 − =
2 4

7𝜋 7𝜋
∴ 𝑧 = √2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ] , 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑧 4
4 4

4 7𝜋 7𝜋
𝑧 4 = (√2) [𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛4 ( )]
4 4

∴ 𝑧 4 = 4[𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝜋 ]

2. 𝑧 = 2(𝑐𝑜𝑠240 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛240 ) , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑧 5?

Solution
𝑧 = 2(𝑐𝑜𝑠240 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛240 )

𝑧 5 = 25 [𝑐𝑜𝑠5(240 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛5 (240 )]

= 32(𝑐𝑜𝑠1200 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛1200 )
1 √3
= 32 (− + 𝑖)
2 2

= −16 + 16√3𝑖

Exercise
1. 𝑧 = 2 + 2𝑖 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑧 3?

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[𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑧 3 = −16 + 16𝑖]

Roots of complex numbers

 𝑛 𝜃+3600 𝑘 𝜃+3600 𝑘
𝑧𝑘 = √𝑟 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )]
𝑛 𝑛

Example

1. Find the complex square root of the given complex number

𝑧 = 16(𝑐𝑜𝑠500 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛500 )

Solution

let k= 0 ,1 and n= 2

2 500 +3600 (0) 500 +3600 (0)

𝑧0 = √16 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )]
2 2

500 500
= 4 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
2 2

= 4[𝑐𝑜𝑠250 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛250 ]

Next find 𝑧1

2 500 +3600 (1) 500 +3600 (1)

𝑧1 = √16 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )]
2 2

4100 4100
= 4 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
2 2

= 4[𝑐𝑜𝑠2050 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2050 ]

Exercise
1. Find the complex square root of the given complex number
𝑧 = 9(𝑐𝑜𝑠400 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛400 )

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