Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Developments

ISSN: 1024-1752
CODEN: JERDFO
Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 181-188
Published Year 2021

Vibrations Analysis of Functionally Graded Beams at Different

Boundary Conditions
Qasim abbas Atiyah, Imad Abdulhussein Abdulsahib
University of Technology, Iraq.

*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Functionally graded materials (FGM) are very important and modern applications in engineering due to the unique
properties of these materials. In this work, the vibrations of FGM beams are studied at eight different boundary
conditions such as F=F, SS=SS, C=C, C=SS, C=F, F=SS, C=SL, and F-SL. The exact equations of natural
frequencies of FGM beams are derived for that different boundary conditions. A good agreement between present
results and the results of previous literature. At all the different boundary conditions, the same behavior observed
for natural frequencies at all modes when the physical properties of the beam are changing such as the thickness,
the length, the density of material or ceramic, the elasticity of material or ceramic, and the ratio of volume fraction.
When the ratio of volume fraction increases, the natural frequencies decrease. As the dimensionless ratio (L/h)
increases, the natural frequencies will be decreased. When the dimensionless ratio (Em/Ec) increases, the natural
frequencies increase too, but that frequencies decrease when the dimensionless ratio (ρm/ρc) increases.

KEYWORDS

Vibrations of beam, FGM material, Natural frequencies.

INTRODUCTION

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are considered as asymmetrical microscopic compounds and are made of
mixed materials of metals and ceramics. It is widely used in machinery, microelectronics, industrial applications,
nuclear engineering, and spacecraft [1]. There are many applications of FGM beam structures in engineering. The
vibration characteristics for this kind of beams is important to study the behavior of more complex structures that
are exposed to similar conditions, the researchers studied the vibration of FGM beams using different procedures
and theories. Avcara M. and Hazim H. [2] investigated the free vibration of the composed beam, (FGMs).
According to the Rayleigh beam theory, the equation motion of the functionally graded beam was derived. A
comparison was made with the results available for the homogeneous beam in order to validate the results. Zakaria
I. et al [3] investigated the forced and free vibration of FGM beam, the refined method was used to develop the
transverse shear strain and stretching across the FGM beam theory. Yang L. et al. [4] developed a mathematical
model to compute the behavior of natural frequencies of FGM beams.

Helle. H., [5], and Karami M. [6] presented the free vibration of a functionally graded beam with piezoelectric
actuators in axial compressive loads. Nuttawit W. and Variddhi U. [7] studied the free vibration of beam formed
from functionally graded material using differential transformation method (DTM) with arbitrary boundary
conditions. Yousef S. and Azhar G. [8] developed a numerical approach to compute the dynamic properties of
FGM beams at different boundary conditions. Mohamed B. et al. [9] used Euler Bernoulli's theory to analyze the
exact solution to compute the vibration of FGM beams subjected to different support conditions. Dongxing C. et
al. [10] used the asymptotic perturbation (APM) and Meijer G-function methods to investigate the natural
frequencies behavior of the FGM beams. Metin A. and Vedat T. [11] investigated the vibration behavior of the
FGM beams. Hamilton’s principle applied to find vibration characteristics by using the Navier method. Ersoy F.
and Yusuf C. [12] presented the vibration characteristics at two boundary conditions, simply supported at both
ends and cantilever FGM beams.

The effect of coating thickness, beam slenderness, and material parameters was considered. Irwan K. et al. [13]
Investigated a two-node FGM beam using Timoshenko theory and finally, Xian-Fang Li [14] used the higher-

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 Vibrations Analysis of Functionally Graded Beams at Different Boundary Conditions

order shear deformation theory to analyze the vibration of FGM beams. A single fourth-order partial differential
equation with constant coefficients was driven. In this work, the exact equations for calculating the natural
frequencies of most conventional boundary conditions for FGM beams will be found. Also, the effects of some
geometrical and material properties of FGM beam such as the thickness, the length, volume fraction ratio, the
density, and the elasticity modulus of metal and ceramics on the behavior of the natural frequencies of the FGM
beams will be investigated.

METHODOLOGY

In this study, consider a ceramic-metal as a functionally graded beam (FGM). Figure (1) shows the geometry of
the FGM beam. The material properties across the beam thickness are variating based on volume fraction ratio.

Figure 1. Geometry of FGM beam.

The material properties can be obtained, according to the rule of the mixture as follow:

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑚 𝑉𝑚 + 𝑃𝑐 𝑉𝑐 (1)

And,

𝑉𝑚 + 𝑉𝑐 = 1 (2)

The volume fraction of ceramic associating to law power is:

𝑧 1 𝑟
𝑉𝑐 = ( + ) ,0≤𝑟≤∞ (3)
ℎ 2

From the above equation, the material properties of the FGM beam across the thickness can be written as follow:

𝑧 1 𝑟
𝐸(𝑧) = (𝐸𝑐 − 𝐸𝑚 ) ( + ) + 𝐸𝑚 (4)
ℎ 2

𝑧 1 𝑟
𝜌(𝑧) = (𝜌𝑐 − 𝜌𝑚 ) ( + ) + 𝜌𝑚 (5)
ℎ 2

The displacements of any arbitrary point of the FGM beam can be expressed by the Kirchoff-Love hypothesis as
follow [2,7,15]:

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑢𝑜 (𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝑧𝜃 (6)

𝑤(𝑥, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑤𝑜 (𝑥, 𝑡) (7)

The normal and shear strains are obtained as follows:

𝜕𝑢𝑜 𝜕𝜃
𝜀(𝑥, 𝑧, 𝑡) = +𝑧 (8)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑤𝑜
𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 𝜃 + (9)
𝜕𝑥

By the Rayleigh beam theory, the shear strain, 𝛾𝑥𝑧 will be neglected. Thus, the normal strain is obtained as follow:

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 Vibrations Analysis of Functionally Graded Beams at Different Boundary Conditions

𝜕𝑢𝑜 𝜕2 𝑤𝑜
𝜀(𝑥, 𝑧, 𝑡) = −𝑧 (10)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2

The normal stress is:

𝜕𝑢𝑜 𝜕2 𝑤𝑜
𝜎(𝑥, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝐸(𝑧) ∙ 𝜀 = 𝐸(𝑧) ( −𝑧 ) (11)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2

The axial force is:

𝜕𝑢𝑜 𝜕2 𝑤𝑜
𝑁𝑥 = ∫𝐴 𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐴11 − 𝐵11 (12)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2

The bending moment is:

𝜕𝑢𝑜 𝜕2 𝑤𝑜
𝑀𝑥 = ∫𝐴 𝜎𝑥 𝑧𝑑𝐴 = 𝐵11 − 𝐷11 (13)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2

The transverse shear force is:

𝜕𝑀𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑢𝑜 𝜕3 𝑤𝑜
𝑄𝑥 = = 𝐵11 − 𝐷11 (14)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 3

Where [7]:
ℎ/2 𝐸(𝑧) ℎ (𝐸𝑐 −𝐸𝑚 )
𝐴11 = ∫−ℎ/2 ∙ 𝑑𝑧 = [ + 𝐸𝑚 ] (15)
1−𝜐2 1−𝜐2 (𝑛+1)

ℎ/2 𝐸(𝑧) (𝐸𝑐 −𝐸𝑚 )ℎ2 𝑛

𝐵11 = ∫−ℎ/2 ∙ 𝑧 ∙ 𝑑𝑧 = [ ] (16)
1−𝜐2 (1−𝜐2 ) 2(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)

ℎ/2 𝐸(𝑧) ℎ3 (𝐸𝑐 −𝐸𝑚 )(𝑛2 +𝑛+2) 𝐸𝑚

𝐷11 = ∫−ℎ/2 ∙ 𝑧 2 ∙ 𝑑𝑧 = (1−𝜐2) [ + ] (17)
1−𝜐2 4(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3) 12

The FGM beams equations are found by neglecting the axial inertia term, and by using Hamilton’s principle, as
follows [2,16]:
𝜕𝑁𝑥
𝛿𝑢𝑜 : =0 (18)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕 2 𝑢𝑜 𝜕3 𝑤𝑜
𝐴11 − 𝐵11 =0 (19)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 3

−𝜕2 𝑀𝑥 𝜕2 𝑤
𝛿𝑤: + 𝐼𝑜 =0 (20)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 2

2
𝐵11 𝜕4 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤
(𝐷11 − ) + 𝐼𝑜 =0 (21)
𝐴11 𝜕𝑥 4 𝜕𝑡 2

Where:
ℎ/2 (𝜌𝑐 −𝜌𝑚 )
𝐼𝑜 = ∫−ℎ/2 𝜌(𝑧) ∙ 𝑑𝑧 = ℎ [ (𝑛+1)
+ 𝜌𝑚 ] (22)

Assuming the general function form at arbitrary boundary conditions for FGM beam as follow:

𝑊(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑋(𝑥) ∙ 𝑇(𝑡) (23)

Where:

𝑋(𝑥) = (𝐶1 sin 𝛽𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶2 cos 𝛽𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶3 sinh 𝛽𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶3 cosh 𝛽𝑛 𝑥) (24)

𝑇(𝑡) = (𝐴1𝑛 sin 𝜔𝑛 𝑡 + 𝐴2𝑛 cos 𝜔𝑛 𝑡) (25)

Substituting equation (23) in equation (21) get:

2
𝐵11
(𝐷11 − ) (𝛽𝑛4 ) − 𝐼𝑜 𝜔𝑛2 = 0 (26)
𝐴11

Let:

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 Vibrations Analysis of Functionally Graded Beams at Different Boundary Conditions

2
𝐵11
Π11 = 𝐷11 − (27)
𝐴11

From equation (26), the general form of natural frequency equation of FGM beams at arbitrary boundary
conditions is:

4
Π11 ∙𝛽𝑛
𝜔𝑛 = √ (28)
𝐼𝑜

Applying the boundary conditions of simply supported FGM beam at both ends in equation (24), the natural
frequency equation will be as follow:

𝑛4 ∙𝜋4 ∙Π11
𝜔𝑛 = √ (29)
𝐿4∙𝐼𝑜

The boundary conditions applied in equation (24) for FGM beams clamped in both ends firstly and secondly free
in both ends, the same natural frequency equation is got for these beams as follow:

(2𝑛+1)4 ∙𝜋4 ∙Π11

𝜔𝑛 = √ (30)
16∙𝐿4 ∙𝐼𝑜

Also, the boundary conditions for the cantilever FGM beam are applied, the natural frequency of this beam is:

(2𝑛−1)4 ∙𝜋4 ∙Π11

𝜔𝑛 = √ (31)
16∙𝐿4 ∙𝐼𝑜

The same natural frequency equations are getting when the boundary conditions are applied for FGM beam
simply-support in one end and clamped at another end, and FGM beam simply-support in one end and free in
another end as follow:

(4𝑛+1)4 ∙𝜋4 ∙Π11

𝜔𝑛 = √ (32)
256∙𝐿4∙𝐼𝑜

Also, when applied the boundary conditions for FGM beam free in one end and sliding in other end and FGM
beam clamped in one end and sliding in another end, the same natural frequency equations are getting as follow:

(4𝑛−1)4 ∙𝜋4 ∙Π11

𝜔𝑛 = √ (33)
256∙𝐿4∙𝐼𝑜

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this work, verification tests are done to validate from equations that are used. the FGM beam is chosen in this
study made from Alumina and Aluminum.

The data of FGM beam are: 𝐸𝑐 = 380𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝜌𝑐 = 3960𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝜐𝑐 = 0.3, 𝐸𝑚 = 70𝐺𝑃𝑎, ρ = 2702kg/m3, 𝜐𝑚 =
0.3.

The dimensionless frequency is defined as follow:

𝜔𝑛 ∙ℎ 𝜌𝑚
Ω= √𝐸 (34)
𝐿2 𝑚

Table (1) shows a comparison between the results from the present work and the result of ref. [7] for FGM beam
at both ends are simply-supported. In that table, a constant difference (4.68%) is noted between the present results
and the results of reference [7]. That difference comes from neglecting the Poisson's ratio effect in reference [7].
If ignoring Poisson's ratio effect in the present results, the difference will be 0%.

Table 1. Verification test for FGM beam simply-support at both ends.

First Dimensionless Second Dimensionless Third Dimensionless

r
Natural Frequency Natural Frequency Natural Frequency

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 Vibrations Analysis of Functionally Graded Beams at Different Boundary Conditions

Eq. Referenc differe Eq. Refere differe Eq. Referen differe

(29) e. [7] nce% (29) nce. [7] nce% (29) ce. [7] nce%
0.0 5.753 5.483 4.69% 23.011 21.933 4.68% 51.775 49.350 4.68%
0.2 5.353 5.102 4.68% 21.410 20.408 4.68% 48.173 45.917 4.68%
0.5 4.898 4.669 4.68% 19.593 18.676 4.68% 44.085 42.021 4.68%
1 4.428 4.221 4.68% 17.713 16.884 4.68% 39.855 37.989 4.68%
2 4.041 3.852 4.68% 16.164 15.407 4.68% 36.370 34.667 4.68%
5 3.848 3.668 4.67% 15.391 14.670 4.68% 34.629 33.007 4.68%
ꝏ 2.989 2.849 4.69% 11.956 11.396 4.69% 26.902 25.642 4.68%

Table (2) shows a comparison between the results from the present work and the result of ref. [7] for FGM beam
at both ends are free. In that table, a constant difference (3.96%) in the first mode, (4.70%) in the second mode,
and (4.68%) in the third mode are noted between the present results and the results of reference [7]. That difference
also comes from neglecting the effect of the Poisson ratio in reference [7]. If the effect of the Poisson ratio is
ignoring in the present results, the difference will be 0%. the difference is acceptable between the present results
and the results of reference [7].

Table 2. Verification test for FGM beam free at both ends.

First Dimensionless Second Dimensionless Third Dimensionless

Natural Frequency Natural Frequency Natural Frequency
r
Eq. Referenc differe Eq. Refere differe Eq. Referen differe
(30) e. [7] nce% (30) nce. [7] nce% (30) ce. [7] nce%
0 12.944 12.430 3.97% 35.955 34.264 4.70% 70.471 67.172 4.68%
0.2 12.043 11.566 3.96% 33.454 31.881 4.70% 65.569 62.499 4.68%
0.5 11.021 10.584 3.97% 30.615 29.175 4.70% 60.005 57.195 4.68%
1 9.964 9.569 3.96% 27.677 26.376 4.70% 54.247 51.707 4.68%
2 9.092 8.732 3.96% 25.257 24.069 4.70% 49.503 47.185 4.68%
5 8.657 8.314 3.96% 24.048 22.917 4.70% 47.134 44.927 4.68%
ꝏ 6.725 6.459 3.96% 18.682 17.803 4.70% 36.617 34.902 4.68%

The variation of dimensionless natural frequencies with the variation of volume fraction ratio of the FGM beam
is shown in Figure (2) at different boundary conditions. For all boundary conditions, the same behavior for natural
frequencies is noticed. the natural frequencies decrease as the volume fraction ratio increase. The largest effect
when the ratio between (0 to 1), dimensionless natural frequency decrease about 30% in that range but when ratio
increase from (1 to 6), the frequencies decrease less than 10% in all boundary conditions.
14 40
C-C, F-F SS-SS
12 C-F C-SS, F-SS
Second Dimensionless N.F.
First Dimensionless N. F.

30 C-SL, F-SL
10

8
20
6

4 10
2

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Power Law (Volume fraction ratio) Power Law (Volume Fraction Ratio)

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 Vibrations Analysis of Functionally Graded Beams at Different Boundary Conditions

80 140
70 120

Fourth Dimensionless N. F.
Third Dimensionless N.F. 60
100
50
80
40
60
30
40
20
10 20

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Power law (Volume fraction ratio) Power Law (Volume Fraction ratio)

Figure 2. The variation of natural frequencies with volume fraction ratio.

Figure 3 shows the variation of natural frequencies with the dimensionless ratio (L/h) at different boundary
conditions. In all BCs., the frequencies decrease when the dimensionless ratio length to thickness increases. This
relation is so clearly observed in all modes.
6000 15000
C-C, F-F SS-SS
5000 C-F C-SS, F-SS

Second Natural Frequency

First Natural Frequency

C-SL, F-SL
4000 10000

3000

2000 5000

1000

0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Dimensionless ratio (L/h) Dimensionless ratio (L/h)

30000 50000
45000
Fourth Natural Frequency

25000 40000
Third Natural Frequency

20000 35000
30000
15000 25000
20000
10000 15000
5000 10000
5000
0 0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Dimensionless ratio (L/h) Dimensionless ratio (L/h)

Figure 3. The variation of natural frequencies with dimensionless ratio (L/h).

The variation of natural frequencies with the variation in the dimensionless ratio (Em/Ec) at different BCs. is
shown in figure (4). The natural frequencies increase as the ratio increase, that behavior the same in all boundary
conditions and all modes. The values of natural frequencies increase about 50% when the ratio increase from 0.1
to 1, but the frequency increase less than 20% when the ratio increase from 1 to 2 and from 2 to 3, etc.
8000 25000
C-C, F-F SS-SS
7000
C-F C-SS, F-SS
First Natural Frequency

20000
Second Natural Frequency

6000
C-SL, F-SL
5000 15000
4000
3000 10000

2000
5000
1000
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Dimensionless ratio (Em/Ec) Dimensionless ratio (Em/Ec)

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 Vibrations Analysis of Functionally Graded Beams at Different Boundary Conditions

45000 80000
40000 70000

Fourth Natural Frequency

Third Natural Frequency 35000 60000
30000
50000
25000
40000
20000
15000 30000

10000 20000
5000 10000
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Dimensionless ratio (Em/Ec) Dimensionless ratio (Em/Ec)

Figure 4. The variation of natural frequencies with dimensionless ratio (E m/Ec).

Figure (5) shows the variation of natural frequencies with the variation in the dimensionless ratio (ρm/ρc) at
different boundary conditions. when the ratio increase, the natural frequencies decrease at all boundary conditions
and modes. The values of natural frequencies decrease about 30% when the ratio increase from 0.1 to 1, but the
frequency decrease less than 15% when the ratio increase from 1 to 2 and from 2 to 3, etc.
3500 10000
C-C, F-F SS-SS

Second Natural Frequency

3000
8000
First Natural Frequency

C-F C-SS, F-SS

2500
C-SL, F-SL
2000 6000

1500 4000
1000
2000
500

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Dimensionless ratio (ρm/ρc) Dimensionless ratio (ρm/ρc)

18000 45000
16000 40000
Third Natural Frequency

Fourth Natural Frequency

14000 35000
12000 30000
10000 25000
8000 20000
6000 15000
4000 10000
2000 5000
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Dimensionless ratio (ρm/ρc) Dimensionless ratio (ρm/ρc)

Figure 5. The variation of natural frequencies with dimensionless ratio (ρ m/ρc).

CONCLUSIONS

In this work, the exact equations of natural frequencies of FGM beams are derived for eight different boundary
conditions as F-F, SS-SS, C-C, C-SL, C-F, F-SS, C-SS, and F-SL. A good agreement between present results and
the results of previous literature. At all the different boundary conditions, the same behavior observed for natural
frequencies at all modes when the physical properties of the system are changing such as the length of the beam,
the thickness of the beam, the density of material or ceramic, the elasticity of material or ceramic, and the ratio of
volume fraction. The natural frequencies decrease as the volume fraction ratio increase and decrease when the
dimensionless ratio (L/h) increase. When the dimensionless ratio (Em/Ec) increases, the natural frequencies
increase too, but that frequencies decrease when the dimensionless ratio (ρm/ρc) increases.

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