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The document contains exercises for a Math 425 course focusing on metrics in various spaces, including R2 and discrete metrics. It covers properties of metrics, open and closed sets, and includes proofs and visualizations. The exercises also explore the behavior of metrics under different conditions and in product spaces.

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12 views1 page

Sheet1 New

The document contains exercises for a Math 425 course focusing on metrics in various spaces, including R2 and discrete metrics. It covers properties of metrics, open and closed sets, and includes proofs and visualizations. The exercises also explore the behavior of metrics under different conditions and in product spaces.

Uploaded by

John
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 425, Winter 2025, Exercises, Sheet 1

1. Let d be the usual metric on R2 . For (a, b), (c, d) ∈ R2 , let


ρ((a, b), (c, d)) = |a − c| + |b − d|
2
(i) Check that ρ is a metric on R .
(ii) For r > 0, draw a picture showing the open balls B((0, 0), r) and B((a, b), r) of the metric space
(R2 , ρ).
(iii) Find constants K, k > 0 such that kρ(x, y) ≤ d(x, y) ≤ Kρ(x, y) for all x, y ∈ R2 .
(iv) Let E ⊂ R2 . Show that E is open as a subset of the metric space (R2 , d) if and only if it is open
as a subset of the metric space (R2 , ρ).

2. Let (X, d) be a metric space. For x, y ∈ X, put


d(x, y)
ρ(x, y) = .
1 + d(x, y)
a b c
(a) Prove that if a, b, c ≥ 0 and a ≤ b + c then 1+a ≤ 1+b + 1+c .
(b) Prove that ρ is a metric on X.
(c) Let E ⊂ X. Prove that E is an open subset of the metric space (X, d) if and only if it is an open
subset of the metric space (X, ρ).
(Observe that 0 ≤ ρ(x, y) < 1 for all x, y ∈ X, while the metric d need not be bounded.)

3. Suppose X is any set, and d is the discrete metric on X. Show that every subset of X is open.
Which subsets of X are closed?

4. Consider R with the usual metric d.


(a) Is the interval [0, 1) an open subset of R? Is it closed?
(b) Now consider X = [0, 1) ∪ [2, 3] with the induced metric d. Is [0, 1) an open subset of (X, d)? Is
[0, 1) a closed subset of (X, d)? Is [2, 3] an open subset of (X, d)? Is [2, 3] a closed subset of (X, d)?

5. If (X, d) is a metric space and x, y, z ∈ X, prove that


|d(x, z) − d(y, z)| ≤ d(x, y).

6. Let (X, dX ) and (Y, dY ) be metric spaces. For (x, y) ∈ X × Y and (x0 , y 0 ) ∈ X × Y , put
1
d((x, y), (x0 , y 0 )) = dX (x, x0 )2 + dY (y, y 0 )2 2 .
(a) Check that d is a metric on X × Y .
(b) Check that for (xn , yn ), (x, y) ∈ X × Y we have (xn , yn ) → (x, y) in X × Y if and only if xn → x in
X and yn → y in Y .

7. Suppose k ∈ N, and (X1 , d1 ), . . . , (Xk , dk ) are metric spaces. For x = (x1 , . . . , xk ) ∈ X1 × · · · × Xk


and y = (y1 , . . . , yk ) ∈ X1 × · · · × Xk , let
k
! 21
X
d(x, y) = di (xi , yi )2 .
i=1
Using induction or otherwise, generalize #5(a) and (b) to X = X1 × · · · × Xk : Prove that d is a metric
on X. If x, xn ∈ X, write x = (x1 , . . . , xk ) and xn = (xn1 , . . . , xnk ) with xi , xni ∈ Xi for i = 1, . . . , k,
and prove that xn → x in X if and only if xni → xi as n → ∞ for each i ∈ {1, . . . , k}.

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