DETERMINANTS 41. DEFINITION We know how to solve an equation of the type ax + b= 0. This has the solution x provided a 20. Now consider the two equation of this type ax+b=0 i) ox+d=0 aii) If these two equations are satisfied by the same value of x, they are said to be consistent. i.e. it ad-be ‘The expression ad ~ be is called the eliminant for the equations (i) and (i). If we write the coefficient of the equations in the following ab way]. q|; then such an arrangement is called a determinant of order 2 and its value is defined to be ad — be which is our eliminant, Thus ‘A determinant is a special kind of symbol used into determine certain properties of systems of equations and functions. Many complicated expressions can be easily handled if they are expressed as determinants or ‘An expression expressed in equal number of rows and column and put between two vertical lines is Named as determinant of that expression e.g t are the determinants a bs Cy Cf second and third order respectively. 2, EXPANSION OF DETERMINANT Unlike a matrix, determinant is not just a table of numerical data but (quite differently) a short hand way of writing an algebraic expression, whose value can be computed when the values of terms or elements are known. (i) The 4 numbers ay, by, ap, by arranged as ab, j@2 bp These numbers are called the elements of the Is a determinant of second order. determinant. The value of the determinant is defined as a by jaz be ‘The expanded form of determinant has 2! terms. (i) The 9 numbers a,, b,.¢, (r= 1, 2, 3) arranged ay by Gy be 3 ay by Ce Take any row (or column) ; the value of the determinant is the sum of products of the elements of the row (or column) and the corresponding determinant obtained by omitting the row and the column of the element with a proper sign, given by the rule (~1)"*5, where r and s are the number of rows and the number of column respectively of the element of the row (or the column) chosen Thus ay by ~ ay by as is determinant of third order. a by cy lag by Ga|= las bs cy lan by la by The diagonal through the left-hand top corner Which contains the element ay, bp, ¢3 is called the leading diagonal or principal diagonal and the terms are called the leading terms. The expanded form of determinant has 31 terms ‘Short cut To find the value of third order determinant, following method is also useful ‘Taking product of R.H.S. diagonal element positivethem. We get the value of Determinant as = yb + B0z8y+ 6,8:b3~ C1Bp2,—~2y6pb3 ~ By2a es [EB Expansion of Determinant ast a2 Ext Thevalueof |. 4_1| is- (A) 222 (0 ©) -3 (03 att a-2 Sol. a+2 a-1 (a+ 1) (a-1)-(a+2) (a-2) = (#-1)~ (8-4) = 3 Ans. [D] 1+coso sino Ex2 Thevalue of | sing 1coso is- we ()-1 (yo {D) cos 20 +0080 sino Sol. | sino 1-cos0| (1 + cos0) (1 — coso) — (sino) (sino) 1 — cos?6 - sin’a = 0 Ans. [C] 4 2 a Ex3 The value of |“* 3 © 2-79 (a) 213 (8) - 231 (c) 231 (0) 39 1 298 so. |4 3 6/_ 2-79 34 |4q j4 3 l7 42 9 +32 -7 =1(8x9~ 6 (-7))-2(-4x9~2x6) +3 (4) (-7)- 3x] (27 + 42) ~ 2 (-36 - 12) +3 (28 - 6) = 231 Ans. [C] 3. MINOR & COFACTOR Minor ‘The Determinant that is left by cancelling the row and column intersecting at a particular element is called the minor of that element. ay a2 re FA =]221 222 223| then Minor of ayy is as Ax aap Az Bag ar Aes M. Similarly M. WE as ass WMI2= | as, ass Using this concept the value of Determinant can be A= ayy My yg Mag + 843 Mig or A = — 8 May + Ae Mop — 823 Moy OF A = yy Myy — Ag Map + gg Mag Cofactor The cofactor of an element a, is denoted by F;, and is equal to (-1)'*/ My where M is a minor of element ay Ay Ae Ag f A =| 82 a2 apy Bs Asp Ass fen Fi, xCa,, = M2 | n= EY My = My = a ase tea Ba) Fig 2M yg=-Mi2=—| an ane Note : () The sum of products of the element of any row with their corresponding cofactor is equal to the value of determinant i.e. Am an Fy + Sia ia Sig Fig (i) The sum of the product of element of any row with corresponding cofactor of another row is equal to zero i.e. yy Foy + 4p Fon + 843 Fog = 0 (ii If order of a determinant (4) is ‘n’ then the value of the determinant formed by replacing every element by its cofactor is A™t[E93 minor and Cofactor Ex4 The Cofactor of element 2 in Determinant is < ay-1 (8) 0 (C2 (D)-2 Sol. Fay = (-1)?*? Map =1C)= Ans {A} Ex5 The cofactor of element 0 in Determinant A214 23-3) 5... 40-4 (Ay2 (8) 5 (C)-5 (D) 9 Sol. Fay = (+1) = -[-0-3)--2)00)] =- [34+2)=-5 Ans.[C] 4, PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT P-4 The value of Determinant remains unchanged, it the rows and the column are interchanged. This is always denoted by ‘ and is also called transpose a by cy a a, a eg.D= [22 Pe ©! and p=]: be bs ap by c3 % oe 6g Then D' = D, D and D’ are transpose of each other Note : Since the Determinant remains unchanged when tows and columns are interchanged, it is obvious that any theorem which is true for ‘rows’ must also be true for ‘Columns’ P-2 If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the determinant is unaltered in numerical Value, but is changed in sign only, a, by Cy a by Cp eg.D=|% &% | ango=|% % & as by Cy ay bs Cs Then D'=-D P-3 If a Determinant has two rows (or columns) identical, then its value is zero, ay by oy eg.tet D=|8 bc a bz Ce Then, D=0 P-4 if all the elements of any row (or column) be mutiplied by the same number, then the value of Determinant is multiplied by that number. a, by & ka, kb, ke; @ be S| angpr=| 22 be ce a, by Cy a, bs Cy Then D! = kD P.5 If each element of any row (or column) can be: expressed as a sum of two terms, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of the Determinants atx byty Gy +z a bp eg. as bss a bo! |x y z = {a2 be Go|, |ar by ce ay by Cy By by. cy P-6 The value of a Determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column) the same multiples of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column) a by oy eg.D = |2% be & @, bs Cy a,+ma, b,+mb, ¢,+me, wapa| 4% be Oy @j—na, b,—-nb; 3 —ne, Then D'=D Note : It should be noted that while applying P-6 at least one row (or column) must remain unchanged P-7IfA =f (x) and f(a) = Othen (xa) is a factor of Aif we replace a by b then 144 bbc D=| =0 b? b? c? > (a= biis a factor of D FEB Properties of Determinant Exe 196 7 The value of the determinant | 21 3 15 a1 6 is (a) 180 (®)- 110 wo (D) none of these Applying C, - (Cz + C3) we get Det. 667 =|3 3 8) 20¢: c=c) 411 6 ‘Ans.{C] 1 1 1 bic cta arb equals - b+c-a c+a-b a+b-c ao (8) ab + be + ca (C) abo ()atbec Determinant 1 1 1 bre cra a+b Hatb+e) (a+b+c) a+b+ol] Applying [R, + (-2R,)], We get 1 9404 =-(a+btc)|b+c cra arb 1 404 Ans.(A] abe ka kb ke tia =|% ¥ 2], then | 9 We pqe kp kg kr equals - AkA @3kA (CRA (kad Sol. Exo Sol. Ex40 We know that if any row of a determinant is multiplied by k, then the value of the determinant is also multiplied by k. Here all the three rows are multiplied by k, therefore the value of new determinant will be kK? A . ‘Ans [C] The value of the determinant 265 240 219 240 225 198 | jg. 219 198 181 (A)1000 (8) 779 (C)679- (D) 0 Applying C, ~ Cz and C, ~ Cy, we get 25 21 219] | 4 21 9 Det. = |15 27 198) = |-12 27 -72 217 tei] | 4 17 14 [by C, ~ Cz, Cy - 10 Cz} 42 9 =/0 90 ~45|[By Ry +3R;,Ry ~ Ry) jo -4 2 =4(180-180)=0 — Ans,[D] Determinant atb+ne (ata (n—t)b (oe brerna 1-10 | ig equal (n-1)e (a-)a_ c+atnb to- A) (a+b +0)? (B) n (a+b +0)* (©) (a1) @+b+0)9 (0) None of these Applying C, + (Cp + Cs) and taking na +b +c) common from C,, we get 1 (n-ta 1 b+e+na 1 (n-ta (nb (n—1)b c+a+nb A =nfatb+o) 4 (n-a (nto O arb+c 0 0 atb+e nla +b +0) [By Rp ~ Ry, Ry ~ Ril = natb+o)> Ans[C]Ext Sol. Ex.12 oxy 2 are unequal and xe 148 1 oy" onsitiavaa anasto 22 142 (ao 1 (©-1 {D) none of these ‘Writing the given determinant as the sum of two determinants, we have xxa| |x xe xe 2 2 2 y¥4) lye Plo zea "lz 2 2 a a yes = 4 + x2) = zal ! yz) => &-y) yz) (2-%) (1 + xyz) = 0 > 142-00 x #4 2) > r=-1 Ans{C] abe 2B a’ BTC’) is equal to - be ca ab (A) abe (a ~ b) (b - ¢) (¢- a) (B) (a b) (b =o) (c-a) (ab + be + ca) (C) (a+b +c) (a—b) (b~ 0) (-a) (D) None of these Multiplying C,, Cp, Cy by a, b, © we get ,{@ 8 ¢ Det= pe fat bP abe abc abe ab? c? =|a? b? o® 144 ab? pec? o? =|a?—b? bic? o? oo 4 Boy C ~ Cy, Cy ~ Cal a+b ae wee OP) La aarbeo) tel bby C, ~ ©4] = (a—b) (b-c) (a-c) 1 be arb+e b? +0? +be| = (a—b) (bo) (ac) Cab — be - ca) (a -b) (b ©) (c — a) (ab + be + ca) Ans,[B] 5. MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANTS Multiplication of two second order determinants is defined as follows ay, by om a, b2| | t my ay, +byl2 aymy+bymy ag fy +bal, aym,+bam, Multiplication of two third order determinants is defined as follows ab, | fo mm a, by c2|x|f Me Me ay by o3| | f Ms Ms AG sbi sey'y amadm,re Mm, AR, sb/+CIMy Balysbe la Heal asm+bgm team, any sbyo, +e, Bais (Cal 23M, BqMy /CyM, 84% BaM, 05M Note : In above case the order of Determinant is same, if the order is different then for their multiplication first of all they should be expressed in the same order. E353 autiptication of Two Determinants ab A, Bare the elements of the first row then the elements of the second row will be - (A) -B, A BAB (BA (D) B.-A