Chapter 6:
Các anten cơ bản
(Types of Antenna)
1
Different Types of Antennas
2
Different Types of Antennas
1. Wire antennas
2. Aperture antennas
3. Microstrip antennas
4. Slot antennas
5. Array antennas
6. Reflector antennas
7. Lens antennas
… 3
6.1. Wire antennas
4
6.1.1. Dipole antennas
5
6.1.1. Dipole antennas
6
6.1.1. Dipole antennas
Dipole antennas are most commonly fed with either coaxial cable
or some form of parallel wire transmission line
7
6.1.1. Dipole antennas
Considering on antenna feeding for:
8
6.1.1. Dipole antennas
Impedance matching network is commonly named balun
Equivalent circuit of coax-fed dipole
9
6.1.1. Dipole antennas
Different baluns
10
6.1.2. Loop antennas
11
6.1.2. Loop antennas
12
6.1.2.1. Square Loop antennas
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6.1.2.1. Square Loop antennas
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6.1.2.1. Square Loop antennas
15
6.1.2.2. Circular Loop antennas
Radiation pattern for different lengths
16
6.1.3. Helical antennas
17
6.1.3. Helical antennas
Radiation pattern:
18
6.1.3. Helical antennas
19
6.1.3. Helical antennas
Normal mode:
20
6.1.3. Helical antennas
Normal mode:
21
6.1.3. Helical antennas
Axial mode:
22
6.1.3. Helical antennas
Axial mode:
23
6.1.3. Helical antennas
Axial mode:
24
6.1.3. Helical antennas
Axial mode:
25
6.1.3. Helical antennas
Axial mode:
26
6.1.3. Helical antennas
27
6.1.3. Spiral antennas
28
6.2. Aperture antennas
29
6.2. Aperture antennas
30
6.2.1. Horn antennas
31
6.2.1. Horn antennas
32
6.2.1. Horn antennas
33
6.2.1. Horn antennas
34
6.2.1. Horn antennas
35
6.2.1. Horn antennas
36
6.2.1. Horn antennas
37
6.2.1. Horn antennas
38
6.2.1. Horn antennas
39
6.2.2. Conical horn antennas
40
6.2.3. Standard horn Antennas
41
6.3. Microstrip antennas
42
6.3. Microstrip antennas
Also called “patch antennas”
Rectangular Square Circular Annular ring
Elliptical Triangular
Common Shapes 45
6.3.1. Feeding methods
z
Coaxial Feed
r h
x
y
Note:
A feed along the centerline at y
= W/2 is the most common
Surfacecurrent
(this minimizes higher-order
modes and cross-pol).
Feed at (x0, y0) x 46
L
6.3.1. Feeding methods
z
Coaxial Feed
r h
x
Advantages:
Simple
y
Directly compatible with coaxial cables
Easy to obtain input match by adjusting feed position
x0 , y0
W
Disadvantages:
Significant probe (feed) radiation for thicker substrates
Significant probe inductance for thicker substrates (limits bandwidth) x
Not easily compatible with arrays L
45
6.3.1. Feeding methods
Inset Feed
Advantages: x0
Simple Wf
Allows for planar feeding
Easy to use with arrays
S W
Easy to obtain input match Microstrip line
Disadvantages:
Significant line radiation for thicker substrates
For deep notches, patch current and radiation pattern may show distortion
46
6.3.1. Feeding methods
Proximity-coupled Feed
Advantages:
Allows for planar feeding
Less line radiation compared to microstrip feed (the line is closer to the ground
plane)
Can allow for higher bandwidth (no probe inductance, so substrate can be
thicker)
Patch
Microstrip line
Top view Microstrip
line
Disadvantages:
Requires multilayer fabrication
Alignment is important for input match 49
6.3.1. Feeding methods
Gap-coupled Feed
Advantages:
Allows for planar feeding
Can allow for a match even with high edge impedances, where a
notch might be too large (e.g., when using a high permittivity
substrate)
Gap Patch
Patch
Microstrip line
Top view Microstrip
line
Disadvantages:
Requires accurate gap fabrication
Requires full-wave design
50
6.3.1. Feeding methods
Aperture-coupled Patch (ACP)
Advantages:
Allows for planar feeding
Slot
Feed-line radiation is isolated from patch
radiation
Higher bandwidth is possible since probe
inductance is eliminated (allowing for a thick
Top view Microstrip line
substrate), and also a double-resonance can
be created
Allows for use of different substrates to
optimize antenna and feed-circuit performance
Patch
Disadvantages:
Requires multilayer fabrication
Slot
Alignment is important for input
match Microstrip line 51
6.3.2. Basic Principles of Operation
The basic principles are illustrated here for a rectangular patch,
but the principles apply similarly for other patch shapes.
We use the cavity model to explain the operation of the patch
antenna.
z
h n̂
PMC
Y. T. Lo, D. Solomon, and W. F. Richards, “Theory and Experiment on Microstrip Antennas,”
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-27, no. 3 (March 1979): 137–145.
50
6.3.2. Basic Principles of Operation
Main Ideas:
The patch acts approximately as a resonant cavity (with perfect electric
conductor (PEC) walls on top and bottom, and perfect magnetic
conductor (PMC) walls on the edges).
Radiation is accounted for by using an effective loss tangent for the
substrate.
In a cavity, only certain modes are allowed to exist, at different resonance
frequencies.
If the antenna is excited at a resonance frequency, a strong field is set up
inside the cavity, and a strong current on the (bottom) surface of the
patch. This produces significant radiation (a good antenna).
PMC
h n̂
51
6.3.3. General characteritics
Bandwidth
The bandwidth is directly proportional to substrate thickness h.
However, if h is greater than about 0.05 0 , the probe inductance
(for a coaxial feed) becomes large enough so that matching is
difficult – the bandwidth will decrease.
The bandwidth is inversely proportional to r (a foam substrate
gives a high bandwidth).
The bandwidth of a rectangular patch is proportional to the patch
width W (but we need to keep W < 2L ; see the next slide).
52
6.3.3. General characteritics
Resonant Input Resistance
The resonant input resistance is fairly independent of the
substrate thickness h unless h gets small (the variation is then
mainly due to dielectric and conductor loss).
The resonant input resistance is proportional to r.
The resonant input resistance is directly controlled by the location
of the feed point (maximum at edges x = 0 or x = L, zero at center
of patch). y
(x0, y0)
W
L L
55
x
6.3.3. General characteritics
Radiation Efficiency
Radiation efficiency is the ratio of power radiated into
space, to the total input power.
Pr
er
Ptot
The radiation efficiency is less than 100% due to
Conductor loss
Dielectric loss
Surface-wave excitation*
56
*assuming the substrate is infinite
6.3.3. General characteritics
Radiation pattern
y
E-plane: co-pol is E
L H-plane: co-pol is E
Js
W
x E plane
Probe
Note:
For radiation patterns, it is usually more convenient to
place the origin at the middle of the patch
H plane (this keeps the formulas as simple as possible).
57
6.3.3. General characteritics
Radiation pattern
0 0
30 -30
-10 45 -10 -45
60 -20 -60 -20
-30 -30
-40 -30 -20 -10 -40 -30 -20 -10
90 -90 90 -90
120 240
135 225
150 210
180
Note: 180
The E-plane pattern “tucks in”
and tends to zero at the
horizon due to the presence of 58
the infinite substrate.
6.3.4. Circularly polarized patch antenna
Three main techniques:
1) Single feed with “nearly degenerate” eigenmodes (compact but
small CP bandwidth).
2) Dual feed with delay line or 90o hybrid phase shifter (broader CP
bandwidth but uses more space).
3) Synchronous subarray technique (produces high-quality CP
due to cancellation effect, but requires even more space).
The techniques will be illustrated with a rectangular patch.
57
6.3.4. Circularly polarized patch antenna
Single Feed Method
(0,1)
The feed is on the diagonal.
The patch is nearly
(but not exactly) square. W
(1,0)
L W
L
Basic principle: The two dominant modes (1,0) and (0,1) are
excited with equal amplitude, but with a 45o phase.
58
6.3.4. Circularly polarized patch antenna
Note: Diagonal modes are used as degenerate modes
y y
L L
x x
L L
Patch with slot Patch with truncated corners59
6.3.4. Circularly polarized patch antenna
Dual-Feed Method
y RHCP
Phase shift realized with delay line: L
P
L
P+g/4 62
6.3.4. Circularly polarized patch antenna
Phase shift realized with 90o quadrature hybrid (branchline coupler)
RHCP
Z0 Z0 / 2 Z0
Feed
g/4 Z0
50 Ohm load
g/4
This gives us a higher bandwidth than the simple
63
power divider, but requires a load resistor.
6.3.4. Circularly polarized patch antenna
Multiple elements are rotated in space and fed with phase shifts.
-180o
-90o
-270o
0o
Because of symmetry, radiation from higher-order modes (or
probes) tends to be reduced, resulting in good cross-pol.
62
6.3.5. Multi-resonance antennas
Low-band
Low-band
Feed High-band Feed
Low-band
High-band
Dual-band E patch Dual-band patch with parasitic strip
63
6.3.5. Multi-resonance antennas
U-Shaped Slot Double U-Slot
E Patch
64
6.3.5. Multi-resonance antennas
Radiating Edges Gap Coupled Microstrip
Antennas (REGCOMA).
Non-Radiating Edges Gap Coupled
Microstrip Antennas (NEGCOMA)
Four-Edges Gap Coupled Microstrip
Antennas (FEGCOMA)
65
6.3.6. Miniaturization
High Permittivity
r 1
r 4
Size reduction
W W W / 2
(Same aspect ratio)
L L / 2
66
6.3.6. Miniaturization
Quarter-wave patch
Ez = 0
Short-circuit vias
W W
L L L / 2
67
6.3.6. Miniaturization
Planar Inverted F (PIFA)
Feed Top view
Shorting strip or
via
A single shorting strip or via is used.
68
6.3.6. Miniaturization
Slotted Patch
Top view
0o 90o
Linear CP
The slot forces the current to flow through a longer path,
increasing the effective dimensions of the patch.
69
6.3.6. Miniaturization
Meandering
Via
Feed
Feed Via
Meandered quarter-wave patch Meandered PIFA
Meandering forces the current to flow through a longer path,
increasing the effective dimensions of the patch.
Meandering also increases the capacitance of the PIFA line.
70
6.4. Slot Antennas
71
6.4. Slot Antennas
Radiation pattern of slot
and dipole
72
6.4. Slot Antennas
Dipole and slot
73
6.4. Slot Antennas
Different slots
74
6.4. Slot Antennas
75
6.5. Array Antennas
76
6.5. Array Antennas
77
6.5.1 Slot Array antennas
78
6.5.2. Yagi-Uda Antennas
79
6.5.2. Yagi-Uda Antennas
80
6.5.2. Yagi-Uda Antennas
81
82
6.6. Reflector Antennas
83
6.6.1. Reflector Antennas
84
6.6.1. Reflector Antennas
85
6.6.1. Reflector Antennas
86
6.6.1. Reflector Antennas
87
6.6.1. Reflector Antennas
88
6.6.1. Reflector Antennas
89
6.6.1. Reflector Antennas
90
6.6.1. Reflector Antennas
91
6.6.1. Reflector Antennas
92
6.7.1. Reflector antenna
93
6.6.2. Reflectarray Antennas
94
6.7. Lens Antennas
95
6.7.1. Dielectric Lens Antennas
96
6.7.2. Transmitarray Antennas
97
6.7.2. Transmitarray Antennas
98
6.8. Monopole Antennas
99
6.8. Monopole Antennas
100
6.9. Crossed Dipole Antennas
1/4 wave
phasing
line
x y
G. H. Brown, Electronics, 1936.
101
6.9. Crossed Dipole Antennas
Zhang et al., IEEE Antennas Scappuzzo et al., IEEE Trans.
Wireless Propag. Lett., 2012. Antennas Propag., 2009.
Qu et al., IEEE Trans. Choi et al., IEEE Antennas 105
Antennas Propag., 2010. Wireless Propag. Lett., 2013.
6.9. Crossed Dipole Antennas
JEES, 2013. Electronics Letters, 2012.
IEEE AP, 2013.
