TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MOMBASA

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGING SYSTEM

BY

Full names:IVY JEPTEPKENY SUMUKWO

Registration no:DTEE/728J/2021

Mobile phone: 0790560130

DECLARATION

I,Ivy Sumukwo,declare that the content of this project represents my own and original work.The
project has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification.It
represents my own opinion and not necessary those of the Technical University of Mombasa.

Signature________________ Date_________________

Name___________________

SUPERVISOR DECLARATION

This research has been submitted for examination with approval as the polytechnic supervisor.

Signature_________________ Date_________________

Name____________________
DEDICATION

I dedicate this research project to my beloved family and friends for their support and understanding
throughout my project period and also to my supervisor Mr.Fadhili for his technical input and
guidance.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am indebted to Almighty God for the gift of life,protection,knowledge and good health he has given
me during my studies.Secondly,to my supervisor Mr.Fadhili for his inspiration,professional
guidance,positive criticisms and encouragement throughout the time of study.To my
family,collegues,friends,friends,who contributed in one way or any other,through a word of
encouragement,or a pointer to relevant reference or any other way that steered the completion of
this project,forever I shall remain grateful.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Declaration

Supervisor declaration

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Dedication

CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overall objectives
1.2.1 Main objective

1.2.2 Specific objective

1.3 Problem Statement

1.4 Assumptions and delimitions
1.5 Significance and motivation of study
1.6 Justification

CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Electromagnetic induction

2.3 Inductive Coupling

2.4 Capacitive Coupling

2.5 Magnetic Resonance Charging

CHAPTER THREE:METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

3.2.1 Design

3.2.2 Design considerations

3.2.3 Exploring possible circuit solution strategies and selection of the most viable solution

3.2.4 Understanding circuit component functions and determining performance specifications

3.3 Circuit components

3.4 Assembly of prototype

CHAPTER FOUR:RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1Testing of each block
4.2 Testing and conformity of results to specifications
4.3 Observations
4.4 Expected results
4.5 Results obtained
4.6 Project Costing
4.7 Project Time management

CHAPTER FIVE:SUMMARY,CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Merits,challenges and future scope of wireless mobile charging.

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

- Suggestion for further research

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.6 Project Costing

Table 4.7 Project Time Management

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

A wireless charging system is a technology that allows user to wirelessly charge his/her mobile
phone without plugging in the mobile adapter.I demonstrate the system using a charging pad
where user just needs to place his adapter circuit to charge the mobile phone.For this purpose
we utilize the advanced power transfer concept,we use a high frequency transformer to
convert mains input 230V AC to 12 DC.This output is supplied to charging pad coil,when the
adapter coil comes in range of the charging pad coil,the power is transferred wirelessly to the
receiving coil and this 12V DC is provided to the adapter circuit which is used to convert this
12V DC to 5V DC which is then supplied to the mobile phone.So this allows us to charge the
mobile phone wirelessly without plugging it in.The system can be further enhanced by
intergrating the charging adapter within the mobile itself so that user just needs to place
his/her mobile phone on the charging pad to charge it.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

1.2.1 Main objectives:To design and construct a wireless charging system.

1.2.2 Specific objectives

 To simulate a wireless charging system.

 To test a wireless charging system.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In today`s digital era,the dependacy on mobile devices has surged exponentially,creating a

pressing need for innovative charging solutions that enhance convenience and mobility.While
wireless charging technologies have gained momentum,existing solutions suffer from limitations such
as short-range,slow charging speeds and ineffiencies in power transfer.Morever,the current market
lacks a comprehensive solution that caters to the diverse needs of the users across various
environments,including public spaces,vehicles and homes

1.4 Assumptions and Delimitations

These are several assumptions in this research.These include:

 It is assumed that the maximum power limit for charging,and exceeding this limit could lead
to damage to the device.
 The system assumes built-in safety measures to prevent overheating,overcharging
 The system assumes minimal interference from sorrounding objects to maintain a stable
power transfer.

Limitation
It is less efficient compared to wired charging,resulting in slower charging speeds and energy loss
during the transfer process.
 1.5 Significance and Movitation of Study

The study significantly eliminates the need for physical cables and connectors,making it convenient
to charge devices without the hassle of plugging and unplugging cords.Users can simply place their
device on a charging pad or stand to start charging.

1.6 Justification

Users can charge their devices without plugging in cables which is especially useful in environments
where frequent charging is required.
CHAPTER TWO

2 Literature review

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Electromagnetic induction

Ørsted was able to demonstrate that electric currents can produce magnetic fields by setting up a
compass through a wire carrying an electric current. The English physicist Michael Faraday, a
brilliant experimentalist, was the first to demonstrate the converse effect that magnetic fields can be
used to induce electric currents. Faraday wrapped a thick iron ring with two coils of insulated wire,
one on each side of the ring. One coil was connected to a battery, and the other to a galvanometer.
When the battery circuit was closed, Faraday saw a momentary deflection on the galvanometer. A
similar momentary deflection but in the opposite direction was seen when the battery circuit was
opened.
This observation led to the discovery that a change in a magnetic field produces an electromotive
force and current in a nearby circuit. This phenomenon, called electromagnetic induction, was later
mathematically modeled by James Clerk Maxwell and came to be known as Faraday’s Law. The
foundation laid by Faraday helped Maxwell further investigate electromagnetic field theory, and the
latter’s contribution then significantly influenced 20th century physics. Faraday's law of induction
describes how an electric current produces a magnetic field and, conversely, how a changing
magnetic field generates an electric current in a conductor. The American physicist Joseph Henry
independently made the same discovery at about the same time, according to the University of
Texas at Austin.
Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force. Coils of wire
in the base station (the charging plate) create a magnetic field as the current passes through. This
field can induce an electrical current in an adjacent coil of wire without actually touching it.
Inductive charging uses an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects. This is
usually done with a charging station. Energy is sent through an inductive coupling to an electrical
device, which can then use that energy to charge batteries or run the device

of change of the magnetic flux with respect to the coil, 𝑑ϕ/𝑑𝑡 and to the number of turns of wire in
Faraday's Law states that the amount of voltage induced in a coil is directly proportional to the rate

the coil (N). The formula that represents Faraday's Law is the following:

V =N 𝑑𝛟/𝑑𝑡 ……………………(1)

where V= the induced voltage

N = number of turns of wire in the coil
𝑑𝛟
𝑑𝑡 = the rate of change of the magnetic flux

In an AC circuit, the induced voltage is directly dependent on frequency. As frequency increases so

L=𝑁μ𝐴/𝑙 ……………………(2)
does the rate of change of the current. The formula of inductance is as follows:

𝑟0
μ=μμ

where L = inductance of coil in Henrys

N = Number of turns in wire of coil
μ = Permeability of core material
μr = Relative permeability (1 for air)
μ0 = Permeability of free space (4π x 10-7 μ /m)
A = Area of coil in square meters
l = Average length of coil in meters

2.3 Inductive Coupling

Two conductors are said to be inductively coupled or magnetically coupled when they are
configured in a way such that change in current through one wire induces a voltage across the ends
of the other wire through electromagnetic induction. A changing current through the first wire
creates a changing magnetic field around it by Ampere's circuital law. The changing magnetic field
induces an electromotive force (EMF or voltage) in the second wire by Faraday's law of induction.
The amount of inductive coupling between two conductors is measured by their mutual inductance.
The coupling between two wires can be increased by winding them into coils and placing them
close together on a common axis, so the magnetic field of one coil passes through the other coil.
Coupling can also be increased by a magnetic core of a ferromagnetic material like iron or ferrite in
the coils, which increases the magnetic flux. The two coils may be physically contained in a single
unit, as in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer, or may be separated

Consider a coil through which a current is passed. This creates a changing magnetic field around it.
When a second coil is introduced to a changing magnetic field of the primary coil, it will cause an
induced voltage in the second coil, thereby magnetically coupling the coils. The voltage induced in
the second coil is a function of mutual inductance, calculated by the following formula; √√√

𝐿M=k√L1L2
Where 𝐿M= Mutual inductance

k = 1 , coefficient coupling between the two coils

𝐿 = Inductance of coil 1
2

𝐿 = Inductance of coil 2
1
2
The formulas above describe the principles of induction and how voltage is induced in a
second
coil.
In the circuit, the transmitter has an AC source which is connected to a resistor (Rp) and an
inductor
(L1), where the resistor represents power loss due to heat. As inductor 1 (L1) receives the
fluctuating current from the AC source it creates a magnetic field and induces voltage in L2.
The
receiver circuit which has L2, Rs, and RL is powered by the changing magnetic field of the
transmitter. Again, Rs represents the power loss of the inductor and RL is the load.
Power transfer efficiency of inductive coupling can be increased by increasing the number of
turns
in the coil, the strength of the current, the area of cross-section of the coil and the strength of
the
radial magnetic field. Magnetic fields decay quickly, making inductive coupling effective at a
very
short range. There have been some attempts to reduce transfer loss in inductive coupling.
Methods
such as implementing ultra-thin coils, higher frequencies, and enhancing drive electronics are
possible solutions. When implementing higher frequency induction to deliver high power the
efficiency reaches 86%, the other two methods are still being investigated for any
improvements.
2.4 Capacitive Coupling
Transfers energy through an electric field between two conductive plates.This method is less efficient
for high-power applications but can be useful for small devices.
2.5 Magnetic Resonance Charging
Uses a magnetic field to transfer power over a longer distance compared to inductive charging.It
allows multiple devices to be charged simultaneously as long as they within the range of the magnetic
field.
CHAPTER THREE
3 Methodology

3.1 Introduction

This section explains the development and the simulation of the project.It also involves the
development of the prototype using the hardware and costing and the project time management.

3.2.1 Design

3.2.1 Introduction

Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object,system or measurable
human interaction.In this project design is based on the following guidelines;

3.2.2 Design considerations

These are several design considerations involved while developing a wireless mobile charging
system.These considerations helps in choosing the appropriate components.One should also
consider on cost.

3.2.3 Exploring possible circuit solution strategies and selection of the most viable solution.

 Use of resonant circuits to increase efficiency over greater distances.

 Design the coils and circuits for both the transmitter and receiver.

3.2.4 Understanding circuit component functions and determining performance specifications

3.2.5 Circuit Components
 LED
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Diodes
 Transistors
 Regulator
 Invertor

3.2.6 Circuit diagram and simulation

3.3 LED (Light emitting diode)
LED is a PN junction diode which emits light when forward biased, is known as a light
emitting diode. The LED has two legs, one is shorter and the other is longer. The longer leg is
known as anode and the shorter leg is cathode. The LED is available in different colours like
white, red, blue etc., which depends upon the semiconducting material used for LED
fabrication and its band gap energy.

LED
When the LED is forward biased, the electrons and holes move towards the junction and
recombination takes place. This effect is called electro-illuminance. After the recombination,
the electrons, lying in the conduction band of the N region, fall into the holes lying in the
valence band of the P region. The difference of energy between the conduction band and
valence band is radiated in the form of light energy. The amount of light output is directly
proportional to the forward current. Thus, the higher the forward current the higher is the light
output.

Figure 3.2 Symbol of LED

Usually, Indium gallium nitride and Aluminum gallium indium phosphide are used for LED
fabrication.

Resistor
A resistor is a passive electronic component and senses to prevent or limit the flow of
electrons. It is a two terminal device that works on the principle of ohm’s law which prevents
overflow of voltage.
Resistance can be derived from ohm’s law i.e. V=IR, which indicates that voltage is directly
proportional to the current flowing through the conductor. Each resistor comes with two wires
called leads. Between these two leads there lies a ceramic part which actually resists the flow
of current. Resistor consists of 3 colored strips that indicate the value of resistance.

Resistor

Symbol of resistor

Capacitor
Capacitors an electrical or electronic component that stores electric charges. Basically, a
capacitor consists of 2 parallel plates made up of conducting materials, and a dielectric
material (air, mica,paper, plastic, etc.) placed between them.

Electrolytic Capacitors
Electrolytic capacitors are polarized capacitors so these are used where energy with required
polarity is necessary. Here oxide film obtained by a chemical reaction acts as a dielectric
material.

Electrolytic capacitor (1000 μF

Electrolytic capacitors are further classified into: -

i) Wet Type Electrolytic Capacitor
ii) Dry Type Electrolytic Capacitor
Wet Type Electrolytic Capacitor
It consists of an aluminum rod placed in a base electrolyte placed in an aluminum container.
Now
D.C. current is passed through the container, with the help of the D.C. source connected
between
rod and container. A thin film of oxide is deposited on the rod, which is connected to a
positive
terminal of the source. Thus the rod acts as a positive terminal of the capacitor. The source is
switched off when the rod is covered by oxide film completely. Thus rod acts as (+)ve
terminal container as (-)ve terminal with oxide film as a dielectric material.

Dry Type Electrolytic Capacitor

It contains two aluminum sheets separated by a layer of gauze separator saturated with a
liquid
chemical of boric acid. Copper lead wires are soldered to the aluminum foils for external
connection. D.C. voltage is applied to the copper leads, which deposited aluminum oxide film
on
the foil that is connected to a positive terminal of the supply. so that foil acts as (+)ve terminal
and
other foil acts as (-)ve terminal. Now the foils are rolled into a cylindrical shape and enclosed
in an
aluminum or plastic tube.An electrolytic capacitor of 1000 μF

Symbol of capacitor

Capacitors are used as filters in rectifier circuits, as bypass capacitors in amplifier

circuits.They are also used in T.V. and radio receivers for tuning purposes.

IRFZ44N MOSFET
MOSFET is an abbreviation for metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors. It has a
source,
gate, and drain. The gate of a MOSFET is insulated from the channel. Because of this
MOSFET is
known as an IGFET which stands for insulated-gate field effect transistor. Unlike transistors,
MOSFETs are voltage controlled devices i.e. they can be turned on or turned off by supplying
the
required Gate threshold voltage (VGS).
There are two basic types of MOSFETs :-

i)Depletion type MOSFET (D-type MOSFET)

ii)Enhancement type MOSFET (E-type MOSFET)
The primary difference between the two types of MOSFETs is the difference between the
constructions.
The IRFZ44N is a N-channel enhancement type MOSFET with a high drain current of 49A
and low
Rds value of 17.5 mΩ which help in increasing the efficiency of switching circuits. It also has
a low
threshold voltage of 4V at which the MOSFET will start conducting. Hence it is commonly
used
with microcontrollers to drive with 5V. The pulsed drain current (ID-peak) is 160A, minimum
gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) is 2V, maximum gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) is 4V, gate-
source voltage
is (VGS) is ±20V (max), maximum drain-source voltage (VDS) is 55V.

IRFZ44N Pinout Configuration

IN4007 diode
A diode is a device which allows current flow through only one direction. That is the current
should always flow from the anode to cathode. The cathode terminal can be identified by
using a grey bar.
The maximum current carrying capacity is 1A it withstand peaks up to 30A. Hence we can
use this in circuits that are designed for less than 1A. The reverse current is 5uA which is
negligible. The power dissipation of this diode is 3W. Its peak repetitive reverse voltage is
1000V.
Pin Configuration

Symbol of diode

The IN4007 diode can be used to prevent reverse polarity problems. They are used in half
wave and full wave rectifiers .And also used as protection devices and current flow regulators.

LM7805
The 7805 Voltage Regulator IC is a commonly used voltage regulator that finds its
application in most of the electronics projects. It provides a constant +5V output voltage for a
variable input voltage supply. 7805 IC is an iconic regulator IC that finds its application in
most of the projects.
The name 7805 signifies two meanings, “78” means that it is a positive voltage regulator and
“05”means that it provides 5V as output. Hence 7805 will provide a +5V output voltage.
The output current of this IC can go up to 1.5A. But, it suffers from heavy heat loss. Hence,
usually a heat sink is recommended for projects that consume more current.
Its minimum input voltage is 5V and maximum input voltage is 12V.The operating current is
5 mA.
Internal thermal overload and short circuit current limiting protection is available in this.
Maximum junction temperature is 125 degree celsius.
LM7805 Pinout Configuration

Battery
An electric battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical
cells with external connections for powering electrical devices. When a battery is supplying
power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal
marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to
the positive terminal. When a battery is connected to an external electric load, a redox
reaction converts high-energy reactants to lower-energy products, and the free-energy
difference is delivered to the external circuit as electrical energy.
Batteries convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy. It consists of some number of
voltaic cells. Each cell consists of two half-cells connected in series by a conductive
electrolyte containing metal cations. One half-cell includes electrolyte and the negative
electrode, the electrode to which anions (negatively charged ions) migrate; the other half-cell
includes electrolyte and the positive electrode, to which cations (positively charged ions)
migrate. Cations are reduced (electrons are added) at the cathode, while metal atoms are
oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode. Some cells use different electrolytes for each
half-cell; then a separator is used to prevent mixing of the electrolytes while allowing ions to
flow between half-cells to complete the electrical circuit.
 The power source used in the proposed system is a 9v battery.

Switch
A switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the conducting path in an
electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current or diverting it from one conductor to
another. The most common type of switch is an electromechanical device consisting of one or
more sets of movable electrical contacts connected to external circuits. When a pair of
contacts is touching current can pass between them, while when the contacts are separated no
current can flow.
The switch that we use in this circuit is the Rocket switch. They are used for operations that
can be pressed on either end like a seesaw to connect or disconnect an electrical circuit. They
are often used as ON/OFF switches on the main power supplies for electronic devices. The
name “rocker switch” comes from the rocking motion that the switch makes when the button
is pressed. It is also sometimes called a seesaw switch.

It has a small size and high switching capacity. The operation button itself clearly indicates
the ON/OFF status, allowing for a visual confirmation to prevent incorrect operation.

Symbol of switch
Transmitter coil:
Power supply is given to the transmitter. Copper coil is wound into several turns. When power
supply is given to the coil, a magnetic field is produced. Hence the power gets transferred.

. Transmitter coil

Receiver coil:
The receiver coil is the secondary coil and has the same design as the primary coil. Running
the secondary at the same resonant frequency as the primary ensures that the secondary has
low impedance at the transmitter's frequency and that the energy is optimally absorbed. To
remove energy from the secondary coil, different methods can be used, the AC can be directly
rectified and a regulator circuit can be used to generate DC voltage.

Receiving coil
Rectifier:
The output from the secondary coil is rectified by the use of a rectifier using four diodes
connected with each other. The rectifier is used to convert AC to DC. We use a full wave
rectifier in this case.
The full wave rectifier produces a smooth DC with less ripples. In the positive half of the AC
cycle,D1 and D2 conduct because they’re forward biased. Positive voltage is on the anode of
D1 and negative voltage is on the cathode of D2. Thus, these two diodes work together to pass
the first half of the signal through. In the negative half of the AC cycle, D3 and D4 conduct
because they’re forward biased: Positive voltage is on the anode of D3 and negative voltage is
on the cathode of D4.
The net effect of the bridge rectifier is that both halves of the AC sine wave are allowed to
pass through, but the negative half of the wave is inverted so that it becomes positive to
produce pure DC.

Voltage regulator:
Voltage regulator is used to obtain a constant DC source. We use IC 7805 for this purpose.
The number 78 signifies that it is a positive voltage regulator and 05 signifies that it gives 5V
output.

Design Calculations

Details of Transmitting Coil:

Radius of the transmitting coil (r) = 3.742 cm
Radius of the cross-section (a) = 0.02483 cm
Number of transmitting coil Turns (N) = 30 turns
Coil wire size = 25 gauge
Diameter= 7.484 cm
Width of the winding= 0.343 cm

Details of Receiving Coil:

Radius of the receiving coil (r) = 3.742 cm
Radius of the cross-section (a) = 0.02483 cm
Number of receiving coil Turns (N) = 30 turns
Coil wire size = 25 gauge
Diameter= 7.484 cm
Width of the winding= 0.343 cm

Theoretical Calculation
Inductance of the Winding:

=302×4π×10-7×3.742(In 𝑙𝑛 (8×3.742) − 1. 75
Inductance of transmitter coil =𝑁2 μ0r(In(8r/a)-1.75)..............................(3)

=0.0226 H=22.6mH

Inductance of receiver coil = 𝑁2μ0 r (ln (8r/a) – 1.75)

= 302×4π×10-7×3. 742(ln 𝑙𝑛 (8×3.742) − 1. 75

= 0.0226 H = 22.6 mH

Resistance of the winding:

Resistance of the Winding (R) = ρl/A ...................................... (4)
Length of transmitter coil (l) = Circumference of coil x N
 = 2π x D x N
= 2×3. 14×7. 484×30 cm
= 1409.9856 cm

Length of receiver coil (l) = Circumference of coil x N

= 2π x D x N
= 2×3. 14×7. 484×30 cm
=1409.9856cm

A = 2πr(r+h) ...................................... (5)

where h = width of the winding
= 2×3. 14×3. 742(3. 742 + 0. 343) = 95. 996 cm2
Ρ = Resistivity of Copper = 1.796x10-8

Resistance of transmitter coil = 2. 637×10-7Ω

Resonant Frequency of the receiver coil:

f = 1/2π√LC= 1/2×3.14×√22.6×10-3 ×1000×10-6= 33.49 Hz
L = 22.6 mH
C = 1000 μF (Capacitor Used)
f = 33.49 Hz

Resonance Condition satisfied by the receiver coil:

For Resonance to occur, X L = X C
XL = Inductive reactance (Reactance of Coil)

= 2π x f x L =2×3. 14×33.49×22.6×10 = 4.753 KΩ

XC = Capacitive Reactance
= 1/2π x f x C = 1÷(2×3.14×33.49×22.6×10-3 = 4.753 KΩ

Thus, XL = XC and so Resonance occurs resulting in transfer of power wirelessly

3.4 Assembly of prototype

CHAPTER FOUR:FINDINGS
4.1 Testing
Introduction
Testing of the complete prototype is very crucial to ensure all parameters are prescribed in the
design.The entire testing was done in a modular manner.

Tests carried out

The following tests were carried during construction of the prototype.
Test on the regulator
The output of the voltage of the regulator was 5.0 V
4.2 Testing of the conformitiy of results to specifications.

After the final soldering,the different inputs were checked and tested to confirm the output.

4.3 OBSERVATIONS

Overall test
4.4 Expected results

The expected results for the system were:

 Inductor coils enable the transfer of energy between a transmitter and a receiver through
electromagnetic induction.
 Eliminates the need for physical connectors.
 Inductive charging may generate heat.

4.5 Results obtained

The efficiency;
 decreases with increase in the distance between the coils
 increases with the increase in no of turns.
4.6 PROJECT COSTING

Item Quantity Total kshs

Diodes 10 4 40
Capacitor 20 2 40
Regulator 100 1 100
Resistors 10 2 20
Transistors 100 2 200
Circuit board 250 1 250
LED 20 2 40
Casing 200 1 200
Printing and binding 500 - 500
Battery 100 1 100
Inductor coils 200 1 200
Total - - 4500

4.7 Project Time management

CHAPTER FIVE:SUMMARY,CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 MERITS, CHALLENGES AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WIRELESS CHARGING

Wireless charging can be sized to deliver 5W or 10W of energy to the battery. It can also
charge a battery at a fast rate depending on the size of the battery pack.
The benefit of having wireless charging is that there won't be any need to deal with cords
again. It leaves the need of messy cords and makes it much simpler by just letting you drop
your phone at the charging station. With wireless chargers, we are able to charge all your
phones simultaneously.
One of the best advantages of certain wireless chargers is that it can integrate with almost all
cell phones, no matter the shape or size of its charging socket. And also, there are certain
devices other than smartphones which can be charged using the wireless charger. When the
device is fully charged, the wireless charging pad shuts down automatically. This means that
less energy is wasted,safer charging, and there won’t be any overheating in the process.
The main disadvantages of inductive charging are its lower efficiency and increased resistive
heating in comparison to direct contact. Implementations using lower frequencies or older
drive technologies charge more slowly and generate heat for most portable electronics.
Inductive Charging also requires drive electronics and coils that increase manufacturing
complexity and cost.
Newer approaches diminish the transfer losses with ultra-thin coils, higher frequencies and
optimized drive electronics, thus providing chargers and receivers that are compact, more
efficient and can be integrated into mobile devices or batteries with minimal change. These
technologies provide charging time that is the same as wired approaches and are rapidly
finding their way into mobile devices.
5.2 Conclusion

Wireless charging is a much convenient and easier system to use for charging various devices.
I constructed a wireless mobile charging system using transmitter and receiver coils. The
distance between the coils were varied to study the change in output voltage and hence the
efficiency.
I observed that the efficiency,
(i) decreases with increase in the distance between the coils
(ii) increases with the increase in no of turns.
Thus the predicted theoretical condition matches with the experimental results.
Even though wireless charging is still pretty much in its early stages, the technology is
anticipated
to evolve dramatically over the next few years.Thus the predicted theoretical condition
matches with the experimental results.
Even though wireless charging is still pretty much in its early stages, the technology is
anticipated to evolve dramatically over the next few years.

5.3 Recommendation
Here are some detailed recommendations;
Use of high-permeability magnetic materials for the core and high conductivity materialslike copper to
minimize losses.
Implemenation of mechanisms to help users align the transmitter and receiver coils easily for optimal
power transfer.

REFERENCES

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Scientific & Engineering Research ISSN: 2229-5518, Volume 6, Issue 3, Page: 933-937,
March-2015.
2. Murugeshan R. “Electricity & Magnetism”, Ninth revised edition, reprint 2013, Publications - S
Chand & Company PVT-LTD, Ram Nagar, New Delhi – 110055, Chapter13, Sections 13, 14, 30
and18.
3. Omkar Singh. “Wireless mobile charger” International Journal of Electronics, Electrical and
Computational System (IJEECS) ISSN: 2348-117X, Volume 5, Issue 6, Page: 97-105, June 2016.
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