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 Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems, 13th Edition, by Simkin, Rose, and Norman

Chapter 8
ORGANIZING AND MANIPULATING DATA IN DATABASES

Discussion Questions
8-1. There are several other database management systems available to users, including
MySQL, Oracle, FoxPro, Microsoft SA SQL, Filemaker Pro, and IBM DB2.

8-2. The different data types available in Access include: Text, Memo, Number,
Date/Time, Currency, AutoNumber, and Yes/No. You can also create hyperlinks and OLE
(object link and embed) objects. The types of numbers you can create in Access include byte,
Integer, Long Integer, Single, Double, ReplicationID (typically used to expand autonumber
fields in replicated databases), and Decimal.

8-3. This problem requires students to create their own Salesperson table.

8-4. Database management systems (DBMS) are computer software packages that enable
users to create, maintain, query, retrieve, manipulate, and output the data stored in a database. A
DBMS is not the same thing as a database. Rather, a DBMS is a set of software programs that
interfaces between the database and users or user programs. Because, database management
systems are computer programs, they are software—not hardware.

8-5. Data definition languages (DDLs) are the special programming languages of DBMSs
that enable users to design the physical structure of database records. Thus, a DDL enables users
to specify the number of data fields for each record in a table, the name for each field, and (for
Access) a data type for each field—for example, “text” or “numeric.” The DDL also enables
users to further specify the length of each field (for text data types) or the type of number (e.g.,
“Integer”) for numeric data types.

8-6. The act of linking database tables to one another enables users to extract relevant
information from them. For example, a database user might want to prepare a list of suppliers,
with a sub-list of all products available from each supplier. A database developer might create
two tables for such an application: (1) a table of suppliers and (2) a table of products. If the
designer stores the supplier code in each product record, the user could then view or print the
desired list. In Access, a user links tables to one another using the “Relationships window.”
Chapter 8 describes how to do this. (The fields do not have to have the same name, but they must
have identical data types.) Access then enables the user to create queries based upon the linked
tables, and can then present the joined information requested by the user—e.g., the report
described above.

8-7. Data validation is the process of ensuring that the data input into the data fields of a
database record are accurate and complete. Data validation is important because it causes the
system to test input data for common errors and reject values that violate the defined validation
rules. This helps an organization avoid the costs and confusion caused by such errors. Experts

SM 8.1
 Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems, 13th Edition, by Simkin, Rose, and Norman

estimate that it costs ten times as much to correct bad data already stored in a database as it does
to correct simple errors at the time they are caught during input. Examples of Access data
validation tests discussed in the text include the automatic tests that check for consistent data
types, using input masks to help users input data correctly, using drop-down (combo) boxes of
predefined data, specifying default values for repetitive data entries, and creating data validation
rules.

Enforcing referential integrity is yet another database control with data-validation characteristics.
This ensures that users do not delete the “one” record joined in a one-to-many relationship with
other records—for example, deleting an invoice with existing line items. It also automatically
disallows a user’s attempt to link a “many” record with a non-existent parent record—for
example, creating invoice detail lines for a non-existent invoice.

8-8. Data manipulation languages or DMLs enable users to define processes for accessing,
updating, replacing, deleting, and protecting database records from unauthorized use. Most
database management systems include proprietary DMLs that allow users to create queries,
forms, reports, and macros that in turn enable users to view, update, delete, or output selected
database information. Thus, a DML is that part of a DBMS that enables users to tell the system
how to manipulate the underlying data in a database.

8-9. SQL is an acronym for “structured query language.” SQL and Access queries are
similar in that both enable users to construct queries that answer user questions about database
information. Thus, both SQL and Access enable users to construct query commands that extract
the same information from a database—for example, a list of all students in a certain course in
the current semester. The primary difference between SQL and Access is that SQL requires
users to create queries in text-driven language while Access provides a graphical user interface to
frame their questions. Access is among the many database management systems that actually
translate user queries into SQL statements.

8-10. Data mining provides users with analytical tools for detecting trends or relationships
among seemingly uncorrelated data—typically marketing data. For example, identifying
patterns in customer purchasing behavior may enable a marketing department to streamline its
marketing efforts by uncovering relationships between customer preferences and their
demographics. Accounting uses of data mining techniques include predicting future sales for
budgeting purposes, performing audit tasks such as searching for forensic information, assessing
payment trends by tax payers, or detecting trends in such areas as bad debts.

8-11. Cloud computing is a form of Internet-based computing. Instead of applications

being stored on individual workstations, software is provided through the Internet, processing
occurs on a web of computers, and information is ultimately sent to the user’s computer. Cloud
computing will allow firms to outsource components of their AISs and expand systems at lower
costs than would be necessary if systems were built in-house.

8-12. A data warehouse is a repository of historical information that a firm or governmental

agency can collect during the normal course of conducting its business. Data warehouses are
similar to databases in that they classify and store data systematically and can help users extract

SM 8.2
 Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems, 13th Edition, by Simkin, Rose, and Norman

information for business uses. The major differences between data warehouses and databases are
that the information in data warehouses may be stored in multiple databases, often spans multiple
accounting periods, and is generally arranged with the purpose of supporting complex queries
from external users.

8-13. Data warehouses enable employees to access valuable information on a corporate-

wide basis, often from areas outside their immediate domains. These data repositories therefore
help users answer complex questions in a timely manner, marketing personnel identify
purchasing trends or pinpoint customer needs, and can ultimately yield a high return on
investment for the firm. But data warehouses are not for every organization. One factor that
may deter companies from building data warehouses is the difficulty of collecting and storing
diverse information in consistent, useful, and systematic ways—especially where the design
process consumes large amounts of organizational resources.

Problems
8-14. This problem is about the Query Corporation. It requires students to create a simple
database table, using data supplied in Figure 8-19.

A suggested record structure is:

Field Name Size Type Decimal Digits

LNAME 20 alphanumeric
FNAME 20 alphanumeric
SSN 9 alphanumeric
DEPT 1 numeric none
PAYRATE 4 numeric 2
OTIME 1 yes/no

a) The employees in Department 5 are: Chapin, Finn, Halpin, Laurin, Maglio, Turner, and
Zorich.

b) There are three employees with a first name of Brenda: Reeder, Turner, and Bloom.

c) The employees with pay rates over $6.50 are: Cunningham, Chapin, McLean, Welsh, Duffy,
and Turner.

d) The employees eligible for overtime are: Adcox, Bloom, Chapin, Cunningham, Daniels,
Davis, Finn, Halpin, Harper, Kozar, Laurin, Maglio, McGuire, Morgan, Reeder, and Zorich.

8-15. This problem requires students to search the Internet for articles on data warehousing.
Reasons why companies create data warehouses include: to analyze historical data to predict the
future sales, to exam security breaches to develop more effective security procedures, and to make
organizational information available on a corporate-wide bases.

SM 8.3
 Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems, 13th Edition, by Simkin, Rose, and Norman

8-16. This problem is about the Marcia Felix Corporation

a) A suggested record structure is:

Field Name Size Type Decimal Digits

Employ_Name 20 alphanumeric
Employ_IDNum 4 numeric none
Apt_Score 2 numeric none
Depart_ID 2 alphanumeric
Pay_Rate 4 numeric 2
Employee_Gender 1 alphanumeric

b) Average pay rate: $8.02

c) Average female pay rate: $8.16

Average male pay rate: $7.95

d) Females scoring over 70: none

Males scoring over 50: Langley, Baker, Moore, Jackson, Markham, Garrow,
Conrad, Pettinari, Bliss, Barrett, and Erickson

Case Analyses
8-17. BSN Bicycles I (Creating a Database from Scratch with Microsoft Access)

1. The resources, events, and agents for this case are as follows:
Resources: inventory and cash
Events: sales, cash receipts, purchases, and cash payments
Agents: the company’s employees (sales personnel, cashiers, and purchasing agents)
customers, and vendors.

E-R diagram is on the following page

SM 8.4
Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems, 13th Edition, by Simkin, Rose, and Norman

SM 8.5
 Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems, 13th Edition, by Simkin, Rose, and Norman

2. Examples of tables and potential data fields for each of these tables:

cash:
account #, cash type, beginning balance, authorized personnel
inventory purchases:
purchase order #, item #, item name, quantity purchased, vender ID, vendor name
vendor cash payments:
check #, vendor ID, vendor name, purchase order #, amount
vendors:
vendor ID, vendor name, street address, city, state, zip code, contact person, phone #, and
fax #
employees:
employee ID, first name, middle initial, last name, department #, street address (probably
not needed inasmuch as there are only three individuals in the company)
inventory table:
item #, item description, units (e.g., dozens), unit cost, unit retail sales price, quantity on
hand
vendor purchases/inventory (join) table:
purchase order #, item #, quantity purchased
customers:
First name, Last name, Customer #, Street Address, City, State, Zip Code, Home phone
number, Work phone number, Cell phone number, Credit Card type (e.g., Visa), credit
card number, credit card expiration date
customer invoices:
invoice #, invoice date, invoice amount

Database tables for the purchasing process are:

cash, purchases, cash payments, vendors, and employees. There should also be a table
for the purchases/inventory relationship as this is a many-to-many relationship.

3. This part of the case requires students to create several records for each table.

4. This part of the case requires students to create relationships for each of the various tables.

5. This part of the case requires students to print hard copies of each table in data sheet view
and also to create a report, documenting their relationships.

SM 8.6
 Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems, 13th Edition, by Simkin, Rose, and Norman

8-18 BSN Bicycles II (Creating Queries in Access)

1 and 2. Create a database of records. This is a continuation of Case 8-17.

3. Create a query that selects all customers living in TX or MA. The results depend upon the
underlying data that each student creates.

4. Create a query that selects all customers living in zip code 12345. The selected records will
depend upon the underlying data that each student creates.

5. Create a query that selects all customers living in Texas with zip code 12345. The resulting
records depend upon the underlying data that each student creates.

6. Create a query that selects all credit customers. The resulting records will depend upon the
underlying data that each student creates.

8-19. Furry Friends Foundation I (Creating a New Database from Scratch)

This case introduces students to a relational database. It requires them to set up the database,
create tables, and connect them using relationships.
1.

2. The Contributor ID is used as the primary key for the FFF contributor table. The key is
unique and a donation statement can be produced for each contributor for his or her use when
filing state or federal taxes.

3. Each student will need to add a unique contributor ID, their last name, first name, street
address, city, state, zip and phone number using the correct formats.

SM 8.7
 Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems, 13th Edition, by Simkin, Rose, and Norman

4. The relationships between the tables are joined by Contributor ID in the Contributor File and
Donation File. The link between the Donation File and the Animal Code File is the Animal
Code.

8-20. Furry Friends Foundation II (Creating Queries for Databases)

1. This is a continuation of Case 8-19.

2. This requires students to create three records using their own name and contributions to the
three different categories of dogs, cats, and unspecified. The results depend upon the
underlying data that each student creates.

3. Create a query of all contributors donating to cats. The results should include the entry that
the student made for himself/herself. The construct for this query is:

4. Create a query of all contributors who donated over $50. If the student made contributions
over $50, the donation will also be reflected in this query. The construct for this query is:

SM 8.8
 Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems, 13th Edition, by Simkin, Rose, and Norman

5. Create a query of all contributors who donated over $100 to dogs. If the student made a
contribution over $100 to dogs, it will be reflected in this query. The construct for this query
is:

8-21. Benjamin Department Store (Data Validation Using a DBMS)

1. Create a record structure as specified in the problem. The primary key should be the Social
Security number—not the last name. The “Required?” setting for each data field must be
changed to “yes”.

2. This problem requires the following validation rules:

Data field Validation Rule Validation text

Work Phone extension: >100 And <999 see below
Pay rate: >=12.50 And <=55.00 see below
No. of tax exemptions: <=6 see below
Department Code: "A" Or "B" Or "C" see below

SM 8.9
 Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems, 13th Edition, by Simkin, Rose, and Norman

3. Example records:

Social Tax
Last First Security Work Phone Exemp Depart
Name Name Number Home Phone Extension Pay Rate -tions - ment
Smith Andrew 123-45-6789 (111) 222-3333 123 $ 9.90 1 A
Strawser Barbara 234-56-7890 (222) 333-4444 143 $ 10.20 2 B
Wolfe Carolyn 345-67-8899 (333) 444-4567 456 $ 22.35 3 C

4. Examples of validation text messages (not necessarily the ones for the problem):

SM 8.10
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8-22. North Beach College (Enforcing Referential Integrity)

1. Suggested data types for each field in the database tables are as follows:

Table Data field Data type

Car Registration Table Social Security Number Text
Last Name Text
First Name Text
Phone Number Text
License Plate State Text
License Plate Number Text
Ticket File Table Ticket Number Numeric (Integer)
License Plate State Text
License Plate Number Text
Date Date
Violations Code Text
Fine Numeric (floating point)
Parking Violations Code Table Code Text
Explanation Text

2. This part of the case requires students to create three records in the car registration table and
three records in the Parking Violations Code table.

3. This part of the case requires students to create at least three parking tickets for each car
registrant.

4. This part of the case requires students to create a record in the ticket file that contains a non-
existent ticket code in the parking Violations Code file. They should be able to do this
because no safeguards have yet been installed to stop them.

5. This part of the case requires students to link the tables together and to enforce referential
integrity.

6. This part of the case requires students to again create a record in the ticket file that contains a
non-existent ticket code in the parking Violations Code file. Now, they should not be able to
do so because the database system enforces referential integrity.

7. This part of the case requires students to attempt to delete a record from the Parking
Violations code table. They should not be able to do so because the database system
enforces referential integrity.

SM 8.11
Other documents randomly have
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 544. [OE. ǣfre-ylc.] See Eche, Ich, &c.
Euerichon, pron. every one, II 189; Euerilkone, XVI 311 (in
apposition to prec. noun). [Prec. + OE. ān.]
Everydel, adv. in every detail, XII a 147. [Eueri + Dele, q.v.]
See Somdel.
Euermare, Euermore, adv. (for) evermore, ever after, I 97, II
213, IV a 20, VIII a 236, XIV b 64, &c.; now and always, VI
231. [OE. ǣfre + māre.] See Mor(e).
Euermo, adv. evermore, II 168. [OE. ǣfre + mā.] See Mo.
Euyll. See Yuel.
Evidence, n. evidence, indication (of what is to come), XII a
128. [OFr. evidence.]
Evin, Euyn. See Euen(e).
Euþer, conj.; euþer ... and, both ... and, VII 57. [OE. ǣg-
hwæþer, ǣgweþer.] See Aither.
Examyne, v. to examine, test, IX 295, 297, 300. [OFr.
examiner.]
Excellent, adj. surpassing, IX 270, 330; Exellently, adv.;
exellently of alle þyse oþer, conspicuously among all these
others, V 355. [OFr. excellent.]
Excuse(n), v. to excuse, V 63, 360, XI b 8, 145, &c. [OFr.
excuser.]
Exile, n.; en exile, in exile, II 493. [OFr. en exile.]
Expownd, v. to expound; I expownd, it is my opinion, XVII 440.
[OFr. expondre.]
Expres, v. to express, XVII 13. [OFr. expresser.]
Expresse, adv. definitely, XI b 63. [OFr. expres, adj.]

Fabill, Fable, n. fable, fabulous tale, VI 232, VII 34, X introd.

[OFr. fable.]
Face, n. face, V 303, &c.; distrib. sg. (see Hert), XIII a 33; in His
face, to His face, openly, XI b 179; mannes face, VIII a 234 (note).
[OFr. face.]
Fader, Fadir, -yr, Uader (III), n. father, I 122, II 29, III introd.,
VIII b 37, IX 286, &c.; Fadir, gen. sg. XVI 79; Fadris, XVI 36.
[OE. fæder.]
Fadirhode, n. fatherhood (as title), IX 294. [Prec. + OE. hād.]
Faggatis, n. pl. fagots, X 111. [OFr. fagot.] See Flaggatis.
Faght. See Fight.
Fai, Fay, n. faith, XIV c 7; in French formula par ma fay, by my
troth, VI 129. [OFr. fei.] See Feith, Parfay.
Faierie. See Fairi.
Fayll, n. in withoutten fayll, without fail, XVII 149. [OFr. faille.]
Fail(l)e, Fayl, v. to fail, be wanting, VIII a 320, XI b 186, XIV c
35, XVII 274, &c.; faile (fayl) of, to fail in, miss, XVI 157, XVII
492; Fayled, 2 sg. pa. t. were at fault, V 288; Failet, pl. in
f. hym, he lacked, VII 175. [OFr. faillir.]
Fayn(e), adj. glad, VI 33, 90, VIII a 266, 295; fayn I wold (that),
I would be glad (if), XVII 526. [OE. fægen.]
Fayned. See Feynen.
Fair(e), Fayr(e), Feyre (I), Uayre (III), adj. fair, beautiful, I
63, II 70, XV c 13, &c.; excellent, good, &c., I 260, III 2, V
250, VI 130, XIII a 30, &c.; seemly, I 80; as sb. in þat faire,
that fair being, IV a 81; fayre myght the befall, may good
luck come to you, XVII 514; Feyrest, Fairest, Farest,
superl. II 53, XV c 28, XVII 79, &c.; as sb. the fairest
(season), VII 99. [OE. fæger.]
Faire, Fayre, adv. fairly; courteously, VIII a 25; well, V 161, XVII
255; deftly, V 241; properly (set out), VII 82. [OE. fægre.]
Fayre(s). See Fare, v.
Fairi, -y, Feyré, Faierie (XII), n. faëry, fairyland, II 10 (the
feyré), II 283, 562; magic, II 193, 404, 492, XII b 67. [OFr.
faierie.]
Fairnise, n. beauty, II 56. [OE. fæger-nes.]
Fais. See Foo, n.
Faitest, 2 sg. pres. beg under false pretences, VIII b 30. [Back-
formation from Faitour.]
Fayth, &c. See Feith.
Faitour, n. impostor; beggar, or idler, feigning disease or injury,
VIII a 115, 177; (as term of abuse), XVI 157, 209. [OFr.
faitour.]
Falce. See Fals.
Fall, n. fall, XII b 14. [OE. (ge-)fall.]
Falle(n), Fall, v. to fall; Fel, Fell(e), pa. t. sg. I 23, VII 25, XII
b 28, &c.; Fyl, I introd., 25, 28, 186; Falled, V 175;
Fell(en), pl. VII 95, IX 149; Fyl, Fillen, I 194, II 15; Fal,
Falle(n), pp. VII 93 (slain), XII b 57, XVII 521, &c.; fal yn a
swone (corrupt. of fallyn aswone; see Aswone), I 195. To
fall (down), I 194, II 327, &c.; fel on slepe, fell asleep, II 72;
to happen, turn out, come to pass, I 23, II 8, V 183, 310
(see Foule), VII 25, XII b 18, &c.; (with dat. pron.) to
happen to, befall, VII 171, XII b 28, 184; to fall to one's
share, V 175, 259, VII 76; hit fell hom of a foule ende, an
evil fate overtook them, VII 180; as fell for the wintur, for
winter, VII 124. And my fry shal with me fall, my children
who will share my fate (? or who I may happen to have)
XVII 66; Fallyng, n. VII 109. [OE. fallan.] See Befalle.
Fals(e), Falce, adj. false, lying, dishonest, V 314, VII 18, VIII a
213, XI a 11, XVII 35, 201, &c.; as sb. VII 41; Falsly, adv. XI
b 81. [OE. fals, from L. falsus.]
Falshed, n. lying, VII 34. [Prec. + OE. *hǣdu.]
Falssyng, n. breaking of faith (applied to the girdle as the
cause; cf. Kest), V 310. [From ME. fals(i)en; cf. OFr. falser.]
Fame, n. rumour, tale, XII b 189; of good f., of good repute, XVII
141. [OFr. fame.]
Famyn, n. famine, VIII a 319. [OFr. famine.]
Fand(e). See Fynde(n).
Fang. See Fonge.
Fantasyes, n. pl. delusions, imaginings, IX 84, XI b 73. [OFr.
fantasie.]
Fantosme, n. illusion, XII b 75. [OFr. fantosme.]
Fare, n. behaviour, practices, V 318, XVI 158; his feynit fare þat
he fore with, the deceit he practised, VII 44. [OE. faru.] See
Wel-fare.
Fare, Fayre (XVII), v. to go, fare, behave, II 604, XVII 190, 255,
415; fare by, to, wiþ, behave towards, treat, I 256, VI 107,
XIV c 95; fareȝ well, &c., farewell, V 81, XVII 238; Fore, pa.
t. VII 93; fore with, practised, VII 44; dealt with, VII 176;
Faren, pp. departed, gone (by), VII 29, VIII a 99. [OE.
faran.] See Ferde, pa. t.
Farest. See Faire.
Farleis. See Ferly, n.
Fasor, n. appearance, VI 71. [OFr. faisure.]
Fast(e), adv. securely, I 101, II 94, IX 173, XII b 30, &c.; as
intensive adv. varying with context, II 118, V 335, VIII a 102,
XI b 187, XII b 69, XVI 107, XVII 488, &c.; quickly, V 147, XI b
274, XII b 104, &c.; fast by, hard by, XIII a 50. [OE. fæste.]
Fastes, 3 pl. pres. fast, IV b 49. [OE. fæstan.]
Fath. See Feith.
Fauco(u)n, n. falcon, II 307, 312, VIII a 32, &c. [OFr.
fauco(u)n.]
Fauntis, n. pl. children, VIII a 278. [Shortened from OFr.
enfa(u)nt.]
Fauour(e), n. grace, beauty, VI 68, XVII 79. [OFr. favour.]
Fautlest, adj. superl. in on þe f., the (one) most faultless, V
295. [Error for, or red. of, fautlesest; OFr. faute + OE. -
lēas.]
Fautours, n. pl. supporters, XI a 1, 49. [L. fautor.]
Fawty, adj. faulty, V 314, 318. [From ME., OFr. faute, n.]
Fe. See Fee, n.1
Feaw, Few(e), adj. pl. few, VI 212, VII 52, XIII b 50, XV a 19,
&c. [OE. fēawe.] See Fone.
Fecche, v. to fetch, VIII a 150; Fette(n), pa. t. VIII a 287, XII b
150, XVI 382; Yfet, pp. II 170. [OE. fetian, feccan.]
Fede, v. to feed, VIII a 247, XI b 281; Fedde, pa. t. VIII a 292, XI
b 278, &c.; Uedde, subj. would feed, III 8; Fedde, pp. IV b
39. [OE. fēdan.]
Fedynge, n. feeding; in f. of, for feeding, XI b 258. [OE.
fēding.]
Fee, Fe, n.1 goods, XVII 309, 326. [OE. fe(o)h, fēo-.] Distinguish
next.
Fee, n.2 fee (as a term of venery, the share given to the dog,
falcon, &c.); some small gain in their hunting, XVII 490.
[OFr. feu, fe, &c.]
Feeldes; Feele; Feende; Feere; Feest. See Feld(e); Fele,
adj.; Fende; Fere n.1,2; Fest.
Feghtande. See Fight.
Feye, adj. doomed to die, XV c 20. [OE. fǣge.]
Feill. See Fele, adj.
Feynd(is). See Fend(e).
Feyne(n), Fayne (VII), v. to feign, pretend, invent, VII 41, XI b
1, 81, &c.; feyned hem, pretended to be, VIII a 115; to
falsify, VII 34; Feynit, pp. false, VII 18; feynit fare, deceit,
VII 44. [OFr. feindre, feign-.]
Feyré; Feyre(st). See Fairi; Faire.
Feith, Fayth, Fath (XVII), &c., n. faith, XI b 13, 171, XVI 364,
&c.; plighted word, troth, V 216; bi my feith, in (god) fayth,
&c., upon my word, V 297, VIII a 266, XVII 228, 330, &c.
[OFr. feid, later fei.] See Fai.
Feythful, adj. honest, VIII a 247; Feithfulliche, adv. honestly,
VIII a 71; Faithfully, accurately, VII 78. [Prec. + OE. -ful.]
Fel. See Falle(n).
Felaȝschip, Felaschipe (XII), Felaushepe (I), Felowship
(XVII), n. community, I introd.; company, in bere, don f.
(with dat. pron.), keep (one) company, V 83, XII a 24;
friendship, XVII 363. [Next + OE. -scipe.]
Felawe, Felowe, n. fellow, I introd., XIV d 7, 16;
(contemptuous), XVI 284. [OE. fēo-laga, from ON. fé-lagi.]
Feld(e), Filde, Fylde, n. field, II 60, VIII a 134, 232; field of
battle, VII 45, 93; Feeldes, pl. XIII a 19. [OE. féld.] See
Afelde.
Fele, Feele (XVI), Feill (X), Uele (III), adj. many, II 401, 522, III
2, V 349, VI 79, VII 29, X 55, 63, 141, XV b 10, XVI 61, &c.
[OE. fela, adv.]
Fele, Feele, v. to feel, perceive, experience, IV a 25, b 45, V
125, XIII a 26, XVI 346 (see Fitte), XVII 121, &c.; 2 sg. subj. V
204; Felte, pa. t. I 156, 163. [OE. fēlan.]
Fell, v. to fell; to destroy, IV a 47. [OE. fellan.]
Fell(e), Fellen. See Falle(n).
Fell(e), adj. deadly, cruel, V 154, VI 7, VII 82, 109, XIV b 33;
Felly, Fellyche (I), adv. cruelly, terribly, I 130; fiercely, V
234. [OFr. fel.]
Felloune, adj. grim, deadly, X 115, 192. [OFr. feloun.]
Femayll, Femele (IX), adj. female, IX 58, XVII 152. [OFr.
femelle.]
Fend(e), n. devil, Devil, V 125, VIII a 82, IX 93, XI b 3, 220, XVI
340, &c.; Feende, XVI 9, 14, &c.; Feynd, XVII 35, 43. [OE.
fēond.]
Fende, v. to defend, XVI 30. [Shortened from Defende, q.v.]
Fenyl, n. fennel, XV b 18. [OE. finu(g)l.]
Fenyx, n. Phœnix, VI 70. [OE. fenix, L. phœnix.]
Fer, Ferre, Far, adj. and adv. far, IV b 36, V 24, XIII a 27, XV g 5,
XVII 439, &c.; as fer as, in so far as, IX 293; (vn)to the
fer(re) ende, to the very end, VII 78, 95. Fer(re), Fyrre (V,
 VI),compar. farther, V 83, XIV b 18; away, XVI 156, 336;
further, VII 97; moreover, V 53, VI 184; fyrre þen, beyond, VI
203. [OE. feorr; feorr, firr compar.] See Ferforth, Fyrþer.
Ferde, n. fear, in for ferde, in fear, V 62, 204, XVII 315. [Prob.
false division of forfer(e)d, pp., terrified; OE. *forfǣran, -
fēran.] See next.
Ferd(e), pp. afraid, V 314, XIV b 93, XVII 102; at XVI 209 rime
requires flaide (see Flay and note). [OE. fǣran, fēran.]
Ferd(e), pa. t. fared, XII a 43, 145; ferd with, dealt with, X 172.
[OE. fēran.] See Fare, v.
Fere, Feere (XVI), n.1 companion, XV f 5; wife, V 343, XVI 352.
[OE. fēra.]
Fere, Feere, n.2 company, in in fere, &c., all together,
collectively, XVI 126, 364, 385. [OE. ge-fēre; but this use is
prob. partly developed from ME. y-fere(n), OE. ge-fēran,
pl., (as) companions.] See Yfere.
Fere, n.3 fear, VIII a 177, 292. [OE. fǣr, fēr.]
Fere, n.4 outward appearance, VII 18. [Shortened from OFr.
afe(i)re.]
Fere-flunderys, n. pl. fiery sparks, XV h 12. [See Fyr; cf. Mn.E.
and dial. flinders, splinters.]
Ferforth, adv. far, XII b 190. [OE. feorr + forþ.] See Fer.
Ferked, pa. t. sg. flowed, V 105. [OE. fer(e)cian, go.]
Ferly, adj. wonderful, II 4 (note); adv. wondrously, extremely, I
145, XV b 10. [OE. fǣr-līce, suddenly, prob. infl. by ON.
ferliga monstrously; see next.]
Ferly, n. a marvel, V 346, X 134; Farleis, Ferlies, pl. VII 95, XVI
61. [OE. fǣr-lic, sudden, prob. infl. by ON. ferlíki (ME.
ferlike) monster.] See prec.
Ferre. See Fer.
Ferryit, pp.; f. wes, had farrowed, X 109. [Formed on farrow,
ferry; OE. færh, ferh, young pig.]
Fers(e), adj. fierce, bold, II 293, XIV b 33, XVI 131. [OFr. fer-s,
nom. sg.] See Fuersly.
Fersch, adj. fresh, XIII a 29, 49. [OE. fersc.] See Fresch.
Ferste, Uerst. See Furst.
Feruent, adj. hot, IX 10; burning bright, XVII 8; eager, XVII 77.
[OFr. fervent.]
Fest, Feest (XVII), n. feast, festival, V 333, XVII 454 (? with
topical allusion to the Corpus Christi festivities). [OFr. feste.]
Feste-dayes, n. feast-days (of the Church), VIII b 30. [From
prec.]
Fest(e), v. make fast, confirm, XVI 340; pa. t. V 279; pp. fixed,
made fast, IV a 1, 82, XVI 335, 337. [OE. fæstan; on the
vowel see Cast.]
Festnyt, pp. fastened, X 124. [OE. fæstnian; see prec.]
Fet(e). See Fote.
Fethre-bed, n. feather-bed, XII a 94. [OE. feþer-bedd.]
Fette(n). See Fecche, Fote.
Feurþe, adj. fourth, XIII a 18. [OE. fēorþa, fēowerþa.] See
Fowre.
Fewe. See Feaw.
Ficht. See Fight.
Fift, Fyft, adj. fifth, VII 129, X 2. [OE. fī̆ fta.]
Fyfteyn; Uyf-, Vif-, Vyftene (III); adj. fifteen, III 21, 26, 29,
XVII 443. [OE. fī̆ ftēne.]
Fight, Fyght(e), Fiȝte, v. to fight, IV b 26, VIII a 36, XVI 131,
&c.; Ficht, X 66; Fiste, XV g 31 (see Appendix, p. 278);
fyght with, oppose, XVII 138; Faght, pa. t. sg. XVI b 48;
Foght, pl. VII 45; Feghtande, pres. p. in are f., fight, IV b
18; Yfouȝte, pp. VIII a 146. [OE. fe(o)htan.]
Fight, Fiht, n. fighting, battle, VII 29, 52, XIV c 60; Ficht, X 115,
198. [OE. fe(o)hte.]
Figure, n. shape, XII a 114. [OFr. figure.]
Fyked, pa. t. sg. flinched, V 206. [OE. *fician; cf. be-fician, and
next.]
Fikel, adj. fickle, XIV c 7. [OE. ficol.]
Fyl. See Falle(n).
Filde, Fylde. See Feld.
File, n. worthless creature, XIV b 47. [ON. fýla.]
Fyled, pp. sharpened, V 157. [OE. fīlian, to file; or OFr. afiler.]
See Fylor.
Fill, v. to fill, XVII 180. [OE. fyllan.]
Fill(e), Fulle, n. one's fill, II 256, VIII a 261, XVII 207. [OE. fyllo.]
Fille, n. chervil (see Cheruelles), or wild-thyme, XV b 18. [OE.
fille; in glosses fil, cerfille = cerpillum (i.e. serpyllum thyme,
but perhaps confused with chærephyllum, chervil).]
Fillen. See Falle(n).
Fylor, n. whet-stone, V 157. [Cf. OFr. afiloir.] See Fyled.
Filthe, n. filth, IV a 37, b 16; corruption, XVI 380 (see note).
[OE. fylþ.]
Fyn(e), adj. fine, VII 175, IX 64. [OFr. fin.] See Fine.
Finaly, adv. in the end, XII b 107. [From OFr. final.]
Fynde(n), Finde, Fynd, v. to find, discover, II 1, 256 (subj.), VI
148, VII 82, IX 75, XIII a 17, XVI 6, XVII 330, &c.; to get, XII a
17, XVI 288; to invent, devise, II 4, 14, XI b 137; to provide
for, VIII b 80; to provide one with (as fynden hem tode), VIII
a 71, b 21, 27, 51, 92; founden me to scole, provided the
means to put me to school, VIII b 37; founden with,
provided with, XI b 140. Fint, Fynt, 3 sg. pres. (OWS. fint)
II 239, VIII b 92; Fand, pa. t. sg. X 182, 186; Fond(e), I 37,
II 426, VIII b 41, XII a 59, XV a 13, &c.; Founde, II 537, 569
(subj.); Fande, pl. XVI 62; Found, Founde(n), II 309, VII
172, VIII b 37; Fon, pp. XVII 503; Fonden, IV a 63;
Founde(n), I 229, VII 66, XI b 140, &c.; Fun, XIV b 93;
Funden, XIV b 47, 50; Yfounde, II 4, 14, XIII a 64. [OE.
fíndan.]
Fyndynge, n. finding, IX 234; invention, XI b 226. [From prec.]
Fine, adv. extremely, very, II 94. [Cf. Afine, Fyn; see Zupitza,
(15th c.) Guy of Warwick, l. 9086 (note).]
Fynen, pres. pl. refine, IX 45. [OFr. finer.]
Fynger, Finger, n. finger, II 109, VI 106, VIII a 10. [OE. finger.]
Fint, Fynt. See Fynde(n).
Fyr(e), Fire, Fuyr, n. fire, II 398, IV a 6, XII a 69, XIII a 3, 4,
&c.; Fere, in fere-flunderys (q.v.), XV h 12. [OE. fȳr (Kt.
fēr).]
Firmament, n. firmament, heavens, VII 124, 134, XVII 7, 422.
[(Christian) L. firmāmentum; first appears in E. c. 1050.]
Fyrre. See Fer.
Firste, Fyrst(e). See Furst(e).
Fyrþer, adv. further, I 255. [OE. furþor, ? infl. by firr.] See Fer,
Forþer.
Fysch, Fische, Fysh, n. fish, VIII a 305, XIII a 37, XVII 3. [OE.
fisc.]
Fiste. See Fight.
Fitte, n.; fele þi fitte, undergo your turn of woe, XVI 346. [ME.
fit, terrible or violent experience, &c.; ? OE. (once) fitt,
contest.]
Fyue; Uif, Vif, Vyf (III); adj. five, III 22, 23, 27, V 125, VI 91
(see Þo, adv.), VIII a 319, XIII b 32, &c. [OE. fīf.]
Flaggatis, n. pl. fagots, X 23, 25, 27. [? Alteration of Faggatis,
q.v.; another reading is fagaldis.]
Flaȝ(e). See Fle(n), Flye.
Flay, v. to put to flight; terrify, XVII 380; Flaide, pp. *XVI 209
(required by rime; MS. ferde). [OE. flēgan.]
Flayles, n. pl. flails, VIII a 178. [OE. *flegel, fligel; OFr. flaiel.]
Flapten, pa. t. pl. lashed, laid on, VIII a 178. [Cf. Du., G.,
flappen.]
Flasshet, pa. t. sg. flashed, VII 134. [Obscure.]
Flaw. See Flye.
Flawme, n. flame, IV a 14, 66. [OFr. flaume.]
Fle(n), v. to flee, V 57, 62, XV i 16, XVII 292, 296; Fles, 2 sg.
pres. V 204; Flese, pres. pl. IV b 86; Fleth, imper. pl. XIV d
14; Flaȝ(e), pa. t. sg. V 206, 208 (second); Fley, XI b 273;
Flowen, pl. VIII a 177; Fled, pa. t. and pp. XIV b 48, 51,
80. [OE. flēon, str.] See Flye.
Flee, Fle(e)ynge, Fleȝe; see Flye. Fley; see Fle(n).
Fleme, n. a fugitive, XV b 36. [OE. flēma.]
Flemmynges, n. pl. Flemings, people from Flanders, XIII b 7.
[OE. *flǣming; cf. ON. flǽming-r, MDu. vlāming.]
Fles(e). See Fle(n).
Flesch(e), Flessche, Flessh(e), n. flesh, meat, I 129 (note), V
245, VIII a 18, 150, 305, IX 141; flesshe or bone, a limb, I
197. [OE. flǣ̆ sc.]
Flesch(e)ly, adj. carnal, of the body, IV a 57, b 71; Flecshly,
carnal-minded, worldly, XI b 158. [OE. flǣ̆ sc-lic.]
Flete, v. to float; Flietende, pres. p. XII a 157; Flett, pp. XVII
436. [OE. flēotan, str.]
Fleth. See Fle(n).
Flett, n. floor, XVII 223. [OE. flett.]
Flex, n. flax, VIII a 13. [OE. flex.]
Flye, Flyghe, Flee (IV), v. to fly, I 193, IV b 4, 30, 38, 41, &c.;
Flaȝ, pa. t. sg. V 208 (first); Flaw, X 92; Fleȝe, was, VI 71
(note); Fle(e)ynge, pres. p. IX 148, 252; Flone, pp. XVII
487. [OE. flē(o)gan.] See Fle(n).
Flyeghynge, Flyghyng(e), n. flying; of gude (ill) fl., strong
(weak) in flight, IV b 34, 35, 38. [From prec.]
Flietende. See Flete.
Flyt, Flitte, v. trans. and intr. to move, remove, escape, depart,
XVI 210, 336, 340 (subj.), XVII 223, 263; Flyt, pa. t. XVII 17;
 Flyt, Flit(t), pp. XVII 454, 540; in synder flit, separated, XIV
c 31. [ON. flytja.]
Flo, Floo, v. to flow, XVII 101, 115. [OE. flōwan, ON. flóa.]
Flone. See Flye.
Flood(e), Flod(e), n. flood, water, stream, V 105, VII 160, XII a
166, XVI 76; (in pl.) waters, waves, VII 123, 142, 171;
floods, VII 109, VIII a 320, XVII 101, &c. [OE. flōd.]
Floterand, pres. p. weltering, tossing, VII 160. [OE. floterian.]
Flour, Flowre, n. flower, II 60, 67, IV a 57, XV e 19, &c.; in the
floures, in the bloom, XII introd.; excellence, in bar þe flour,
excelled (all), XIV c 23; flour, VIII a 150. [OFr. flour; the
sense in VIII was not differentiated in spelling until end of
18th cent.]
Flowen. See Fle(n).
Flowyng, n. flood, XVII 540. [From OE. flōwan.] See Flo.
Flume, n.; flume Iordanne, River Jordan, XVI 76. [OFr. flum.]
Fo. See Foo.
Fode, Foode, n. food, VII 175, VIII a 21, 71, 200, 264, XVI 10
(see Frute), &c. [OE. fōda.] See Fede.
Foght; Fois. See Fight; Foo.
Foysoune, n. abundance, great number, X 166. [OFr. foison.]
Fold(e), n. earth, in (vp)on folde, allit. tag of little meaning, V
305, XIV b 18. [OE. fólde.]
Fold(e), quasi-sb. (variety, repetition) in many oþer folde,
manifold other things, I 20; other wise many fold, in
manifold other fashions, XVII 54; bi foldis seuen, seven
times, XVII 13. [False division of OE. manig-fáld, seofon-fáld,
&c., where -fáld is adj. suffix.]
Folde, v. to fold; enfold, XV f 9, 10; Folde, pp. (? or pa. t.) in
folde vp, ? covered with her hands, or upturned, VI 74. [OE.
fáldan.]
Fole, Folys, &c. See Fool.
Folehardi, adj. foolhardy, II 426. [OFr. fol-hardi.] See Fool.
Folȝed. See Folwen.
Foly, n. folly, I 67, XI b 123. [OFr. folie.]
Folk(e), n. people, II 389, VIII a 292, 295, &c.; mortals, VII 45;
Folkes, pl. peoples, XVI 70. [OE. folc.]
Folwen, v. to accompany, VIII a 2; Folȝed, pa. t. V 354 (see
note). [OE. folgian.]
Fome, n. foam, VII 172. [OE. fām.]
Fomen, n. pl. foemen, XIV c 85. [OE. fāh-mann.] See Foo.
Fon, Fond(e), Fonden. See Fynde(n).
Fonde, v. to endeavour, seek (to), VIII a 213, XII a 183, XII b
171, XIII b 24; Fondet, pa. t. V 57. [OE. fándian, fóndian.]
Fone, Fune, adj. and pron. few, XIV a 28, 29, XVII 99. [ME. also
fo; ? obscurely rel. to Feaw, q.v.]
Fonge, v. to get, take, VI 79, 119; Fang, XVII 245. [OE. fōn, ge-
fángen; cf. ON. fanga.] See Onderuonge.
Fonnyd, (pp.) adj. infatuated, XI b 37, 38, 76, 167, 215. [From
ME. fon(ne), fool; obscure.]
Foo, adv. as an enemy, fiercely, V 258. [OE. fāh, fā-.]
Foo, n. foe, XIV d 12; Fo, II 112, VIII b 60; frende nor foo,
nobody, XVI 287; ichon other fo, each hostile to the other,
every man against his neighbour, XVII 112; Fais, pl. X 55,
65, 197, Fois, XVI 30; Fooes, XVI 386. [OE. ge-fā.]
Fool, Fol(e), n. fool, I 30, V 346, XI b 42, 184, &c. [OFr. fol.]
For, conj. for, I 109, XVII 231, &c.; Uor, III 6, 8, &c.; because, V
300, VII 178, VIII a 235, 237, XIII b 16, XVI 258, 295; so that,
XII a 93, 194, XVI 251; for that, so that, XII b 133. [OE. for
þam (þe), for, because; for þȳ þæt, so that.] See Forþi.
For; Uor, Vor (III); prep. for (i) Cause: because of, on account
of, through, I 134, II 32, III 17, IV b 35, V 279, VII 183, IX
130, X 136, XI a 32, b 28, 256, XV b 24, &c.; for of (OFr. de
par) for sake of, XV d 5; for why (whi)? and why?, XVII 14,
 284, 518; for (fear of), V 57, 199, XVII 102, &c.; (as
precaution) against, VIII a 9, 62, 87, 209, 306, XIV a 36, XV h
12. (ii) Indir. object: for (benefit of), III introd., VIII a 278,
&c.; for sake, on behalf, of, I 90, III 40, IV a 88, &c. (iii) Dir.
object: for (purpose of), with a view to, to get, &c., IV a 69,
VII 32, 88, VIII a 230, X 41, XI b 126, 182, 235, XVI 220, &c.;
for (uor) to, for te, in order to, so as to, I 81, II 568, III
introd., 44, XV b 30, c 18, &c.; for till, X 149, 169; as equiv.
of for with vbl. sb., X 8, 33, 105; merely equiv. of to, till, I
21, II 37, X 143, &c. (iv) Equivalence: in favour of, VII 13, XI
b 215; (in exchange, return, &c.) for, IV a 42, V 284, VIII b
76, IX 190, XI b 162, XV g 20, &c.; as result of, IX 201; for,
as, VII 49, 50, VIII a 206, XII a 180, XIV c 92, &c. (v)
Reference: with regard to, III 9, &c.; for the, for all you
care, XVII 193; in spite of, II 571, V 64, XIV a 24, XVI 146; for
all(e), despite (all), I 73, 86, XIV b 23, XVI 158. (vi) Time:
during, VI 226, VIII a 236, &c. See Maystrie, Nones, Soþe;
Þar(e), Þere(fore), &c. [OE. for(e).]
Forbede, v. to forbid, VI 19; forbede þat (with neg.), forbid to, I
78; Forbodyn, pp. I 7. [OE. for-bēodan.] See Bede, v.
Forbere, v. to spare, XIV b 12. [OE. for-beran.] See Bere, v.
Forbette, pp. cruelly beaten, IV a 86. [OE. for- + bēatan, str.]
See Bete, v.1
Force, n. strength, XVI 210. [OFr. force.]
Fordo, v. to destroy, XVII 100, 114; Fordon(e), pp. XVII 145;
ben fordon, come to grief, Introduction xv. [OE. for-dōn.]
See Do(n).
Fore. See Fare, v.
Forest, n. forest; wild, unenclosed, and partly wooded, land, II
160, 246. [OFr. forest.]
Foret. See Forþ.
Forfete, v. to transgress, V 326; Forfette, pa. t. XVI 352. [From
OFr. forfait, -fet, n.
Forgaa. See Forgon.
Forgete, v. to forget, IV a 79; Forgetynge, n. IV b 68. [OE. for-
+ ON. geta; cf. OE. forgetan.] See Gete, Forȝete.
Forgon, v. to give up, XV b 35; Forgoo, V 142; Forgaa, IV b
31. [OE. for-gān.]
Forȝ, n. force, waterfall, V 105 (the earliest recorded instance in
E.). [ON. fors.]
Forȝelde, v. to repay, VIII a 272. [OE. for-géldan.] See Ȝelde.
Forȝete, v. to forget, XI b 157; Forȝete, pp. XII b 202, XIV c 8,
&c. [OE. for-getan.] See Forgete, Vnderȝete.
Forȝeue, v. to forgive, IX 324. [OE. for-gefan.] See Ȝeue.
Forloyne, v. to go astray, VI 8. [OFr. forloignier.]
Forlorn, (pp.) adj. ruined, in pitiful plight, I 136, II 127. [OE.
for-loren, pp.] See Lese, v.1
Forme, adj. superl. first, V 305. [OE. forma.]
Forme. See Fourme.
Forne, adv. of old, V 354. [OE. foran, forne.]
Forsake, Fursake (XV), v. to deny, XV g 33; forsake, V 312;
(foll. by infin.) to refuse to, neglect to, XV c 19, XVII 273;
Forsoke, pa. t. sg. forsook, II 227. [OE. for-sacan.]
Forschape, pp. transformed (to something worse), XII a 8. [OE.
for-scapen, pp.] See Schap(e).
Forschreynt, pp. withered (by fire), II 398. [OE. for-screncan,
oppress, rel. to forscrincan, wither.]
Forseyde, pp. aforesaid, XIII b 49; Uore-yzede, Uorzede, III
19, 23. [OE. fore-sægd (Kt. -sēd).]
Forsworn, adj. perjured, XIV a 21. [OE. for-sworen.] See
Swere.
Forto, prep. until, XIII a 28, 29. [OE. forþ tō.]
Fortune, n.; by (be) f. by chance, VII 99, 180, IX 207; by good
fortune, VII 171. [OFr. fortune.]
Forþ(e), Forth, adv. forth, away, out, on, forward, II 193, V
248, &c.; Foret, XV g 18 (see Appendix § 6); Fourth(e),
XVI 298, 386; Furþ(e), Furth(e), I 72, 87, X 87, XVI 140,
XVII 480, &c.; forþe ygete, produced, II 14; fra thine furth,
thenceforward, X 130. [OE. forþ, fórþ.]
Forþer, adv. further, II 481. [OE. furþor, forþor.] See Fyrþer.
Forþered, pp. furthered, advanced, XI b 231. [From prec.; cf.
OE. fyrþr(i)an, forþian.]
Forþi (-þy, -thi, -thy), adv. and conj. wherefore, and so,
therefore, II 461, IV b 35, V 42, 50, VIII a 79, 88, b 86, XII
introd., b 170, XV c 22; because, IV b 26. [OE. for-þī, for-þī
þe.]
Forwake, pp. worn out with lying awake, XV c 29. [OE. for- +
wacen, pp. of wæcnan.] See Awake.
Forward(e), n. agreement, covenant, V 279, VIII a 36, XVI 5,
166, 238. [OE. fore-weard, n.]
Forwes, n. pl. furrows, VIII a 98. [OE. furh.]
Fote, Foot(e), Fut (X), n. foot, V 248 (see Spenne), IX 17, &c.;
collect. (dat.) sg. in on fote (fut), on foot, V 295; on their
legs, X 57; vnder fote, XIV c 85; foot's length, V 83, VIII a 2,
XVII 263, 366; Feet, Fet(e), pl. II 79, 441, IX 255, &c.;
Fette, IV b 4; Fote, Foot, orig. gen. pl. in two fote long,
&c., V 157, IX 155, XIII a 38, &c.; orig. dat. pl., in on his, to
(my) fote, V 161, 208, VII 174. [OE. fōt.]
Foul(e), n. bird, II 68, VIII a 32, XV b 6, 10, c 3, &c.;
Fowhel(e), IV b 33; Fowle, IV b 47, XVII 3, 487, &c.;
Fowll, XVII 472; Foull, pl. XVII 156. [OE. fugol.]
Foule, adj. foul, loathsome, bad, II 464, VII 180, VIII a 320, XVI
337, &c.; Uoul, III introd.; adv., in foule mot hit falle, evilly
may it fare, V 310. [OE. fūl.]
Founde, v. to hasten, V 62, 161. [OE. fúndian.]
Founde(n), &c. See Fynde(n).
Fourme, Forme, n. manner, fashion, V 62, IX 305. [OFr.
fo(u)rme.]
Fourth(e). See Forþ(e).
Fourty, Forty, adj. forty, XVII 148, 445, &c. [OE. fēowertig.]
Fowe, adj. streaked or variegated (fur), vair, in fowe and griis
(partial transl. of ME., OFr. vair & gris), II 241. [OE. fāg.]
Fowheles, Fowle(s), Fowll. See Foul(e), n.
Fowre, Four(e), adj. four, I 232, V 33, 157, XIII a 37, &c. [OE.
fēower.] See Feurþe, Fourty.
Fra. See Fro, prep.
Fray, n. strife, XVII 184. [Shortened from Affray, q.v.]
Frayne, v. to inquire, VII 97. [OE. (ge)frægnian.]
Fraist, Frast (XVII), v. to question, inquire of, XVII 183; fraist of,
investigate, VII 97. [ON. freista.]
Fram; Uram. See From.
Franche, adj. French, XIV b 33, 46; Frensche, XIV c 101;
Frankys, n. French language, I introd.; Freynsch, XI a 27,
XIII b 19, &c.; Frensch, XIII b 34, &c. [OE. frencisc; the
forms show infl. of OE. Francan, OFr. France, &c.]
Franklens, n. pl. franklins (men of free, but not noble birth,
holding land by freehold), VIII b 68. [OFr. franclein.]
Frast. See Fraist.
Fraunchyse, n. privilege, or liberality, VI 249; the interpretation
depends on that of Dard, Rescoghe (q.v. and note). [OFr.
franchise.]
Fredom, n. freedom, XI b 150, 205, 206, &c. [OE. frēo-dōm.]
Free, Fre, adj. free, VIII b 68, XVI 295; lavish, VI 121; noble,
good, XVI 5, XVII 327; as sb., noble one, XVII 310; Freest,
superl. noblest, V 354. [OE. frēo.]
Freend. See Frende.
Freike(s). See Freke.
Freynsch. See Franche.
Freke, n. man, knight, V 57, 206, VIII a 212, &c.; Freike, VII
160, 172. [OE. freca.]
Freles, adj. without reproach, VI 71. [ON. frýja + OE. -lēas.]
Frely, adj. pleasant, II 4 (note). [OE. frēolic.]
Frely, adv. freely, IX 90, XI b 201, 245, 258. [OE. frēo-līce.]
Fremmede, adj. not akin, IV b 22. [OE. fremede.]
Frenchype. See Frendschip.
Frende, Freend, n. friend, VI 198, XIV d 12, XVII 118; fr. nor foo,
nobody, XVI 287; Frendes, &c. pl. friends, IV b 22, XIV a 28,
XVI 29, 385; kinsfolk, VIII b 37, 41, XVI 62. [OE. frēond,
friend; ON. frǽndi, kinsman.]
Frendschip, -ship, n. friendship, love, XIV c 3, XVII 121;
Frenchype, IV b 29; Frenship, XVII 362. [OE. frēond-
scipe.]
Frensch. See Franche.
Freris, n. pl. friars, XI a 1, 33, 49, 55. [OFr. frere.]
Fresch, adj. fresh, VIII a 305. [Prob. OFr. freis, fresche (fem.),
rather than OE. fersc.] See Fersch.
Frese, n. danger, in no frese, doubtless, XVII 391. [MDu. vreese
(OFris. frēs, OS. frēsa).]
Frese, v. to freeze, II 247. [OE. frēosan.]
Frete, pa. t. pl. devoured, II 539. [OE. fretan, pa. t. pl. frǣton.]
Frewte. See Frut(e).
Fry, n. offspring, XVII 66, 177. [ON. frǽ, frjó, seed.]
Frydays, n. pl. Fridays, VIII b 30. [OE. frīg(e)dæg.]
Fryed, pp. fried, VIII a 305. [OFr. fri-re.]
Friþ, Fryth, n. woodland, park, II 160, 246, V 83. [OE. fyr(h)þ,
gefyrhþe, wood.]
Fro, Froo, adv. away, XVI 210; to and fro, to and fro, on all
sides, XVII 111. [ON. frá.]
Fro, conj. from the time when, since, VI 15 (cf. fra þat). [As
prec.]
Fro, prep. (away) from, I 76, V 263 (follows pron.), VI 15, VII 90,
VIII a 29, IX 26, &c.; Fra, IV a 18, b 34, X 130, &c.; fra þat,
from when first, IV a 25; þat ... fro, whence, IX 230; ther ...
fro, to where ... from, XII a 33; fro whom ... fro, from whom
(mixed Fr. and E. constr.), IX 329 (see next). [ON. frá.]
From, Fram, prep. from, II 190, 225, VIII a 51, XIII a 27, &c.;
Uram, III introd., 4; uram þet, from the time that, III 38;
adv. in of whom ... from, from whom (mixed E. and Fr.
constr.), IX 78 (see prec.). [OE. from, fram.] See Þere, Þare.
Frote, v. to rub; wring, tear at, II 79; Frotyng, pres. p. grating,
XIII b 59. [OFr. froter.]
Frounse, v. to pucker, V 238. [OFr. fronci(e)r.]
Frut(e), n. fruit, II 257, VIII a 320, IX 143; Fruyt, IX 139, 148,
XIII a 51; Frewte, in f. of erthely foode, ? the fruit of the
tree, which was earthly food, XVI 10. [OFr. fruit.]
Fuersly, adv. fiercely; fuersly fell, turned out stormy, VII 129.
See Fers(e).
Fuyr. See Fyr.
Ful, II 388; see note.
Ful, Full(e), adj. full, complete, II 60, XV e 3, 6, &c.; Uol, III
47; as sb., in at þe full, completely, XI b 198; his fulle, see
Fille. [OE. full.]
Ful, Full(e), adv. full, quite, very, I 22, II 443, 559, IV b 27, V
19, IX 244, &c. [OE. ful.]
Fulfille(n), Fulfylle, v. to fill, IX 331, XII introd.; to fulfil, finish,
perform, accomplish, IV b 15, 73, VIII a 36, 319, IX 317, XI b
86, 88, XVI 6, &c.; Uolueld, pp. III introd. [OE. fulfyllan (Kt.
-fellan).]
Fun, Funden. See Fynde(n).
Fune. See Fone.
Furred, pp. fur-trimmed, VIII a 264. [OFr. fo(u)rrer.]
Fursake. See Forsake.
Furst, adv. first, II 14, XIII b 12, 20; Fyrst, First, I 154, II 121,
XVII 42, &c.; at first, I 226, 228, V 159; firstly, XI a 6, b 5,
&c.; Uerst, at first, III 33; boþ furst and last, throughout,
XIV c 76. [As next.]
Furste, adj. first, original, XIII a 7, b 4, 26; Ferste, XII a 112;
Fyrst(e), I 214, VI 188, &c.; Firste, in atte firste, at once,
VIII a 165. [OE. fyr(e)st, (Kt. ferst).]
Furth(e). See Forþ(e).
Fut. See Fote.
Ga, Gaa. See Go(n).
Gabberes, n. pl. swindlers, IX 112. [From ON. gabba, to mock.]
Gadre, v. to gather, pick up, assemble, XII b 22, 113, 117;
Ged(e)re, Gedyr, IV b 81, V 192, VII 86; Ygadered, pp. III
44; gedereȝ þe rake, ? picks up the path, V 92. [OE.
gæderian.]
Gaf, Gaffe. See Giffe.
Gay(e), adj. gay, gallant, V 297, VII 111; as sb., fair one, VI 73.
[OFr. gai.]
Gayne, n. gain (i.e. the three kisses), V 281. [OFr. gaigne.]
Gaynesay, v. to speak against, IV b 75. [ON. gegn + OE.
secgan.] See Agayn, Seie.
Gam(e), Gaume (I), n. game, play, I 1 (see Somer), 99; sport,
II 315; game (birds), II 309; trickery, XVII 214; merriment,
XVII 529; wiþ game, merrily, II 19; Gamys, pl. rejoicings, XVI
20. [OE. gamen.]
Gan, pa. t. sg.; Gune, XVI 47, &c.; Gan, pl. II 504; Gonne, II
371; Gun, I 193: began, II 118, VIII a 146; (without to) II
425; made, II 438; did (without to, as equiv. of simple past)
I 193, II 77, 78, 272, 371, 495, 504, 510, 530, XVI 47, 286.
[OE. ginnan.] See Begyn(ne); Can, auxil.
Gane. See Go(n).
Gang, v. to go, depart, fare, X 4, XVI 144, 303, XVII 246. [OE.
gángan.]
Garn, n. yarn, thread; ther is garn on the reyll other, there is
other thread on the reel, other business on hand, XVII 298.
[ON. garn.]
Garre, Gar, v. to make, cause to, IV a 26 (subj.), XVI 20, 144,
199, 334, XVII 346; Gert(e), pa. t. and pp. VIII a 296, X
198; caused (men to), X 16, 70, 82, 90, 98, 185; garre dye,
kill, XVI 164; gert ga, cum, sent, brought, X 168, 173. [ON.
gøra; the a forms are difficult to explain.]
Garryng, adj. grating, harsh, XIII b 15. [Cf. MDu., MLG. garren,
v.]
Gase; Gast(e), &c. See Go(n); Gost(e), &c.
Gastli, adj. terrible, XII b 126. [OE. (once) gǣ̆ st-lic; cf. gǣstan,
v.] See Agast; distinguish Gostly.
Gate, n.1 gate, II 379. [OE. gæt, pl. gatu.] See ȝate.
Gate, n.2 way, V 51; hyȝe gate (figuratively) highway, VI 35;
gang (ȝede) his gate, go (went) his way, VI 166, XVI 144;
Gatis, pl. in many gatis, in many ways, XI b 117. [ON.
gata.] See Algate, Sogat, Þusgate.
Gate. See Gete, v.1
Gaud, n. trick, in gaudes and gile, XIV a 18, 30; gaudis and
gilery, XVI 160. [? Cf. AFr. gaudir, to jest.]
Gaume. See Gam(e).
Gawle, n. gall; rancour, VI 103. The spelling and rimes are
noteworthy at so early a date. [OE. galla.]
Ged(e)re, Gedyr. See Gadre.
Gedlyng, n. fellow (contemptuous), XVI 212. [OE. gædeling.]
Gees, n. pl. geese, VIII a 276, b 19. [OE. gōs, pl. gēs.]
Gef. See Giffe.
Geynest, adj. superl. most gracious, XV c 35. [ON. gegn.]
Gentil(l), Gentyl(e), Ientil (III), adj. of gentle birth, III 18,
23, VIII b 82, XIII b 20, &c.; noble, II 463, V 117, VI 245;
gentle, graceful, &c., II 305; docile, XVII 505; þat gentyl,
that gentle lady, VI 242; ientilman, gentleman, III 18, XIV
introd. [OFr. gentil.]
Gere, Geir (X), n. sg. tools, apparatus, necessary things, X 110,
XVII 245, 316, 326; arms, XVI 211; contrivance (the ark), XVII
274; affair, business, V 137. [ON. gervi.]
Gered, pp. attired, V 159. [From prec. in frequent sense
'apparel'.]
Gernier(e), n. garner, storehouse (for corn), III 43, 46. [OFr.
gernier.]
Gert(e). See Garre.
Gesse(n), v. to be of opinion; to expect, XI b 167; to conceive,
form an idea, VI 139 (note). [Cf. MLG. gissen.]
Geste, n. tale, VII introd., Introduction xxxiii. [OFr. geste.]
Gestis, n. pl. joists, frame-timbers, X 5. [OFr. giste.]
Get(e), v.1 to get, find, XIV c 38, 110, XVII 184 (subj.); pres. as
fut. XIV b 3, XVII 299; lay hold of, catch, XVII 339; do get in,
get in (trans.), XVII 326; Gate, pa. t. sg. VII 76; Getyn,
Ygete, pp. in getyn agayne, won back, XVI 11; forþe ygete,
set forth, produced, II 14. [ON. geta.] See Forgete.
Get, v.2 to guard; get for, look out for, XIV a 36. [ON. gǽta.]
Geþ. See Go(n).
Gyaunt, n. giant, VIII a 328. [OFr. geant.]
Gyde, n. guide, VIII a 1. [OFr. guide.]
Gif, Gyf, conj. if, IV a 85; bot gif, unless X 78, 180. [Northern
variant of Ȝif; the g (where not graphic for ȝ) is difficult to
explain.]
Gif(fe), Gyf(fe), v. to give, IV a 18, b 66, V 327, VI 183, XVI
114, &c.; Gyue, XV h 21; Gaf(fe), pa. t. sg. XVI 163, XVII
16; Gef, V 5 (wished), 281 (2 sg.); Gifen, pp. XIV b 88
(surrendered); Gyf(f)ene, IV b 53, 66; gaf in
commaundement, gave orders, XVII 33. [ON. gefa, OSwed.
gifa; see N.E.D.] See Ȝeue.
Gyfte, n. gift, IV b 53, 59, 69, VI 247; giving (? or privilege), VI
205. [ON. gift.] See Ȝiftis.
Gile, Gyle, n. guile, treachery. II 7, XIV a 6, d 4, XVII 214, &c.
[OFr. guile.] See Wiles, Bigile.
Gilery, n. fraud, XVI 160. [OFr. gilerie, from prec.]
Gill, woman's name, Jill, XVII 219; for Iak nor for Gill, for
nobody, XVII 336. [Shortened from Gillian, OFr. Juliane.]
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