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WINTER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: TOM Model Answer Subject Code: 17412
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.

Sub Answer Marking

Q. Scheme
Q.
No.
No.
1.A Attempt any SIX
Higher pair. When the two elements of a pair have a line or point contact when 1M
relative motion takes place, the pair is known as higher pair. each
Toothed gearing, ball and roller bearings and cam and follower are the examples
a)
of higher pairs.

Sliding pair, Turning pair, Rolling pair, Screw pair or helical pair, spherical pair ½M
b) each
(Any four)
Fluctuations of energy : The variations of energy above and below the mean 1M
resisting torque line are called fluctuations of energy. each
c) Coefficient of fluctuations of energy: It may be defined as the ratio of the
maximum fluctuation of energy to the work done per cycle.

Slip: The forward motion of the driver without carrying the belt with it or 1M
forward motion of the belt without carrying the driven pulley with it, is called each
slip of the belt.
d) Creep: When the belt passes from the slack side to the tight side, a certain
portion of the belt extends and it contracts again when the belt passes from the
tight side to slack side. Due to these changes of length, there is a relative motion
between the belt and the pulley surfaces. This relative motion is termed as creep.
A flywheel used in machines serves as a reservoir, which stores energy during the
period when the supply of energy is more than the requirement, and releases it
during the period when the requirement of energy is more than the supply.
e)
In case of internal combustion engines the energy is developed during one
stroke (power/ expansion) and the engine is to run for the whole cycle on the
energy produced during this one stroke. So, flywheel is necessary.

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The high speed of engines and other machines is a common phenomenon now-a-
days. It is, therefore, very essential that all the rotating and reciprocating parts
should be completely balanced as far as possible. If these parts are not properly
f)
balanced, the dynamic forces are set up. These forces not only increase the loads
on bearings and stresses in the various members, but also produce unpleasant and
even dangerous vibrations. Thus, balancing is very necessary.
Advantages of Roller follower over knife edge :-
i) Working is smooth due to rolling motion
g) ii) There is no noise in operation
iii) Life is more
iv) Due to rolling action it results in more accuracy and reliability
Applications of
Single plate clutch: Trucks and Buses
h)
Multi-plate clutch: Two wheeler geared vehicles
1.B Attempt any TWO
Classification of Brakes :-
The brakes, according to the means used for transforming the energy by the braking
elements, are classified as :
1. Hydraulic brakes
2. Electric brakes
3. Mechanical brakes.
4. Air / Vacuum Brakes.
The mechanical brakes may be divided into the following two groups :
a)
Radial brakes and Axial brakes

The radial brakes may be sub-divided into External brakes and Internal brakes.

According to the shape of the friction elements, these brakes may be Block or Shoe
brakes and Band brakes.

Difference between Flywheel and Governor

S.N. Flywheel Governor
1 The flywheel stores the energy It regulates the speed by regulating the
and gives up the energy whenever quantity of charge (fluid) of prime mover.
required during cycle.
2 It has no control over the quantity Governor takes care of quantity of working
of working fluid. fluid.
3 It works continuously from cycle It works intermittently, i.e. only when there
b)
to cycle is change in load
4 It regulates the speed during one It regulates the speed over period of time.
cycle only.
5 It take care of fluctuation of speed It take care of fluctuation of speed during
during thermodynmic cycle variation of load
6 It is used in toys, IC engine, hand It is used in turbines and engines
watches, press, punching and
shear machines,
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Problem on Belt:-

c)

Solve any FOUR

Q.2

Angular Velocity :- The rate of change of angular displacement is known as Angular 1M

Velocity. It is denoted as ω. each

Absolute Velocity :- Velocity of any point on a link with respect to another fixed point
on the mechanism is known as Absolute Velocity. It is denoted as VA or VB or VP etc.

Relative Velocity :- Velocity of any point on a link with respect to another moving point
on the mechanism is known as Relative Velocity. It is denoted as V AB or VBC or VPQ etc.

Angular Acceleration:- The rate of change of angular velocity is known as Angular

Acceleration. It is denoted as α
a)

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b)

Inversion 1M
The method of obtaining different mechanisms by fixing different links in a kinematic each
chain, is known as inversion of the mechanism.
Inversions of Four Bar Chain
C 1. Beam engine (crank and lever mechanism).
2. Coupling rod of a locomotive (Double crank mechanism).
3. Watt’s indicator mechanism (Double lever mechanism).

Difference Between structure and machine:- 1M

Sr. Structure Machine each
No The member of structure do not
1 The part of machine move relative to one another
. move relative to one other
d 2 Structure Do not transform Machine Transform available energy into useful work
energy in to the useful work
3 The member of structure The link of m/c made transmit both power relative
transmit forces only motion and forces.
4 It has no mechanism Machine can have one or more mechanism

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5 e,g: Railway Bridge, truss, e.g : Lathe m/c , Milling m/c, IC engine
Machine frames

Compare Cross and Open belt drives:- 1M

. Basis Cross Belt Open Belt each

1 VR More Less

2 Direction of Opposite Same

Pulleys
e
3 Application Lathe, Flour Spindle Mould Machine, Circular Saw
mill Machine, heavy Duty Treadmills

4 Length of Belt More Less

Drive

Roller follower:- Extensively used where more space is available such as in stationary 2M
gas and oil engines and aircraft engines. each
Spherical faced follower:- Used in automobile engines
f
Radial or disc cam :- Used in Engines
Cylindrical cam:- Used in Clothing and weaving m/c
Fig shows Radial and Cylindrical Cams with Roller & Spherical Followers
3
Attempt any FOUR

a. 2M
each

Working:- This mechanism is used for converting rotary motion into a reciprocating
motion. The inversion is obtained by fixing either the link 1 or link 3. In Fig. 5.35, link 1 is
fixed. In this mechanism, when the link 2 (which corresponds to crank) rotates about B
as centre, the link 4 (which corresponds to a frame) reciprocates. The fixed link 1 guides
the frame.

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1.Completely constrained motion:- When the motion between a pair is limited to a
definite
direction irrespective of the direction of force applied, then the motion is said to be a 2M
completely constrained motion. each
Any one diagram

Examples:
1. The motion of a square bar in a square hole
2. the motion of a shaft with collars at each end in a circular hole,

2. Successfully constrained motion:- When the motion between the elements, forming
a pair, is such that the constrained motion is not completed by itself, but by some other
means, then the motion is said to be successfully constrained motion. Consider a shaft in
b. a foot-step bearing as shown in Fig. The shaft may rotate in a bearing or it may move
upwards. This is a case of incompletely con-strained motion. But if the load is placed on
the shaft to prevent axial upward movement of the shaft, then the motion of the pair is
said to be successfully constrained motion.

Examples:1. The motion of an I.C. engine valve (these are kept on their seat by a spring)
2. The piston reciprocating inside an engine cylinder
3. Shaft in a foot step bearing

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Epicyclic gear train:-
A simple epicyclic gear train is shown in Fig. where a gear A and the arm C have a
common axis at O1 about which they can rotate. The gear B meshes with gear A and Worki
ng – 2
has its axis on the arm at O2, about which the gear B can rotate. If the arm is fixed, M
the gear train is simple and gear A can drive gear B or vice- versa, but if gear A is fixed
and the arm is rotated about the axis of gear A (i.e. O1), then the gear B is forced to
rotate upon and around gear A. Such a motion is called epicyclic and the gear trains
arranged in such a manner that one or more of their members move upon and
around another member is known epicyclic grae train.
c.) Fig.- 2
M

Advantages of chain drive over belt drive (Any Four points) 1M

1. As no slip takes place during chain drive, hence perfect velocity ratio is obtained. each
2. Since the chains are made of metal, therefore they occupy less space in width than a
belt
or rope drive.
d)
3. The chain drives may be used when the distance between the shafts is less.
4. The chain drive gives a high transmission efficiency (upto 98 per cent).
5. The chain drive gives less load on the shafts.
6. The chain drive has the ability of transmitting motion to several shafts by one chain
only.

02 M

e)

Significance of Turning Moment Diagram:- 02 M

1. It shows variation of Turning moment with respect to crank angle of an Engine.
2. The variation of Torque indicates the size of Flywheel
3. More variation indicates Larger Flywheel and vice-a -versa.
4. Single curve variation is indication of single cylinder engine.
5. More than one curve indicates Multi cylinder engine.
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6. Area below and above of mean torque line indicated requirement of power or
generation of power during that angle.
Above points can be well understood and explained by Turning moment diagram and
we can design the proper flywheel for the engine for reducing speed variation of crank
during each cycle.

f)

If ωAO is the angular velocity of the crank, then

Linear velocity’s of the links is given by-
VAO = ωAO x AO, VAP = ωAO x AM, VPO = ωAO x MO
Acceleration of the links is given by-
arAO = ω2AO x AO, arAP = ω2AO x AC, atAP = ω2AO x CN, aPO = ω2AO x NO
4 Attempt any FOUR
i) Centrifugal Tension:- Since the belt continuously runs over the pulleys, therefore, 01 M
some centrifugal force is caused, whose effect is to increase the tension on both, tight each
as well as the slack sides. The tension caused by centrifugal force is called centrifugal
tension

ii) Initial Tension:- When the pulleys are stationary and the belt is tightened up to get
frictional grip ,the belt is subjected to some tension, which is called as called initial
tension.
a)
ii)Formulae for Initial Tension:-

iv) Condition for Maximum Power Transmission :

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Following are the important follower motions.

1. Uniform velocity Types
2. Simple harmonic motion 01 M
3. Uniform acceleration and retardation.

Dia.
01 M
Each
b)

1. Uniform velocity 2. Simple harmonic motion

3. Uniform acceleration and retardation.

Eddy Current Dynamometer : It consists of a stator on which are fitted a number of

electromagnets and a rotor disc made of copper or steel and coupled to the output 02 M
shaft of the engine. When the rotor rotates, eddy currents are produced in the stator
due to magnetic flux set up by the passage of field current in the electromagnets. These
eddy currents oppose the motion of the rotor thus loading the engine. The eddy
currents are dissipated in producing heat so that this type of dynamometer also
requires some cooling arrangements. The torque is measured similar to absorption
dynamometers i.e. with the help of moment arm. The load is controlled by regulating
the current in the electromagnets.

c)

02 M

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Oldham’s Coupling :-

01 M

d)

In Oldham's coupling as shown in figure the link 1 and link 3 are known as flanges. 03 M
These flanges have diametrical slots cut in their inner faces. The intermediate piece (link
4) which is a circular disc have two tongues (i.e. diametrical projections) T1 and T2 on
each face at right angles to each other. The tongues on the link 4 closely fit into the
slots in the two flanges (link 1 and link 3). when the power is transmitted from shaft A
to shaft B ,The intermediate piece (link 4) slides or reciprocate in the slots in the
flanges.
As it reciprocates it becomes just like two sliders sliding in flanges, so it is a inversion of
double slider crank chain.

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e)

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f) 1. Pitch point :- It is a common point of contact between two pitch circles.. 01 M
2. Circular pitch (Pc) :- It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch each
circle from a point of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth.
3. Clearance :- It is the radial distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the
tooth, in a meshing gear.
4. Backlash :-It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness, as
measured along the pitch circle.
5 Attempt any TWO

a)

01 M

01 M

01 M

01 M

02 M

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02 M

b)

02 M

02 M

02 M

02 M

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c)

02 M

02 M

02 M

02 M

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6 Attempt any TWO

a)

03 M

05 M

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b)

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c) Each
Dia.
02 M

02 M

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