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SHM - Synopsis

The document provides an overview of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM), defining key concepts such as periodic and oscillatory motion, mean position, amplitude, angular frequency, time period, frequency, and phase. It includes formulas for position, velocity, acceleration, kinetic energy, potential energy, and total energy, as well as dynamics and methods for calculating frequency. Additionally, it discusses the characteristics of simple pendulums and spring systems in relation to SHM.

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anjuayusman
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1 views5 pages

SHM - Synopsis

The document provides an overview of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM), defining key concepts such as periodic and oscillatory motion, mean position, amplitude, angular frequency, time period, frequency, and phase. It includes formulas for position, velocity, acceleration, kinetic energy, potential energy, and total energy, as well as dynamics and methods for calculating frequency. Additionally, it discusses the characteristics of simple pendulums and spring systems in relation to SHM.

Uploaded by

anjuayusman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Periodic Motion: Motion which repeats itself after certain time interval is called as periodic
motion.

Oscillatory Motion: Motion in which particle moves to and fro about a point.

Kinematics of SHM:
Characteristics of SHM:

1. Motion is always to and fro about a fixed point called as mean position.

2. Magnitude of acceleration of the particle is always proportional to magnitude of


displacement from equilibrium position.

3. Direction of acceleration is always opposite to displacement of the particle from


equilibrium position.

Mean position: The position at which net force acting on the particle is zero.

Magnitude of maximum displacement of the particle from


Amplitude (A):
equilibrium position.

Angular Frequency (ω): Rate of change of phase angle is called as angular frequency.

Time period (T): Time taken to complete one oscillation.

Frequency (ƒ): Number of oscillations per unit time is called as frequency.

The parameter by which state of the particle can be known is


Phase (ωt + ϕ):
called as phase.

Epoch or initial phase (ϕ): Phase angle at time t = 0.

Page 1 of 5
Formulas:

1. Position: x = A sin (ωt + ϕ)

2. Velocity: v = Aω cos (ωt + ϕ)

3. Velocity: v =  A² − x²

4. Acceleration: a = −ω²x  a = −Aω² sin (ωt + ϕ)

1 1 1
5. Kinetic Energy: K= mv² = mA²² cos ²(t + ) = m²(A² − x²)
2 2 2

1 1
6. Potential Energy: U= mA²² sin ²(t + ) = m² x²
2 2

1
7. Total Energy: TE = K + U = mA²²
2

Page 2 of 5
Graphs:

x
A

t
T/2 T

−A
v
Aω

t
T/2 T

−Aω

a
Aω²

t
T/2 T

−Aω²

E
K U
1
mA²²
2

t
T/4 T/2 3T/4 T

Page 3 of 5
Total Energy E

U K

x
−A A

Simple Pendulum:

g
Frequency  = L
l

Seconds Pendulum: Pendulum whose time period is 2 seconds.

→ If total system is accelerating with acceleration a̅ then replace g in the formula with g̅ − a̅

Compound Pendulum: When a rigid body is made to oscillate freely under the
gravity in vertical plane it is called compound pendulum.
l
mgl CM
Frequency  =
I
mg

Spring:

k
Frequency  =
m

Combination of springs:
1 1 1
Series Combination: = + Parallel Combination: k = k1 + k2
k k1 k 2
1
→ Relation between spring constant k and length of the spring is: k 

Page 4 of 5
Dynamics of SHM:
Equation of Simple Harmonic Motion:
F  −xn
(1) If n = even or 0  Motion is not oscillatory
(2) If n = odd and n > 2  Motion is oscillatory but not simple harmonic.
(3) If n = 1  Motion is simple harmonic.
Calculation of frequency:
A. Linear Oscillator:
(1) Force Method:
1. Displace the particle from equilibrium position.
2. Draw FBD of the body.
ext
3. Calculate Fnet ext
and write Fnet = ma .

4. Check condition for simple harmonic motion. (i.e. a  −x)


5. Compare above equation with a = −ω²x and calculate ω.
(2) Energy Method:
1. Displace the body from equilibrium position.
2. Calculate K and U of the body.
3. Write equation K + U = E (Constant).
4. Differentiate above equation with respect to time.
5. Bring above equation in the form of a = −ω²x and compare to calculate ω.
B. Angular Oscillator:
(1) Torque Method:
1. Displace the body from equilibrium position by small angle θ.
2. Draw torque FBD of the body.

net and write  net = I .


3. Calculate ext ext

4. Check condition for simple harmonic motion. (i.e. α  −θ)


5. Compare above equation with α = −ω²θ and calculate ω.
(2) Energy Method:
1. Displace the body from equilibrium position by small angle θ.
2. Calculate K and U of the body.
3. Write equation K + U = E (Constant).
4. Differentiate above equation with respect to time.
5. Bring above equation in the form of α = −ω²θ and compare to calculate ω.

__________

Page 5 of 5

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