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ShmueliV2 Date: March 31, 2023 Time: 12:36 pm
ShmueliV2 Date: March 31, 2023 Time: 12:36 pm

MACHINE LEARNING FOR

BUSINESS ANALYTICS
ShmueliV2 Date: March 31, 2023 Time: 12:36 pm
ShmueliV2 Date: March 31, 2023 Time: 12:36 pm

MACHINE LEARNING FOR

BUSINESS ANALYTICS
Concepts, Techniques, and
Applications with JMP Pro®

Second Edition

GALIT SHMUELI
National Tsing Hua University
Taipei, Taiwan

PETER C. BRUCE
statistics.com
Arlington, USA

MIA L. STEPHENS
JMP Statistical Discovery LLC
Cary, USA

MURALIDHARA ANANDAMURTHY
SAS Institute Inc
Mumbai, India

NITIN R. PATEL
Cytel, Inc.
Cambridge, USA
ShmueliV2 Date: March 31, 2023 Time: 12:36 pm

Copyright 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Applied for:
Hardback: 9781119903833
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © AdobeLibrary/Adobe Stock Photos
Set in 10/12pt TimesLTStd by Straive, Chennai, India
ShmueliV2 Date: March 31, 2023 Time: 12:36 pm

To our families
Boaz and Noa
Liz, Lisa, and Allison
Michael, Jade Ann, and Audrey L
Seetha and Ananda
Tehmi, Arjun, and in memory of Aneesh
ShmueliV2 Date: March 31, 2023 Time: 12:36 pm
ShmueliV2 Date: March 23, 2023 Time: 8:23 am

CONTENTS

Foreword xix
Preface xx
Acknowledgments xxiii

PART I PRELIMINARIES

1 Introduction 3
1.1 What Is Business Analytics? 3
1.2 What Is Machine Learning? 5
1.3 Machine Learning, AI, and Related Terms 5
Statistical Modeling vs. Machine Learning 6
1.4 Big Data 6
1.5 Data Science 7
1.6 Why Are There So Many Different Methods? 8
1.7 Terminology and Notation 8
1.8 Road Maps to This Book 10
Order of Topics 12

2 Overview of the Machine Learning Process 17

2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Core Ideas in Machine Learning 18
Classification 18
Prediction 18
Association Rules and Recommendation Systems 18

vii
ShmueliV2 Date: March 23, 2023 Time: 8:23 am

viii CONTENTS

Predictive Analytics 19
Data Reduction and Dimension Reduction 19
Data Exploration and Visualization 19
Supervised and Unsupervised Learning 19
2.3 The Steps in A Machine Learning Project 21
2.4 Preliminary Steps 22
Organization of Data 22
Sampling from a Database 22
Oversampling Rare Events in Classification Tasks 23
Preprocessing and Cleaning the Data 23
2.5 Predictive Power and Overfitting 29
Overfitting 29
Creation and Use of Data Partitions 31
2.6 Building a Predictive Model with JMP Pro 34
Predicting Home Values in a Boston Neighborhood 34
Modeling Process 36
2.7 Using JMP Pro for Machine Learning 42
2.8 Automating Machine Learning Solutions 43
Predicting Power Generator Failure 44
Uber’s Michelangelo 45
2.9 Ethical Practice in Machine Learning 47
Machine Learning Software: The State of the Market by Herb
Edelstein 47
Problems 52

PART II DATA EXPLORATION AND DIMENSION REDUCTION

3 Data Visualization 59
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Data Examples 61
Example 1: Boston Housing Data 61
Example 2: Ridership on Amtrak Trains 62
3.3 Basic Charts: Bar Charts, Line Graphs, and Scatter Plots 62
Distribution Plots: Boxplots and Histograms 64
Heatmaps 67
3.4 Multidimensional Visualization 70
Adding Variables: Color, Hue, Size, Shape, Multiple Panels,
Animation 70
Manipulations: Rescaling, Aggregation and Hierarchies, Zooming,
Filtering 73
Reference: Trend Line and Labels 77
Scaling Up: Large Datasets 79
Multivariate Plot: Parallel Coordinates Plot 80
Interactive Visualization 80
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ShmueliV2 Date: March 23, 2023 Time: 8:23 am

CONTENTS ix

3.5 Specialized Visualizations 82

Visualizing Networked Data 82
Visualizing Hierarchical Data: More on Treemaps 83
Visualizing Geographical Data: Maps 84
3.6 Summary: Major Visualizations and Operations, According to
Machine Learning Goal 87
Prediction 87
Classification 87
Time Series Forecasting 87
Unsupervised Learning 88
Problems 89

4 Dimension Reduction 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Curse of Dimensionality 92
4.3 Practical Considerations 92
Example 1: House Prices in Boston 92
4.4 Data Summaries 93
Summary Statistics 94
Tabulating Data 96
4.5 Correlation Analysis 97
4.6 Reducing the Number of Categories in Categorical Variables 98
4.7 Converting a Categorical Variable to a Continuous Variable 100
4.8 Principal Component Analysis 100
Example 2: Breakfast Cereals 101
Principal Components 106
Standardizing the Data 107
Using Principal Components for Classification and Prediction 110
4.9 Dimension Reduction Using Regression Models 110
4.10 Dimension Reduction Using Classification and Regression Trees 111
Problems 112

PART III PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

5 Evaluating Predictive Performance 117

5.1 Introduction 118
5.2 Evaluating Predictive Performance 118
Naive Benchmark: The Average 118
Prediction Accuracy Measures 119
Comparing Training and Validation Performance 120
5.3 Judging Classifier Performance 121
Benchmark: The Naive Rule 121
Class Separation 121
The Classification (Confusion) Matrix 122
Using the Validation Data 123
Accuracy Measures 123
ShmueliV2 Date: March 23, 2023 Time: 8:23 am

x CONTENTS

Propensities and Threshold for Classification 124

Performance in Unequal Importance of Classes 127
Asymmetric Misclassification Costs 130
Generalization to More Than Two Classes 132
5.4 Judging Ranking Performance 133
Lift Curves for Binary Data 133
Beyond Two Classes 135
Lift Curves Incorporating Costs and Benefits 136
5.5 Oversampling 137
Creating an Over-sampled Training Set 139
Evaluating Model Performance Using a Nonoversampled
Validation Set 139
Evaluating Model Performance If Only Oversampled Validation
Set Exists 140
Problems 142

PART IV PREDICTION AND CLASSIFICATION METHODS

6 Multiple Linear Regression 147

6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Explanatory vs. Predictive Modeling 148
6.3 Estimating the Regression Equation and Prediction 149
Example: Predicting the Price of Used Toyota Corolla
Automobiles 150
6.4 Variable Selection in Linear Regression 155
Reducing the Number of Predictors 155
How to Reduce the Number of Predictors 156
Manual Variable Selection 156
Automated Variable Selection 157
Regularization (Shriknage Models) 164
Problems 170

7 k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) 175

7.1 The 𝑘-NN Classifier (Categorical Outcome) 175
Determining Neighbors 175
Classification Rule 176
Example: Riding Mowers 176
Choosing Parameter 𝑘 178
Setting the Threshold Value 179
Weighted 𝑘-NN 181
𝑘-NN with More Than Two Classes 182
Working with Categorical Predictors 182
7.2 𝑘-NN for a Numerical Response 184
7.3 Advantages and Shortcomings of 𝑘-NN Algorithms 184
Problems 186
ShmueliV2 Date: March 23, 2023 Time: 8:23 am

CONTENTS xi

8 The Naive Bayes Classifier 189

8.1 Introduction 189
Threshold Probability Method 190
Conditional Probability 190
Example 1: Predicting Fraudulent Financial Reporting 190
8.2 Applying the Full (Exact) Bayesian Classifier 191
Using the “Assign to the Most Probable Class” Method 191
Using the Threshold Probability Method 191
Practical Difficulty with the Complete (Exact) Bayes Procedure 192
8.3 Solution: Naive Bayes 192
The Naive Bayes Assumption of Conditional Independence 193
Using the Threshold Probability Method 194
Example 2: Predicting Fraudulent Financial Reports 194
Example 3: Predicting Delayed Flights 195
Evaluating the Performance of Naive Bayes Output from JMP 198
Working with Continuous Predictors 199
8.4 Advantages and Shortcomings of the Naive Bayes Classifier 201
Problems 203

9 Classification and Regression Trees 205

9.1 Introduction 206
Tree Structure 206
Decision Rules 207
Classifying a New Record 207
9.2 Classification Trees 207
Recursive Partitioning 207
Example 1: Riding Mowers 208
Categorical Predictors 210
Standardization 210
9.3 Growing a Tree for Riding Mowers Example 210
Choice of First Split 211
Choice of Second Split 212
Final Tree 212
Using a Tree to Classify New Records 213
9.4 Evaluating the Performance of a Classification Tree 215
Example 2: Acceptance of Personal Loan 215
9.5 Avoiding Overfitting 219
Stopping Tree Growth: CHAID 220
Growing a Full Tree and Pruning It Back 220
How JMP Pro Limits Tree Size 221
9.6 Classification Rules from Trees 222
9.7 Classification Trees for More Than Two Classes 224
9.8 Regression Trees 224
Prediction 224
Evaluating Performance 225
9.9 Advantages and Weaknesses of a Single Tree 227
ShmueliV2 Date: March 23, 2023 Time: 8:23 am

xii CONTENTS

9.10 Improving Prediction: Random Forests and Boosted Trees 229

Random Forests 229
Boosted Trees 230
Problems 233

10 Logistic Regression 237

10.1 Introduction 237
10.2 The Logistic Regression Model 239
10.3 Example: Acceptance of Personal Loan 240
Model with a Single Predictor 241
Estimating the Logistic Model from Data: Multiple Predictors 243
Interpreting Results in Terms of Odds (for a Profiling Goal) 246
10.4 Evaluating Classification Performance 247
10.5 Variable Selection 249
10.6 Logistic Regression for Multi-class Classification 250
Logistic Regression for Nominal Classes 250
Logistic Regression for Ordinal Classes 251
Example: Accident Data 252
10.7 Example of Complete Analysis: Predicting Delayed Flights 253
Data Preprocessing 255
Model Fitting, Estimation, and Interpretation---A Simple Model 256
Model Fitting, Estimation and Interpretation---The Full Model 257
Model Performance 257
Problems 264

11 Neural Nets 267

11.1 Introduction 267
11.2 Concept and Structure of a Neural Network 268
11.3 Fitting a Network to Data 269
Example 1: Tiny Dataset 269
Computing Output of Nodes 269
Preprocessing the Data 272
Training the Model 273
Using the Output for Prediction and Classification 279
Example 2: Classifying Accident Severity 279
Avoiding Overfitting 281
11.4 User Input in JMP Pro 282
11.5 Exploring the Relationship Between Predictors and Outcome 284
11.6 Deep Learning 285
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) 285
Local Feature Map 287
A Hierarchy of Features 287
The Learning Process 287
Unsupervised Learning 288
Conclusion 289
11.7 Advantages and Weaknesses of Neural Networks 289
Problems 290
ShmueliV2 Date: March 23, 2023 Time: 8:23 am

CONTENTS xiii

12 Discriminant Analysis 293

12.1 Introduction 293
Example 1: Riding Mowers 294
Example 2: Personal Loan Acceptance 294
12.2 Distance of an Observation from a Class 295
12.3 From Distances to Propensities and Classifications 297
12.4 Classification Performance of Discriminant Analysis 300
12.5 Prior Probabilities 301
12.6 Classifying More Than Two Classes 303
Example 3: Medical Dispatch to Accident Scenes 303
12.7 Advantages and Weaknesses 306
Problems 307

13 Generating, Comparing, and Combining Multiple Models 311

13.1 Ensembles 311
Why Ensembles Can Improve Predictive Power 312
Simple Averaging or Voting 313
Bagging 314
Boosting 315
Stacking 316
Advantages and Weaknesses of Ensembles 317
13.2 Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) 317
AutoML: Explore and Clean Data 317
AutoML: Determine Machine Learning Task 318
AutoML: Choose Features and Machine Learning Methods 318
AutoML: Evaluate Model Performance 320
AutoML: Model Deployment 321
Advantages and Weaknesses of Automated Machine Learning 322
13.3 Summary 322
Problems 323

PART V INTERVENTION AND USER FEEDBACK

14 Interventions: Experiments, Uplift Models, and Reinforcement Learning 327

14.1 Introduction 327
14.2 A/B Testing 328
Example: Testing a New Feature in a Photo Sharing App 329
The Statistical Test for Comparing Two Groups (𝑇 -Test) 329
Multiple Treatment Groups: A/B/n Tests 333
Multiple A/B Tests and the Danger of Multiple Testing 333
14.3 Uplift (Persuasion) Modeling 333
Getting the Data 334
A Simple Model 336
Modeling Individual Uplift 336
Creating Uplift Models in JMP Pro 337
Using the Results of an Uplift Model 338
ShmueliV2 Date: March 23, 2023 Time: 8:23 am

xiv CONTENTS

14.4 Reinforcement Learning 340

Explore-Exploit: Multi-armed Bandits 340
Markov Decision Process (MDP) 341
14.5 Summary 344
Problems 345

PART VI MINING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG RECORDS

15 Association Rules and Collaborative Filtering 349

15.1 Association Rules 349
Discovering Association Rules in Transaction Databases 350
Example 1: Synthetic Data on Purchases of Phone Faceplates 350
Data Format 350
Generating Candidate Rules 352
The Apriori Algorithm 353
Selecting Strong Rules 353
The Process of Rule Selection 356
Interpreting the Results 358
Rules and Chance 359
Example 2: Rules for Similar Book Purchases 361
15.2 Collaborative Filtering 362
Data Type and Format 363
Example 3: Netflix Prize Contest 363
User-Based Collaborative Filtering: “People Like You” 365
Item-Based Collaborative Filtering 366
Evaluating Performance 367
Advantages and Weaknesses of Collaborative Filtering 368
Collaborative Filtering vs. Association Rules 369
15.3 Summary 370
Problems 372

16 Cluster Analysis 375

16.1 Introduction 375
Example: Public Utilities 377
16.2 Measuring Distance Between Two Records 378
Euclidean Distance 379
Standardizing Numerical Measurements 379
Other Distance Measures for Numerical Data 379
Distance Measures for Categorical Data 382
Distance Measures for Mixed Data 382
16.3 Measuring Distance Between Two Clusters 383
Minimum Distance 383
Maximum Distance 383
ShmueliV2 Date: March 23, 2023 Time: 8:23 am

CONTENTS xv

Average Distance 383

Centroid Distance 383
16.4 Hierarchical (Agglomerative) Clustering 385
Single Linkage 385
Complete Linkage 386
Average Linkage 386
Centroid Linkage 386
Ward’s Method 387
Dendrograms: Displaying Clustering Process and Results 387
Validating Clusters 391
Two-Way Clustering 393
Limitations of Hierarchical Clustering 393
16.5 Nonhierarchical Clustering: The 𝐾-Means Algorithm 394
Choosing the Number of Clusters (𝑘) 396
Problems 403

PART VII FORECASTING TIME SERIES

17 Handling Time Series 409

17.1 Introduction 409
17.2 Descriptive vs. Predictive Modeling 410
17.3 Popular Forecasting Methods in Business 411
Combining Methods 411
17.4 Time Series Components 411
Example: Ridership on Amtrak Trains 412
17.5 Data Partitioning and Performance Evaluation 415
Benchmark Performance: Naive Forecasts 417
Generating Future Forecasts 417
Problems 419

18 Regression-Based Forecasting 423

18.1 A Model with Trend 424
Linear Trend 424
Exponential Trend 427
Polynomial Trend 429
18.2 A Model with Seasonality 430
Additive vs. Multiplicative Seasonality 432
18.3 A Model with Trend and Seasonality 433
18.4 Autocorrelation and ARIMA Models 433
Computing Autocorrelation 433
Improving Forecasts by Integrating Autocorrelation Information 437
Fitting AR Models to Residuals 439
Evaluating Predictability 441
Problems 444
ShmueliV2 Date: March 23, 2023 Time: 8:23 am

xvi CONTENTS

19 Smoothing and Deep Learning Methods for Forecasting 455

19.1 Introduction 455
19.2 Moving Average 456
Centered Moving Average for Visualization 456
Trailing Moving Average for Forecasting 457
Choosing Window Width (𝑤) 460
19.3 Simple Exponential Smoothing 461
Choosing Smoothing Parameter 𝛼 462
Relation Between Moving Average and Simple Exponential
Smoothing 465
19.4 Advanced Exponential Smoothing 465
Series With a Trend 465
Series With a Trend and Seasonality 466
19.5 Deep Learning for Forecasting 470
Problems 472

PART VIII DATA ANALYTICS

20 Text Mining 483

20.1 Introduction 483
20.2 The Tabular Representation of Text: Document–Term Matrix and
“Bag-of-Words” 484
20.3 Bag-of-Words vs. Meaning Extraction at Document Level 486
20.4 Preprocessing the Text 486
Tokenization 487
Text Reduction 488
Presence/Absence vs. Frequency (Occurrences) 489
Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) 489
From Terms to Topics: Latent Semantic Analysis and Topic
Analysis 490
Extracting Meaning 491
From Terms to High Dimensional Word Vectors: Word2Vec 491
20.5 Implementing Machine Learning Methods 492
20.6 Example: Online Discussions on Autos and Electronics 492
Importing the Records 493
Text Preprocessing in JMP 494
Using Latent Semantic Analysis and Topic Analysis 496
Fitting a Predictive Model 499
Prediction 499
20.7 Example: Sentiment Analysis of Movie Reviews 500
Data Preparation 500
Latent Semantic Analysis and Fitting a Predictive Model 500
20.8 Summary 502
Problems 503
ShmueliV2 Date: March 23, 2023 Time: 8:23 am

CONTENTS xvii

21 Responsible Data Science 505

21.1 Introduction 505
Example: Predicting Recidivism 506
21.2 Unintentional Harm 506
21.3 Legal Considerations 508
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 508
Protected Groups 508
21.4 Principles of Responsible Data Science 508
Non-maleficence 509
Fairness 509
Transparency 510
Accountability 511
Data Privacy and Security 511
21.5 A Responsible Data Science Framework 511
Justification 511
Assembly 512
Data Preparation 513
Modeling 513
Auditing 513
21.6 Documentation Tools 514
Impact Statements 514
Model Cards 515
Datasheets 516
Audit Reports 516
21.7 Example: Applying the RDS Framework to the COMPAS Example 517
Unanticipated Uses 518
Ethical Concerns 518
Protected Groups 518
Data Issues 518
Fitting the Model 519
Auditing the Model 520
Bias Mitigation 526
21.8 Summary 526
Problems 528

PART IX CASES

22 Cases 533
22.1 Charles Book Club 533
The Book Industry 533
Database Marketing at Charles 534
Machine Learning Techniques 535
Assignment 537
22.2 German Credit 541
Background 541
Data 541
Assignment 544
ShmueliV2 Date: March 23, 2023 Time: 8:23 am

xviii CONTENTS

22.3 Tayko Software Cataloger 545

Background 545
The Mailing Experiment 545
Data 545
Assignment 546
22.4 Political Persuasion 548
Background 548
Predictive Analytics Arrives in US Politics 548
Political Targeting 548
Uplift 549
Data 549
Assignment 550
22.5 Taxi Cancellations 552
Business Situation 552
Assignment 552
22.6 Segmenting Consumers of Bath Soap 554
Business Situation 554
Key Problems 554
Data 555
Measuring Brand Loyalty 556
Assignment 556
22.7 Catalog Cross-Selling 557
Background 557
Assignment 557
22.8 Direct-Mail Fundraising 559
Background 559
Data 559
Assignment 559
22.9 Time Series Case: Forecasting Public Transportation Demand 562
Background 562
Problem Description 562
Available Data 562
Assignment Goal 562
Assignment 563
Tips and Suggested Steps 563
22.10 Loan Approval 564
Background 564
Regulatory Requirements 564
Getting Started 564
Assignment 564
References 567
Data Files Used in the Book 571
Index 573
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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 102P. S. A. S. , vol. vii. p. 127.
6
102P. S. A. S. , vol. xxiii. p. 219.
7
102See Whitaker’s “Hist. of Craven.,” 2nd ed., p. 468.
8
102Wright’s “Prov. Dict.,” s.v. Cotgrave translates the word Baton
9 “a laundress’s batting-staff.”
103Arch. Assoc. Journ. , vol. xxiv. p. 65.
0
103Op. cit. , vol. xv. p. 232.
1
1033rd S., vol. iii. p. 358.
2
103Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 80.
3
103“Anct. Mon. of Mississ. Val.,” p. 220.
4
103Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 90.
5
103Op. cit. , vol. ii. p. 89.
6
103Op. cit. , vol. iv. p. 175.
7
103Cuming in Arch. Assoc. Journ. , vol. vii. p. 83, where some
8 interesting information relating to mortars will be found.
Ratzel, “Völkerk.,” vol. ii. p. 179.
103Vol. iv. p. 136. See also a paper by Mr. R. N. Worth, on the
9 progress of mining skill in Devon and Cornwall, in the Trans.
Cornw. Polyt. Soc.
104Arch. Journ. , vol. vii. 393.
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104Vol. ii. p. 323.
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104“Die Burg Tannenberg,” &c., Arch. Journ. , vol. vii. p. 404.
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104“Gesta. Abb. Mon. S. Alb.,” vol. ii. p. 249.
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104Arch. Assoc. Journ. , vol. vii. p. 175.
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104“Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 99.
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104Arch. Assoc. Journ. , vol. xiii. 227.
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105Ibid. , vol. xv. p. 337.
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105Arch. , vol. xliv. p. 285.
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105Arch. , vol. xlv. p. 366.
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105Arch. Camb. , 5th S., vol. viii. p. 320.
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105Arch. Camb. , 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 240.
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105Lee’s “Isca Silurum,” p. 114.
7
105Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. , vol. i. p. 267.
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105P. S. A. S. , vol. ii. p. 97. See also vol. v. p. 30.
9
106Preh. Annals of Scot. , vol. i. p. 214.
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106P. S. A. S. , vol. xii. p. 261. Mitchell’s “The Past in the Present,”
1 p. 34.
106P. S. A. S. , vol. iv. p. 417.
2
106P. S. A. S. , vol. xiii. p. 178.
3
106P. S. A. S. , vol. xxi. p. 162.
4
106Arch. Camb. , 3rd S., vol. vii. p. 38.
5
“South Wilts,” p. 36.
106
6
106“Vest. Ant. Derb.,” 127.
7
106Arch. , vol. xxxv. p. 246.
8
1062nd S., vol. ii. p. 89.
9
 NOTES—CHAPTER XI.
107“Nord. Olds.,” Nos. 35 and 36.
0
107Tidskrift for Oldkyndighed , vol. i. pl. ii. p. 423.
1
107“Stone Age,” p. 16.
2
107“Ant. Suéd.”
3
107Keller’s “Lake-dwell.,” p. 24.
4
107Keller, “Pfahlbauten,” 1ter Bericht, Taf. iii. 19; 3ter Ber., Taf. ii.
5 2.
107“Les Polissoirs préh. de la Charente,” G. Chauvet, Angoulême,
6 1883.
107“Les Polissoirs néol. du Dép. delà Dordogne,” Testut. Mat. , 3rd
7 S., vol. iii. (1886) p. 65.
107“Notice sur deux Instruments,” &c., p. 4. Mortillet, Matériaux ,
8 vol. ii. p. 420.
107See “Ant. Celt et Antéd, de Poitou,” pl. xxx.
9
108Ann. Soc. Arch. de Bruxelles , vol. x., 1896, p. 109.
0
108B. de Perthes, “Ant. Celt et Antéd.,” vol. ii. p. 165. Mortillet,
1 “Prom. au Mus. St. Germain,” p. 148.
108De Gongora y Martinez, “Ant. Preh. de Andalusia,” p. 34, fig.
2 19.
108Journ. Anth. Inst. , vol. xvi. p. 73.
3
108See Arch. Journ. , vol. xxi. p. 170.
4
108“Brit. Barrows,” p. 168.
5
108“Brit. Barrows,” p. 220.
6
108Arch. , vol. xxxviii. p. 417.
7
108“Cook’s Voyages,” quoted by Tylor, “Early Hist. of Mank.,” 2nd
8 ed., p. 201.
108P. S. A. S. , vol. xv. p. 263.
9
109“Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 169.
0
109Arch. Scot. , vol. iii. p. 43.
1
109Arch. Journ. , vol. xxv. p. 295.
2
109Arch. Journ. , vol. xxvii. p. 161.
3
109Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. , vol. vii. p. 219.
4
109See Lyell, “Ant. of Man,” 3rd ed. p. 189.
5
109Worsaae, fig. 36. Nilsson, “Stone Age,” pl. ii. 15.
6
109Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. , vol. xv. p. 74.
7
109Arch. , vol. xliv. p. 286.
8
109Malton Messenger , Nov. 12, 1870. “Brit. Barrows,” p. 263.
9
110Trans. Dev. Assoc. , vol. v. p. 551.
0
110Arch. , vol. xliii. p. 426.
1
110“South Wilts.,” p. 118, pl. xiv.
2
110P. 43.
3
110Proc. Soc. Ant. , 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 399.
4
110Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. , vol. xv. p. 264.
5
110“Brit. Barrows,” p. 173.
6
110Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 75. Arch. , vol. xv. p. 125. “Cat.
7 Devizes Mus.,” No. 2.
110Hoare, “South Wilts,” p. 182. “Cat. Dev. Mus.,” No. 97.
8
 110“S. W.” p. 209.
9
111Arch. , vol. xliii. p. 423. A. C. Smith, “Ants. of N. Wilts,” p. 68.
0 “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 172A .
111Arch. , vol. xlvi. p. 435, pl. xxiv. 20.
1
111Reliquary , N. S., vol. v., 1891, p. 47.
2
111Arch. f. Anth. , vol. ix. p. 249.
3
11113th Rep. Bureau of Ethn. , 1896, p. 126.
4
111“Musée préh.,” No. 593.
5
111Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. Heft viii. Taf. i. 2. Zeitsch. des
6 Vereins für Rhein. Geschichte, &c., in Mainz , vol. iii. Archiv für
Anthrop. , vol. iii. Taf. ii. Rev. Arch. , vol. xix. pl. x. 2.
111Sophus Müller, “Stenalderen,” fig. 196.
7
111Zeitsch. f. Eth. , 1891, p. 89.
8
111Trans. Ethnol. Soc. , N. S., vol. vii. p. 49.
9
112Sussex Arch. Coll. , vol. ix., p. 120, whence the cut is borrowed.
0 Arch. Journ. , vol. xiii. p. 184; xv. 90.
112Arch. Journ. , vol. x. p. 356. “Chichester Vol.,” p. 52.
1
112Thoresby’s Cat. in Whitaker’s “Duc. Leod.,” p. 114.
2
112Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 194.
3
112Ibid. , p. 199.
4
112Ibid. , p. 209.
5
112Ibid. , p. 211.
6
112Ibid. , p. 172.
7
112Ibid. , p. 164. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 85.
8
Arch. , vol. xliii. p. 424.
112
9
113Arch. , vol. xlix. p. 194.
0
113“Nænia Cornubiæ,” 1872, p. 212.
1
113Arch. Journ. , vol. xxviii. p. 247.
2
113Arch. Journ. , vol. xxxi. p. 302.
3
113Arch. Journ. , vol. xxi. p. 101.
4
113Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. , vol. iv. p. 490.
5
113Arch. Journ. , vol. xviii. p. 71. Lee’s “Isca Silurum,” pl. xlii. p.
6 108.
113Arch. Assoc. Journ. , vol. iv. p. 105.
7
113P. S. A. S. , vol. xii. p. 120; xxiii. p. 219; xxviii. p. 230.
8
113P. S. A. S. , vol. xiv. p. 221.
9
114P. S. A. S. , vol. xxii. p. 67.
0
114“Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 188.
1
114Wilde’s “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.” p. 87.
2
114Perrin, “Et. Préhist. sur la Savoie,” pl. xv. 12.
3
114Von Sacken, “Grabf. von Hallstatt,” Taf. xix. Simony, “Alt. von
4 Hallstatt,” Taf. vi. 6, 7.
114Arch. Journ. , vol. xxvii. pl. iii. 1.
5
114Arch. Journ. , vol. xxvi. p. 321, figs. 18, 19.
6
114“Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 75.
7
114P. S. A. S. , vol. ix. p. 358.
8
114P. S. A. S. , vol. x. pl. xviii. 115.
9
115P. S. A. S. , vol. xxiii. p. 234.
0
115P. S. A. S. , vol. xiv. p. 276.
1
115“Nord. Olds.,” fig. 343.
2
115Pl. i.
3
115Engelhardt, “Thorsbjerg Mosefund,” p. 51, pl. xii. 12.
4
115See Brit. Assoc. Rep. , 1881, p. 692.
5
115Jahrb. d. Ver. v. Alt. fr. im Rheinl. , Heft xliv. p. 139, Taf. vi. 21.
6
115Notes and Queries , 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 92.
7
 NOTES—CHAPTER XII.
115“Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 7.
8
115“Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 87.
9
116“Geol. and Nat. Hist. Rep.,” vol. i. p. 208.
0
116“G. and N. H. Rep.,” vol. ii. p. 128; Proc. Soc. Ant. , 2nd S., vol.
1 iv. p. 95.
116I first learnt the art of producing these cones from the late
2 Rev. J. S. Henslow, F.R.S., and have since then instructed many
others in the process, among them the late Dr. Hugh Falconer, F.R.S.,
whose account of the manufacture of flakes (“Palæont. Mem.,” vol. ii.
p. 605) is, I find, curiously like what I have written above. He insists
rather more strongly on the different characteristics of “iron-struck”
and “stone-struck” facets than I should be inclined to do. There is,
however, in all probability a difference in the fracture resulting from
hammers of different degrees of hardness and elasticity. The
mechanics of the fracture of flint have also been studied by the late
M. Jules Thore, of Dax. (Bull. de la Soc. de Borda , Dax, 1878.)
116Archæologia , vol. xxxix. p. 76.
3
116“Spalls or broken pieces of stones that come off in hewing and
4 graving.” — “Nomenclator,” p. 411, quoted in Halliwell’s “Dict. of
Archaic Words, &c.” “Spalle, or chyppe, quisquilia , assula .”
— “Promptorium Parvulorum,” p. 467.
116Proc. Soc. Ant. , 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 38. Proc. As. Soc. Beng. ,
5 1867, p. 137.
116Dr. Gillespie, in Journ. Anth. Inst. , vol. vi. p. 260.
6
116Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. pp. 36–38.
7
116Proc. Soc. Ant. , 2nd S., vol. i. p. 73.
8
116Trans. Ethn. Soc. , N. S., vol. iv. p. 241.
9
Arch. Journ. , vol. xvii. p. 170.
 117
0
117Journ. Ethnol. Soc. Lond. , vol. ii. p. 430.
1
117For neolithic implements from this place, see Trans. Berks.
2 Archæol. and Archit. Soc. , 1879–80, p. 49.
117“Manx Note Book,” vol. i. (1885) p. 71.
3
117Mem. Anthrop. Soc. Lond. , vol. i. p. 142.
4
117See Worsaae “Nord. Olds.,” No. 60; “Guide to North. Arch.,” p.
5 39; and the authors already cited at p. 272.
117“Mus. préh.,” pl. xxxiii.
6
117Mém. Soc. R. des Ant. du Nord. , 1872–7, p. 103.
7
117Zeitsch. f. Ethn. , vol. xvii. p. (133).
8
117P. 23. See also Tylor, “Anahuac.,” p. 96.
9
118Geol. Mag. , vol. iii. p. 433; iv. 43.
0
118“Objects Found in Greece,” G. Finlay, 1869. Zeitsch. f. Ethn. ,
1 vol. v. p. (110).
118Proc. Soc. Ant. , 2nd S., vol. i. p. 69. See also Arch. Journ. , vol.
2 xvii. p. 171.
118Proc. Soc. Ant. , 2nd S., vol. v. p. 438.
3
118Tr. Dev. Assoc. , vol. xvii. p. 70; xviii. p. 74. Arch. Assoc. Journ. ,
4 vol. xxviii. p. 220.
118Journ. Anth. Inst. , vol. v. p. 30. Notes and Queries , 5th S., vol.
5 vii. p. 447.
118“Flint Impts., &c., found at St. Mary Bourne,” Jos. Stevens,
6 1867.
118Journ. Anth. Inst. , vol. xiii. p. 137.
7
118Tr. Lanc. and Chesh. Arch. Soc. , vol. ii. pl. i. iv. p. 305.
8
118Journ. R. Inst. Cornwall , Oct., 1864.
9
Proc. Soc. Ant. , 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 22.
119
0
119Trans. Preh. Cong. , 1868, p. 89. Tr. Devon. Assoc. , vol. i.; pt.
1 v. p. 80.
119Op. cit. , p. 128.
2
119“Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 226.
3
119Arch. Journ. , vol. viii. p. 343.
4
119Arch. Assoc. Journ. , vol. xxii. p. 241.
5
119Proc. Soc. Ant. , 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 48.
6
119Arch. , vol. xxxvi. p. 176.
7
119Arch. Journ. , vol. xviii. p. 71.
8
119Reliquary , vol. vi. p. 4.
9
120Arch. Journ. , vol xii. p. 189.
0
120Arch. Camb. , 2nd S., vol. i. p. 331; ii. 222.
1
120Arch. Assoc. Journ. , vol. xviii. p. 58.
2
120Tr. Devon. Assoc. , vol. vi. p. 272, fig. 2.
3
120Reliquary , vol. iii. p. 162.
4
120Arch. Journ. , vol. ix. p. 92.
5
120Arch. Camb. , 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 102.
6
120Journ. Ethnol. Soc. , vol. ii. p. 306.
7
120Arch. Journ. , vol. xiv. p. 281.
8
120Arch. , vol. xxxiv. p. 252.
9
121“Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. 1, p. 2.
0
121“Cr. Br.,” vol. ii. pl. 24, p. 3.
1
121Mem. Anthrop. Soc. Lond. , vol. i. p. 142.
2
121Arch. , vol. lii. p. 12, and “British Barrows,” passim .
3
121Arch. Assoc. Journ. , vol. xvii. p. 73.
4
121Arch. , vol. xxxviii. p. 416.
5
121Proc. Soc. Ant. , 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 278.
6
121Arch. Journ. , vol. xi. p. 322.
7
121Wiltsh. Mag. , vol. iii. p. 170.
8
121“South Wilts,” p. 193.
9
122“South Wilts,” p. 195.
0
122Arch. Journ. , vol. xxi. p. 172.
1
122“Cat. Arch. Inst. Mus. Edin.,” p. 20.
2
122Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. , vol. iv. p. 507.
3
122Op. cit. , vol. iv. p. 385, and vi. 234, 240. Quart. Journ. Geol.
4 Soc. , 1865, vol. xxi. p. 1.
122P. S. A. S. , vol. vi. p. 251, and v. 61.
5
122Arch. Journ. , vol. xx. p. 35.
6
122Anthrop. Rev. , vol. ii.; lxiv.
7
122Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 177.
8
122Ibid. , p. 178.
9
123Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. , vol. v. p. 13.
0
123Arch. Scot. , vol. iii. p. 46.
1
123Arch. , vol. xlii. p. 64.
2
123Arch. Journ. , vol. xx. p. 198.
3
123“Salisb. Vol. Arch. Inst.,” p. 106.
4
123Journ. Ethn. Soc. , vol. i. p. 10.
5
123Arch. Journ. , vol. xxiii. p. 300; vol. xxv. p. 155.
6
123Geol. Mag. , vol. vii. 443.
7
123Arch. Journ. , vol. xxii. p. 68.
8
123Suss. Arch. Coll. , vol. xix. p. 53.
9
124Arch. Assoc. Journ. , vol. xxiv. p. 182, &c.
0
124Journ. Ethn. Soc. , vol. ii. p. 421.
1
124“Flint Impts.,” Jos. Stevens, 1867.
2
124Arch. Journ. , vol. xxi. p. 168.
3
1243rd S., vol. iii. p. 304.
4
124Journ. Ethn. Soc. , vol. ii. p. 141.
5
124“Prehist. Rem. of Caithness,” Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. , vol. vii. p.
6 37.
124P. S. A. S. , vol. vii. p. 73.
7
124P. S. A. S. , vol. i. p. 101.
8
124Arch. Assoc. Journ. , vol. ii. p. 203.
9
125Arch. Assoc. Journ. , vol. xiii. p. 319.
0
125Garrigou et Filhol, “Age de la Pierre polie.” &c., pl. vii. and viii.
1
125De Bonstetten, “2nd Supp. au Rec. d’Ant. Suisses,” pl. i.
2
 125On this custom see Trans. Lanc. and Chesh. Arch. Soc. , vol. vi.
3 p. 58; viii. p. 63; xi. p. 27.
125Arch. Journ. , vol. xxii. p. 116.
4
125Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. , vol. i. p. 210.
5
125Arch. Assoc. Journ. , vol. xii. p. 299.
6
125See Arch. Journ. , vol. xi. p. 211, and xx. 189; Wright, “Rems.
7 of a Prim. Peop. in Yorksh.,” p. 10.
125See Cochet, “Normandie Souterr.,” p. 258; Baudot, “Sép. des
8 Barbares,” p. 76; Troyon, “Tombeaux de Bel-Air”; Lindenschmit,
“Todtenlager bei Selzen,” p. 13.
125Arch. , vol. xxxv. p. 267.
9
126“Hist. of Lapland,” Ed., 1704, p. 313; Keysler, “Ant. Sept.,” p.
0 173.
126Sussex Arch. Coll. vol. xvi. p. 63.
1
126Arch. Camb. , 2nd S., vol. i. p. 88.
2
126Isaiah, chap. xli. ver. 15.
3
126“De re Rust.,” lib. i. cap. 52.
4
126Smith’s “Dict. of Gk. and Rom. Ant.,” s.v. Tribulum. Wilkinson’s
5 “Anc. Egyptians,” vol. ii. p. 190; iv. 94. “Arch, per l’Ant. e la
Etn. ,” vol. xxiii. 57; vol. xxvi. p. 53. Fellows, “Journ. in Asia Minor,”
1838, p. 70. Paul Lucas, “Voyage en Asie,” Paris, 1712, p. 231. N. and
Q. , 7th S., vol. vii. p. 36.
126For the use of this cut I am indebted to Sir A. Wollaston
6 Franks, F.R.S.
126Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. , vol. vi. p. 253.
7
126Journ. Anth. Inst. , vol. x. p. 150.
8
126Arch. , vol. xli. p. 404. See also Wilde, “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p.
9 10.
127See Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 94.
0
 127Mém. Soc. R. des Ant. du Nord. , 1886–91, p. 232. Aarb. f.
1 Oldkynd , 1886, p. 227.
127“Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. Heft. viii. Taf. i. 4.
2
127Tom. vi. 1865.
3
127Ponthieux, pl. xxvi.
4
127Chantre, “Etudes Paléoéthnol.,” 1867. Watelet, “L’Age de Pierre
5 dans le Dép. de l’Aisne,” 1866. De Ferry, “Anc. de l’Homme
dans le Mâconnais,” 1867.
127“L’Homme Fossile,” 2nd ed., p. 150.
6
127Comptes Rendus , 1866, vol. lxii. p. 347; 1867, vol. lxv. p. 116.
7
127De Gongora, “Ant. Preh. de Andalusia,” p. 49, fig. 60.
8
127Trans. Preh. Cong. , 1868, pl. viii. 3.
9
128“Ant. do Algarve;” da Veiga, 1886, vol. ii. p. 162, pl. viii.
0
128“Di alcuni armi ed Utensili in Pietra,” 1863, Tav. ii.
1
128Keller, “Pfahlbauten,” 6ter Ber., p. 272.
2
128“Supp. au Rec. d’Ant. Suisses,” pl. i. 5.
3
128Zeitsch. f. Ethn. , vol. xvi. p. (105), pl. iii.
4
128Rev. Arch. , vol. xx. p. 441. Matériaux , vol. v. p. 399 bis;
5 Comptes Rendus , 1869, vol. lxix. p. 1312. Arcelin, “Ind. prim.
en. Egypte et en Syrie,” 1870.
128Zeitschrift für Ægypt. Sprache , &c., Juli 1870.
6
128Journ. Anth. Inst. , vol. iv. p. 215 (Lubbock): vii. p. 290.
7 Zeitsch. f. Ethn. , vol. xxi. pl. iv. v. “Die Stein-zeit Afrika’s,” R.
Andrée. Intern. Archiv , vol. iii. p. 81. “Ægypten’s vor-metallische Zeit.”
Much, Würzburg, 1880. Nature , vol. xxxii. p. 161: xxxiii. 311 (Wady
Halfa).
128Tr. Cong. Préh. Stockholm , 1874, p. 76.
8
Comptes Rendus , 1869, vol. lxviii. pp. 196, 345.
 128
9
129Journ. Anth. Inst. , vol. i. pp. 337, 442.
0
129Quart. St. Palest. Expl. Fund , 1874, p. 158.
1
129Trans. Cong. Preh. Arch. , 1868, p. 69. Geol. Mag. , vol. v. p.
2 532. Journ. Anth. Inst. , vol. xi. p. 124. Camb. Ant. Comm. ,
vol. v. p. 67.
129Proc. Soc. Ant. , 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 38. Journ. of Ant. Soc. of
3 Cent. Prov. , vol. i. p. 21. Journ. Ethn. Soc. , N. S., vol. i. p. 175.
129“Anct. Mon. of Mississ. Vall.,” p. 215.
4
129Lib. iii. c. 15.
5
129Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 38.
6
129Journ. Anth. Inst. , vol. vi. p. 409, pl. xx.
7
129For the use of this block I am indebted to the executors of the
8 late Mr. Henry Christy. See also Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th
Ed., p. 93.
129“Mus. Metall,” p. 157.
9
130Two are figured in Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. , vol. viii. p. 321. See
0 also Ratzel, “Völkerk,” vol. ii., 1888, p. 151.
130Comptes Rendus , 1868, vol. lxvii. p. 1296.
1
130Arch. Assoc. Journ. , vol. iv., 1848, p. 105.
2
130Arch. , vol. xxxviii. p. 417.
3
130“Anc. Wilts,” p. 195. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 124A .
4
130“Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 230.
5
130“T. Y. D.,” p. 224.
6
130P. S. A. S. , vol. vii. p. 320.
7
130Op. cit. , vol. vii. p. 499.
8
 130Arch. , vol. xli. p. 404.
9
131Others are engraved in Keller’s “Pfahlbaut.,” 1ter Bericht, Taf.
0 iii. 8. Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. i., Heft. xii. Taf. i. 15.
“Hohenzollernsch. Samml.,” Taf. xxvii. 18. Mackie, “Nat. Hist. Rep.,”
vol. i. p. 139. Le Hon, “L’homme Foss.,” 2nd ed., p. 175. “Ant. Lac. du
Mus. de Lausanne,” 1896. Pl. x.
131“Mus. préh.,” Nos. 276, 277. “Ant. Lac. du Mus. de Lausanne,”
1 1896. Pl. x., 10, 11.
131Zeitsch. f. Ethn. , vol. xiv. p. (531).
2
131Keller’s “Lake-Dw.,” pl. iii. 1; xxi. 10; xxviii. 9, 10. Troyon, “Hab.
3 Lac.,” pl. v. 11. “Pfahlbauten,” 2ter Ber. Taf. iii. pl. 40. Desor,
“Palafittes,” fig. 12. Rau’s “Preh. Fishing,” 1884, p. 186.
131“Stone Age,” pl. v. 86.
4
131P. S. A. S. , vol. x. p. 263.
5
131Tr. Lanc. and Chesh. Arch. Soc. , vol. iv. p. 377.
6
131Ibid.
7
131Zeitsch. f. Ethn. , vol., xiv. p. 28.
8
131“Illahun, &c.,” 1891, p. 13, pl. xiii.
9
132“Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 32.
0
132See Archiv. f. Anth. , vol. v. p. 234.
1
132Worsaae, “Prim. Ants. of Den.,” p. 17. Nilsson, “Stone Age,” pl.
2 vi. 125, 126. Madsen, “Afb.,” pl. xl.
132Wilson’s “Preh. Man,” vol. i. p. 225. “Anct. Mon. of Missis.
3 Valley,” p. 211. Squier, “Abor. Mon. of New York,” p. 180.
132“Cultur-wiss.,” vol. i. p. 61.
4
132“Stone Age,” pl. ii. pp. 28, 29.
5
132“Remains of a Primitive People, &c., in Yorkshire.”
6
Proc. Soc. Ant. , 2nd S., vol. iv. 233.
132
7
132Arch. , vol. xxxviii. p. 417.
8
132Arch. Journ. , vol. xxvii. p. 74.
9
133Arch. Journ. , vol. xxix. p. 284.
0
133Antiq. , vol. xv., 1887, pp. 237–8.
1
133Suss. Arch. Coll. , vol. xxxii. p. 175.
2
133Suss. Arch. Coll. , vol. xxvii. p. 177.
3
133Wilts Arch. Mag. , vol. xx. p. 346.
4
133“Brit. Barr.,” pp. 251, 262.
5
133“Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 43.
6
133P. S. A. S. , vol. xxv. p. 497.
7
133P. S. A. S. , vol. xi. p. 584.
8
133P. S. A. S. , vol. xii. p. 208.
9
134P. S. A. S. , vol. xxviii. p. 337.
0
134Bull. de la Soc. des Ant. de l’Ouest , 4 Trim., 1863, fig. 18.
1
134“Mus. Préh.,” pl. xxxiv., xxxv.
2
134Madsen, “Afbildninger,” pl. i. 15.
3
134Zeits. f. Ethn. , vol. xxviii., p. 348.
4
134H. and L. Siret, “Les premiers Ages du Métal,” pl. xiii., xvi.
5 Capelle, “L’Esp. centr.,” 1895, p. 70, pl. vi.
134Zeitsch. f. Ethn. , vol. xvii. p. 93.
6
134Zeitsch. f. Ethn. , vol. xiv. p. (483); xv. p. (116).
7
134“Stone Age,” p. 80, pl. v. 93.
8
134“Nord. Olds.,” No. 56.
9
135“Nord. Olds.,” No. 58.
0
135Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 102. “Flint Chips,” p. 74.
1
135Nordisk Tidskrift for Oldk. , 1832, p. 429.
2
135“Stone Age,” p. 42.
3
135Franks, “Horæ Ferales,” p. 137. Lisch, “Frederico-Francisc.,” p.
4 145.
135“Celt, Roman, and Saxon,” p. 70.
5
135“Kahun,” 1890, p. 29, pl. ix. “Illahun, &c.,” 1891, p. 50 seqq.
6 “Medum,” 1892, p. 31 seqq.
135“Troy,” 1875, p. 94. Atlas, pl. xxv.
7
135Zeitsch. f. Ethn. , vol. xvii. p. (303).
8
135Arch. Journ. , vol. xlix. p. 53.
9
136Arch. Journ. , vol. xlix. p. 164.
0
 NOTES—CHAPTER XIII.
136Pt. ii. p. 14. One from Alaska of this form and another with a
1 long handle are figured in Zeitsch. f. Ethn. , vol. xvi. p. (222).
136“Prehist. Times,” 4th ed., p. 513, figs. 214–6.
2
136“Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 699.
3
136“Rel. Aquit.,” p. 13.
4
136Proc. Ethn. Soc. , N. S., vol. i. p. 137. See Rep. Bureau of
5 Ethn. , 1887–8, p. 294.
136P. S. A. S. , vol. xxiv. p. 142.
6
136Rep. of U. S. Nat. Mus. , Washington , 1891, p. 553.
7
136Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. iv. p. 175.
8
136Intern. Archiv. , vol. ii. p. 212.
9
137Arch. per l’Ant. e la Etn. , vol. xxiv., 1894, p. 245.
0
137Bull. Soc. d’Anth. de Paris , 4th S. vol. vii., 1896, p. 374.
1
137P. 319.
2
137“Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 8.
3
137“Nord. Olds.,” No. 29.
4
137“South Wilts,” p. 172, pl. xix.
5
137Arch. , vol. xliii. pp. 420, 421.
6
137“Salisb. Vol. Arch. Inst.,” p. 106.
7
137Proc. Soc. Ant. , 2nd S., vol. xii. p. 239.
8
Arch. Assoc. Journ. , vol. xxii. p. 450. Arch. , vol. xliii. p. 420.
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