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Lecture-12

The document provides an overview of machine learning, explaining its definition, how it works, and its classifications: supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. It highlights the importance of historical data in building predictive models and discusses various applications of machine learning in everyday life, such as recommendations, self-driving cars, and cybersecurity. Additionally, it outlines the learning processes and potential contributions of unsupervised learning in fields like healthcare and traffic analysis.

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sourodeepadhikari1
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2 views

Lecture-12

The document provides an overview of machine learning, explaining its definition, how it works, and its classifications: supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. It highlights the importance of historical data in building predictive models and discusses various applications of machine learning in everyday life, such as recommendations, self-driving cars, and cybersecurity. Additionally, it outlines the learning processes and potential contributions of unsupervised learning in fields like healthcare and traffic analysis.

Uploaded by

sourodeepadhikari1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Overview of machine Learning

Mr. Tapan Kumar Dey

Manipal University Jaipur

February 9, 2025

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction to Machine Learning

2 How does machine Learning Works

3 Classification of Machine Learning

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Introduction

Machine learning is about extracting knowledge from data. It is a


growing technology which enables computers to learn automatically
from past data also known as historical data.
It is a research field at the intersection of statistics, artificial intelli-
gence, and computer science and is also known as predictive analytics
or statistical learning.
According to Arthur Samuel, “Machine learning is a field of study
that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly pro-
grammed.”
According to Mike Roberts Machine learning is the process by which
a computer can work more accurately as it collects and learns from the
data it is given.
With the help of sample historical data, which is known as training data,
machine learning algorithms build a mathematical model that helps in
making predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed.
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Program vs Learning Algorithm

Applications: The application of machine learning methods has in recent


years become ubiquitous in everyday life.
From automatic recommendations of which movies to watch, to what
food to order or which products to buy, to personalized online radio and
recognizing your friends in your photos, it is also used in self-driving
cars, cyber fraud detection, face recognition.
When you look at a complex website like Facebook, Amazon, or Netflix,
it is very likely that every part of the site contains multiple machine
learning models.
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How does machine Learning Works
A Machine Learning system learns from historical data, builds the pre-
diction models, and whenever it receives new data, predicts the output
for it.
The accuracy of predicted output depends upon the amount of data.
Huge amount of data helps to build a better model which predicts the
output more accurately.

Machine learning uses data to detect various patterns in a given


dataset.
It can learn from past data and improve automatically.
It is a data-driven technology.
It is a data-driven technology.
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Classification of Machine Learning
Supervised learning.
Unsupervised learning.
Reinforcement learning
Supervised Learning:
In supervised learning, the user provides the algorithm with pairs of
inputs and desired outputs, and the algorithm finds a way to produce
the desired output when given a new input.
For example of spam classification using supervised learning.

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Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning is a machine learning technique in which
models are not supervised using training dataset.
Instead, models itself find the hidden patterns and insights from the
given data.
In unsupervised learning, only the input data is known, and no known
output data is given to the algorithm in other words the models are
trained using unlabelled dataset and are allowed to act on that data
without any supervision.

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Example

1 Healthcare & Medical Diagnosis


Problem: How can unsupervised learning help in early detection of
chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, cancer) without labeled data?
Potential Contribution: Clustering patient data to discover hidden
subgroups of diseases.
2 Cybersecurity & Anomaly Detection.
Problem: Can unsupervised learning improve intrusion detection in
network security?
Potential Contribution: Developing an anomaly detection model using
clustering data.
3 Autonomous Vehicles & Traffic Analysis.
Problem: Can unsupervised learning help in predicting traffic patterns
for better city planning?
Potential Contribution: Using self-organizing maps or clustering to
identify traffic congestion areas and improve urban mobility.

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Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an


agent learns to make decisions by interacting with an environment to
maximize a reward signal.
It follows the concept of trial and error, where the agent takes actions,
receives feedback (rewards or penalties), and learns an optimal policy
over time.

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Applications

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