Capacitors:

1. Capacitance (C): C = Q / V

2. Energy Stored (E): E = 0.5 * C * V^2

3. Charge Stored (Q): Q = C * V

4. Voltage across a Capacitor (V): V = Q / C

5. Time Constant (τ): τ = R * C

6. Reactance (Xc): Xc = 1 / (2π * f * C)

Note: In the formulas above:

C represents the capacitance in farads (F),

Q represents the charge stored on the capacitor in coulombs (C),

V represents the voltage across the capacitor in volts (V),

R represents the resistance in ohms (Ω),

E represents the energy stored in joules (J),

f represents the frequency in hertz (Hz),

Xc represents the capacitive reactance in ohms (Ω).

Inductance (L):

L=Φ/I

Energy Stored (E):

E = 0.5 * L * I^2

Magnetic Flux (Φ):

Φ=L*I

Induced Voltage (V):

V = L * dI / dt

Time Constant (τ):

τ=L/R

Note: In the formulas above,

L represents the inductance in henries (H),

Φ represents the magnetic flux through the inductor in webers (Wb),

I represents the current flowing through the inductor in amperes (A),

E represents the energy stored in joules (J),

V represents the induced voltage in volts (V),

dI / dt represents the rate of change of current with respect to time in amperes per second (A/s),

R represents the resistance in ohms (Ω),

τ represents the time constant in seconds (s).

Ohm's Law in Phasor Form:

V=I*Z

Impedance (Z):

Z = R + jX

Reactance (X):

X = ωL or X = 1/(ωC)

Note: In the formulas above,

V is the phasor representing voltage,

I is the phasor representing current,

Z is the impedance of the circuit,

R is the resistance of the circuit,

j is the imaginary unit (√(-1)),

X is the reactance of the circuit,

ω is the angular frequency (2π times the frequency),

L is the inductance of the circuit,

C is the capacitance of the circuit.

RL Circuit:

Time Constant (τ): τ = L / R

Inductor Voltage (V_L): V_L = V_0 * e^(-t / τ)

Inductor Current (I_L): I_L = (V_0 / R) * e^(-t / τ)

RC Circuit:

Time Constant (τ): τ = R * C

Capacitor Voltage (V_C): V_C = V_0 * (1 - e^(-t / τ))

Capacitor Current (I_C): I_C = (V_0 / R) * e^(-t / τ)

Note: In the formulas above,

L is the inductance in henries (H),

R is the resistance in ohms (Ω),

C is the capacitance in farads (F),

τ is the time constant in seconds (s),

V_0 is the initial voltage,

t is the time in seconds (s).

LC Circuit:

Angular Frequency (ω): ω = 1 / √(LC)

Impedance (Z): Z = jωL - j / (ωC)

Current (I): I = V / Z

RLC Circuit:

Angular Frequency (ω):

ω = 1 / √(LC) for a series RLC circuit

ω = √(1 / LC - (R / L)^2) for a parallel RLC circuit

Impedance (Z):

Z = R + j(ωL - 1 / (ωC)) for a series RLC circuit

Z = R || (j / (ωC - 1 / (ωL))) for a parallel RLC circuit

Current (I): I = V / Z

Note: In the formulas above,

L is the inductance in henries (H),

C is the capacitance in farads (F),

R is the resistance in ohms (Ω),

ω is the angular frequency in radians per second (rad/s),

j is the imaginary unit (√(-1)),

V is the voltage across the circuit,

Z is the impedance of the circuit, || denotes the parallel combination of components.

Impedance in a Series Circuit: Z_total = Z_1 + Z_2 + Z_3 + ...

Impedance in a Parallel Circuit: 1 / Z_total = 1 / Z_1 + 1 / Z_2 + 1 / Z_3 + ...

Voltage Divider: V_out = V_in * (Z_load / (Z_source + Z_load))

Current Divider: I_out = I_in * (Z_source / (Z_source + Z_load))

Power in an AC Circuit: P = |V| * |I| * cos(θ), where θ is the phase angle between voltage and current

Apparent Power: S = |V| * |I|

Reactive Power: Q = |V| * |I| * sin(θ)

Power Factor: PF = cos(θ) = P / S

AC Power in a Resistor: P = I^2 * R

AC Power in an Inductor: P = I^2 * R, where R is the equivalent resistance of the inductor

AC Power in a Capacitor: P = I^2 * R, where R is the equivalent resistance of the capacitor

Note: In the formulas above,

Z represents the complex impedance,

V represents the phasor representing voltage,

I represents the phasor representing current,

|V| and |I| represent the magnitudes of voltage and current respectively,

θ represents the phase angle.

Inductive Reactance (XL): XL = 2πfL

Capacitive Reactance (XC): XC = 1 / (2πfC)

Impedance of a Series RLC Circuit: Z = R + j(XL - XC)

Resonant Frequency (fr) of a Series RLC Circuit: fr = 1 / (2π√(LC))

Bandwidth (BW) of a Series RLC Circuit: BW = fr / Q, where Q is the quality factor

Quality Factor (Q) of a Series RLC Circuit: Q = fr / Δf

, where Δf is the difference between the upper and lower -3dB frequencies

Gain (A) of an Amplifier: A = 20 log (Vout / Vin)

where Vout and Vin are the output and input voltages respectively

Cutoff Frequency (fc) of a Low-pass Filter: fc = 1 / (2πRC)

Cutoff Frequency (fc) of a High-pass Filter: fc = 1 / (2πRC)

Transfer Function (H) of a Filter: H = 1 / (1 + j(f / fc)^n), where f is the frequency and n is the order of the
filter

Note: In the formulas above,

XL represents the inductive reactance in ohms (Ω),

XC represents the capacitive reactance in ohms (Ω),

f represents the frequency in hertz (Hz),

L represents the inductance in henries (H),

C represents the capacitance in farads (F),

R represents the resistance in ohms (Ω),

fr represents the resonant frequency in hertz (Hz),

BW represents the bandwidth in hertz (Hz),

Q represents the quality factor,

A represents the gain in decibels (dB),

Vin represents the input voltage,

Vout represents the output voltage,

fc represents the cutoff frequency in hertz (Hz),

H represents the transfer function.

Low-pass Filter (Butterworth): H(s) = 1 / (1 + (s / ωc)^n)

High-pass Filter (Butterworth): H(s) = (s / ωc)^n / (1 + (s / ωc)^n)

Band-pass Filter (Butterworth): H(s) = (s / ω0Q) / (1 + (s / ω0Q) + (s / ω0)^2)

Notch Filter (Butterworth): H(s) = 1 / (1 + (s / ω0Q) + (s / ω0)^2)

Chebyshev Low-pass Filter: H(s) = 1 / √(1 + ε^2 * (s / ωc)^2n)

Chebyshev High-pass Filter: H(s) = √(1 + ε^2) * (s / ωc)^n / √(1 + ε^2 * (s / ωc)^2n)

Elliptic Low-pass Filter: H(s) = 1 / √(1 + ε^2 * (s / ωc)^2n) * √(1 + ε^2 * (s / ωp)^2n)

Elliptic High-pass Filter: H(s) = √(1 + ε^2) * (s / ωc)^n / √(1 + ε^2 * (s / ωc)^2n) * √(1 + ε^2 * (s / ωs)^2n)

Where:

H(s) is the transfer function of the filter in the Laplace domain.

s is the complex frequency variable.

ωc is the cutoff frequency.

ω0 is the center frequency.

ωp is the passband edge frequency.

ωs is the stopband edge frequency.

n is the filter order.

Q is the quality factor.

ε is the ripple factor or passband ripple.

Series Resonant Frequency: fr = 1 / (2π√(LC))

Parallel Resonant Frequency: fr = 1 / (2π√(LC))

Series Resonant Impedance: Z = R + j(ωL - 1 / (ωC))

Parallel Resonant Impedance: Z = R || (j / (ωC - 1 / (ωL)))

Series Resonant Current: I = V / Z

Parallel Resonant Current: I = V / Z

Series Resonant Voltage: V = IZ

Parallel Resonant Voltage: V = IZ

Quality Factor (Q) - Series Resonance: Q = ωrL / R

Quality Factor (Q) - Parallel Resonance: Q = R / (ωrL)

Bandwidth (BW) - Series Resonance: BW = fr / Q

Bandwidth (BW) - Parallel Resonance: BW = fr / Q

Where:

fr is the resonant frequency in hertz (Hz).

L is the inductance in henries (H).

R is the resistance in ohms (Ω).

Z is the complex impedance.

ω is the angular frequency in radians per second (rad/s).

V is the voltage.

I is the current.

Q is the quality factor.

BW is the bandwidth.
Op-amps, motors, and transformer formulas:

Op-Amps:

Inverting Amplifier: Vout = -Vin * (Rf / Rin)

Non-inverting Amplifier: Vout = Vin * (1 + Rf / Rin)

Summing Amplifier: Vout = - (Rf / R1) * V1 - (Rf / R2) * V2 - ...

Difference Amplifier: Vout = (Rf / R1) * (V2 - V1)

Motors:

Speed of a Motor: N = (120 * f) / P

Torque of a Motor: T = (P * 60 * N) / (2 * π)

Power of a Motor: P = T * ω

Transformers:

Turns Ratio (N): N = Vp / Vs = Np / Ns

Transformer Equation: Vp / Vs = Np / Ns = Ip / Is

Transformer Turns Ratio (K): K = Np / Ns

Transformer Power: P = Vp * Ip = Vs * Is
Note: In the formulas above,

Vout represents the output voltage,

Vin represents the input voltage,

Rf represents the feedback resistor,

Rin represents the input resistor,

V1, V2, ... represent the input voltages in a summing or difference amplifier,

N represents the turns ratio of a transformer,

Vp represents the primary voltage,

Vs represents the secondary voltage,

Ip represents the primary current,

Is represents the secondary current,

P represents the power,

f represents the frequency,

Np represents the number of turns in the primary winding,

Ns represents the number of turns in the secondary winding,

N represents the speed of the motor,

T represents the torque of the motor,

ω represents the angular velocity.