ART APPRECIATION

PHILIPPINE ARTS AND CRAFTS: A CHRONOLOGY

According to the Philippine Art Period Timeline, the history of Philippine art is described in
detail.

Art History
1. Prehistoric Art (40,000-4,000 BC)
 relied on the use of natural pigments
 stone carvings to create representations of objects, animals, and rituals that
governed a civilization’s existence.
 Wall/cave paintings
Art Forms: Stationary, Portable Art
Example Artworks: 1. Lascaux Cave paintings in France
-the Great Hall of the Bulls
-The Chamber of Felines
-The Shaft of the Dead Man.
2. Venus of Willendorf, fertility sculpture found in Willendorf Austria
3. Stonehenge (Post and Lintel), Salisbury Plain Wiltshire,England
Philippine Prehistoric art:
1. Angono Petroglyphs,
 the oldest known artworks in the Philippines. 127 figural
carvings engraved on the wall of a shallow cave of volcanic tuff.
2. Manunggul Jar
 a secondary burial jar excavated from a Neolithic burial site in
the Manunggul cave of the Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point in
Palawan, Philippines.
3. Maitum Jar
 are earthenware secondary burial vessels
 discovered in 1991 by the National Museum of the Philippines'
archaeological team in Ayub Cave, Barangay Pinol, Maitum,
Sarangani Province, Mindanao, Philippines.

2. Ancient Art (4,000 B.C.–A.D. 400)

 Art was produced by advanced civilizations, which in this case refers to those with an
established written language.
a. Mesopotamia d. Rome g. Persia
b. Egypt e. China h. Palestine
c. Greece f. India

Functions of Arts:
 to tell stories
 decorate utilitarian objects like bowls and weapons
 display religious and symbolic imagery,
  demonstrate social status
 depict stories of rulers, gods, and goddesses.

Sample Ancient Artworks:

 Mesopotamia
1. Code of Hammurabi. Created around 1792 B.C., the piece bears a Babylonian
set of laws carved in stone
 Greece
1. Parthenon (Architecture)
 a temple in honor of the city’s patron goddess Athena.
2. Venus de Milo (Sculpture)
 carved in 100 B.C. during the Hellenistic Age by the little-known
Alexandros of Antioch
 discovered in 1820 on the island of Melos.
3. Kerch vases (Pottery)
 is an archaeological term describing vases from the final phase of Attic red-
figure pottery production.
4. Krater or crater (pottery)
 (Greek: κρατήρ, kratēr, literally "mixing vessel") was a large vase in Ancient
Greece, used for the dilution of wine with water.
5. Pelike (Pottery)
 It has two open handles that are vertical on their lateral aspects and even at
the side with the edge of the belly, a narrow neck, a flanged mouth, and a
sagging, almost spherical belly

3. Medieval Art (500–1400)

 often referred to as the “Dark Ages,”
 marked a period of economic and cultural deterioration following the fall of the
Roman Empire in 476 A.D.

Characteristics:
 artwork produced reflects that darkness
 characterized by grotesque imagery and brutal scenery.
 centered around the Church.
 more sophisticated and elaborately decorated churches emerged
 windows and silhouettes were adorned with biblical subjects
 scenes from classical mythology.
 emergence of the illuminated manuscript and Gothic architecture style

Art forms:
 Relief sculptures
 sculpture is any work which projects from but which belongs to the wall,
 a sculpture with figures that protrude from a background while still being
attached to it.
 Fresco paintings
  method of painting water-based pigments on freshly applied plaster, usually on
wall surfaces
 Mosaics
 a pattern or image made of small regular or irregular pieces of colored stone, glass
or ceramic, held in place by plaster/mortar, and covering a surface
 Metal works
 useful and decorative objects fashioned of various metals, including copper, iron,
silver, bronze, lead, gold, and brass.
 Stained glass
 refers to glass that has been colored by metallic oxides during the manufacturing
process

 Gothic architectures
 a European style of architecture that values height and exhibits an intricate and
delicate aesthetic.
 Pointed arches
 Large, stained window glass
 Rib vaults

Art Period:
1. Early Medieval Art
2. Romanesque Art
3. Gothic Art.

Sample Artworks and architecture:

 Rose window
 Mosaic of Jesus Christ in Istanbul, Turkey.
 Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
 Lindisfarne Gospels (illuminated manuscript)
 Byzantine mosaics at The Palatine Chapel in Sicily.
 Notre-Dame Cathedral

4. Renaissance Art (1400–1600)

 period of "rebirth" in arts, science, and culture, and is typically thought to have
originated in Italy
 capture the experience of the individual and the beauty and mystery of the natural
world.

Famous Artist:
1. Leonardo (1452-1519)
 the ultimate “Renaissance man”
 epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal.

Famous works:
 - “Mona Lisa” (1503-05), “The Virgin of the Rocks” (1485), “The Last Supper” (1495-
98), Fresco, Vitruvian Man - allowed him to reproduce reality with a remarkable
degree of accuracy.

2. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)

3. Raphael Sanzio

4. Filippo
Brunelleschi

5. Donatello
(1386-1466)

6. Sandro
Botticelli (1445-
1510)

7. Giovanni Bellini
(1430-1516)

▪ the dominant sculptor of the High Renaissance

▪ Famous works
● Pietà in St. Peter’s Cathedral (1499)
● David in his native Florence (1501-04)
● Giant fresco covering the ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel, completed over four years (1508-12) and
depicting various scenes from Genesis.
▪ the youngest of the three great High Renaissance
masters,
▪ Sistine Madonna, Madonna of the Chair, The School of
Athens
▪ father of Renaissance architecture,
▪ Duomo of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence’s central
cathedral

▪ one of the best-known sculptors of the Renaissance

▪ His most famous piece, the bronze David, was the first
free-standing nude statue made since antiquity
▪ Primavera’,
▪ The Adoration of the Magi
▪ ‘Venus and Mars’
▪ The Birth of Venus
▪ Portrait of Doge Loredano
5. Baroque (1600–
1750)

● over-the-top visual arts and architecture.

● characterized by grandeur and richness

a. Michelangelo
Merisi
Caravaggio
(1573-1610)

b. Gian Lorenzo
Bernini (1598-
1680)
c. Diego Rodríguez
de Silva y
Velázquez, (1599-
1660),
d. Peter Paul Rubens
(1577 – 1640)

e. Rembrandt
Harmenszoon
van Rijn, (1606-
1669)

● stylistically complex.
▪ Realistic religious depictions, done on a grand scale,
▪ Italian painter
▪ Known for: dramatic use of lighting in Baroque paintings
▪ Death of the Virgins
▪ Italian sculptor and architect
▪ Known for: creating the Baroque style of sculpture
▪ Portrait of Philip IV, Las Meninas

▪ Flemish painter, draughtsman, and diplomat

▪ Assumption of the Virgin, Judgement of Paris, The Garden
of Love
▪ Dutch Baroque painter and printmaker
▪ one of the greatest storytellers in the history of art,
▪ possessing an exceptional ability to render people in their
various moods and dramatic guises.
▪ The Night Watch, Man with the Golden Helmet, Descent
from the Cross
6. Rococo Art (1700-
1800)

Jean Antoine
Watteau (1684–
1721)

7. NEOCLASSIC

Jacques-Louis
David (1748-1825)

● It is characterized by lightness, elegance, and an

exuberant use of curving natural forms in ornamentation.
● The word Rococo is derived from the French word
rocaille, which denoted the shell-covered rock work that
was used to decorate artificial grottoes.
● The father of Rococo painting
● who invented a new genre called fêtes galantes, which
were scenes of courtship parties.
● La Surprise
● was the predominant movement in European art and
architecture during the late 18th and early 19th
centuries.
● Neoclassical works (paintings and sculptures) were
serious, unemotional, and sternly heroic.
● The Oath of the Horatii, The Death of Socrates, The
Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons, The

Death of Marat, Bonaparte Crossing the Grand Saint-

Bernard Pass, 20 May 1800

Jean-Auguste-
Dominique Ingres

● La Grande Odalisque, The Vow of Louis XIII, The

Apotheosis of Homer, The Turkish Bath,

8. Romanticism

Francisco Goya
(1746 -1828)

Théodore Géricault
(1791-1824)
Eugène Delacroix
(1798 -1863)

● The artists emphasized that sense and emotions - not

simply reason and order - were equally important means
of understanding and experiencing the world.
● Romanticism celebrated the individual imagination and
intuition in the enduring search for individual rights and
liberty.
● Spanish painter and printmaker
● The Black Duchess, The Nude Maja, The Third of May,
1808, Saturn Devouring His Son,
● French Painter
● The Raft of the Medusa, Portrait of Mustapha,
● French Painter
● widely regarded as the leader of the Romantic
movement in 19th-century French art.
● Scenes from the Massacres of Chios, The Death of
Sardanapalus, Liberty Leading the People, Apollo
Slaying the Serpent

I. Art Appreciation, Art, creativity, imagination, and expression

Beauty

Sources of beauty

Art Definition

Essential Requirements
of Arts

The subject in art

● Sensual qualities in a thing or idea which excites one’s

immediate admiration, pleasure or satisfaction for itself
rather than for its uses.
1. Nature
● “Mother of all arts”
2. Art
● Made by man, not imitative but creative

● The expression or application of human creative skill and

imagination
● The term ART derives from the old Latin, which implies a
“craft or specialized sort of expertise, as carpentry or
smithing or surgery” (Collingwood, 1938).
1. Art must be man-made
2. It must benefit and satisfy man
3. It must be expressive through certain medium or material
● refers to the main idea that is represented in the artwork
● The subject of art is VARIED.
● Usually anything that is represented in the artwork.
(Person, object, sense, or event.

Two kinds of arts as to

subject

1. Representational Art or Objective Art

● arts which depict (represent) objects that are
commonly recognized by most people
● Arts that have subjects (paintings, sculpture, literature,
graphic arts, theater arts)
2. Non-representational Art or Non-objective Art
● Arts that do not have subject (Music, Architecture, and
many of the Functional art)
● They do not present descriptions, stories, or references to
identifiable objects or symbols
● Appear directly to the senses primarily because of the
satisfying organization of their sensuous and expressive
elements.

Kinds of subjects ● Landscapes, Seascapes, and Cityscapes

● Still Life
● Animals
● Portraits
● Figures
● Everyday Life
● History and Legend
● Religion and Mythology
● Dreams and Fantasies
Functions of Art 1. AESTETIC FUNCTION

●Through art, man becomes conscious of the beauties of

nature and the benefits he gets from his own work and
those done by his fellow man.
2. UTILITARIAN FUNCTION
● Art provides comfort and happiness
● Shelter, clothing, landscaping, etc.
3. CULTURAL FUNCTIONS
●Transmit and preserve skills and knowledge from one
generation to another
●Broadens one’s cultural background
4. SOCIAL FUNCTION
● Through civic and graphic arts, man learns to
cooperate, love and help each other.

CLASSIFICATION OF
ART
I. FINE OR
AESTHETIC ART

1. Music
●Harmonious combination of sound
●Most dynamic, most emotional, most universal, and most
abstract of all fine arts
2. Painting
● Visual art which expresses either by line, form, texture, or
value of color
3. Sculpture
●Express by carving, shaping, or modeling
4. Architecture
● Most useful of all the fine arts

II. PRCTICAL OR
USEFUL ART

● Sometimes called as “frozen music” because it has many

rhythmic features such as windows, ornaments, columns,
and floorings.
5. Literature
● Includes the writing of poems, short-stories, novels, plays,
histories, biographies, essays, etc.
6. Dancing
● Based upon music or rhythmic sound
● Characterized by rhythm or repetition
● The only art having one medium – the performer or
dancer
7. Drama
●Includes acting, directing, stage setting, stage lighting
and public speaking
1. Industrial Art
● Changing raw material into some significant product or
human consumption or use.
2. Applied or household art
●Refers mostly to household arts such as, flower
arrangement, interior decoration, dressmaking,
embroidery, make-up, etc.
3. Civic Art
● Refers to civic planning and beautification to improve
the standards of living
4. Commercial Art
●Involves business propaganda in the form of
advertisements in newspaper, magazines, signages,
billboards, and the likes
5. Graphic Art
● Anything printed from raised or sunken reliefs and plain
surfaces.

II. ASSUMPTIONS OF ARTS

1. Art Is Universal
•Timeless, transcending generations and nations through and through.
•Misconception: Artistic created long time ago.
•Age is not a factor in determining art.
•Literature has contributed crucial terms of art.
•lliad and the Odyssey are the two Greek Epics that one’s being taught in school.
•The Sanskrit compositions Mahabharata and Ramanaya are also classics in this
domain.
2. Nature Is Not Art, and Art Is Not Nature
•In the absence of a depiction of reality, art may be thought of as a
perspective of reality.
•In the Philippines, it is fairly uncommon for some viewers of local films to
express their dissatisfaction with the films' realism by stating that they are unrealistic.
They argue that local movies are based on a set of formulas that are detrimental to the
content and fidelity to reality of the films they produce
•'Well and Grinding' is a painting by French artist Paul Cezanne that depicts a
situation from reality.
•The Chateau Noir's Forest has a wheel, and it is located there.

3. Art is a result of personal experience

•It is not a comprehensive guide, but rather an experience. The actual act of
accomplishing something.
•For others, reaching this point without having a good definition of art might seem
bizarre and bizarre. For most people, art does not need a comprehensive definition. Art
is nothing more than a sensory experience.
III.Visual Arts
I. ELEMENTS OS ARTS

1. Lines
2. Shapes

- The elements of art are the basic components of art-

marking.

- They are the building blocks of composition in arts

- Refers to the contour, profile, or outline of an object.
- It determines the shape or form of the object
Type of lines
a. Straight lines
- horizontal lines
- vertical lines
- diagonal or slanting lines
- zigzag lines
b. Curved Lines
- Spiral
- Wave
- Concave
- Convex
- It is an enclosed line
- a two-dimensional area that is defined by a change
in value or some other form of contrast.
- An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or
limited to
- height and width.
Types of Shapes
a. Geometric shapes
- Can be described using mathematical terms
- They are very regular or precise
- They are more often found in man-made things
because
- they are easier to reproduce and make things
with
- Types of geometric shapes
Circle, square, triangle, rectangle, etc
b. Free-form or organic shapes
- shapes that seem to follow no rules
- shapes that are irregular or asymmetrical in
appearance and tend to have a curvy flow to
them
- Nearly all shapes found in nature are organic in
appearance. Examples are leaves, flowers etc.

3. Form
4. Color

- It connotes something that is three-dimensional and

encloses volume, having length, width, and height.
a. Geometric forms
- are forms that are mathematical, precise, and
can be named
- sphere, cubes, cone, pyramid
b. Organic forms
- are those that are free-flowing, curvy, sinewy, and
are not symmetrical
- They most often occur in nature, as in the shapes
of flowers, branches, leaves, puddles, clouds,
animals, the human figure, etc.

- It originates from a light source, that is either view directly

or as reflected light.
- Color is one of the most expressive elements because its
quality affects our emotions directly and immediately
Categories of Color
1. Properties of colors
a. Primary colors
- Independent colors
- Red, yellow and blue
b. Secondary Colors
- Mixture of two equal amount of primary colors
- Green, violet, orange
c. Tertiary or intermediate colors
- Mixture of two equal amount of primary and
secondary colors
- Yellow green, yellow orange, blue green, blue
violet, red orange, red violet

2. Hue
- The actual color, or the identity of a color
- Red, yellow, blue, pink, orange
3. Intensity
- is the brightness or dullness of color
- is a color’s strength, saturation, purity
4. Temperature of colors
a. Warm colors
- Cheerful, exciting, aggressive colors
- Red, yellow, orange
b. Cool colors
- Calm, restful and depressing
- Blue, green, violet
5. Color Harmony
- a pleasing combination of colors
- Harmonious combination of colors
a. Monochromatic Colors
- This scheme may be achieved using tints and
shades of one hue
- Mono means one or single
- Chroma means color

5. Value

6. Texture

7. Space

b. Analogous colors
- One or more adjacent colors in the color wheel.
c. Complementary Colors
- Combination of any two opposite colors in the
color wheel
d. Triad Colors
- Combination of three colors which form an
equilateral triangle in the color wheel

- The lightness or darkness of a color

- Adding black will darken a hue or lower its value. This is
called a SHADE.
- Adding white will lighten a hue or raise its value. This is
called a TINT.
- It is the perceived surface
- quality of a work of art.
- the roughness or smoothness of the material from which
it is made.
Types of Texture
a. Physical Texture
- Experience texture trough touch
b. Implied Texture
- An artist may use his/her skillful painting technique
to create the illusion of texture.

- The distance around, between, above, below, and

within an object.
II. Principles of Design
1. Harmony

2. Balance

3. Rhythm

- Harmonious arrangement of elements of arts

- Order or unity
- It is the quality which unifies every part of an
arrangement
- Equal distribution of VISUAL weight on either side of a
composition’s center
- Used to create a sense of stability
- Types of Balance
a. Symmetrical balance
b. Asymmetrical balance
c. Radial balance
- The regular, uniform, or related movement made through
the repetition of a unit or motif

4. Proportions

5. Emphasis

6. Variety
7. Movements

- Rhythms can be broadly categorized as random, regular,

alternating, flowing, and progressive
- is the relationship of sizes between different parts of a
work.
- Ratio, harmony of size, beautiful sizes, law of space
relationships
- The dominance and subordination, center of interest,
dominant interest.
- Contrast, variation
- Using art elements to direct a viewer's eye along a path
through the artwork, and/or to show movement, action
and direction

ASIAN ART

Asian art is diverse and rich as a result of thousands of years and the contributions of
numerous nations. It is also well renowned for its calligraphy, which is regarded as the
highest form of art in East Asian art, along with ritual bronzes, exquisite ceramic sculptures,
jades, textiles, poetic painted landscapes, garden design, amazing temples, shrines,
pagodas, and stupas. Fan Kuan's Travelers amid Mountains and Stream, Katsushika
Hokusai's series of 36 views of Mount Fuji, and Basawan's Akbar Restraining the Enraged
Elephant Hawai'i are just a few instances of artworks that have stood the test of time
(Akbar Restraining the Enraged Elephant Hawaii). In recent years, Asia has significantly
influenced modern art. Asian modern art has gained popularity recently. The number of
regional biennials and triennials, the opening of new contemporary art museums, and the
international acclaim of artists like Cai Guo-Qiang (born in China), Miwa Yanagi (born in
Japan), Suh DoHo (from Korea), and Rirkrit Tiravanija (from Thailand), among others, have
all contributed to the exponential growth of Asian contemporary art in recent years.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN ART

The Classical, Medieval, Byzantine, Romanesque (including Baroque and Rococo),

Renaissance (including Baroque and Rococo), Neolassicism (including Neoclassicism),
Romanticism (including Realism), Impressionism (including Impressionism), Modernism
(including Modernism and Postmodernism), and Postmodernism are among the
successive periods and or movements that are distinguished in the history of Western art
(including Postmodernism).

A GREEK CHANT (GREGORIAN CHANT)

One of the most well-liked styles of music during the Middle Ages was this one, which
featured a single line of vocal melody that was unaccompanied and in free rhythm. This
is not at all surprising given the importance of the Catholic church throughout this time
period. The Mass, which commemorates and celebrates the Last Supper of Jesus Christ,
has always been and will always be a ceremonial event using predefined words (liturgy),
which were both spoken and sung throughout the service.

MUSICAL POLYPHONIC DEVELOPMENT

Composers began experimenting with new methods as the Medieval Period went on, and
as a
result, polyphonic genres were born.
ORGANUM
Organum was a crucial early strategy that made it possible to investigate polyphonic
texture. It
had two lines of voices and a selection of different heterophonic textures. The three major
kinds of
organum are as follows:

A type of organum that coexists alongside another organum is called a parallel organum,
also
referred to as a "strict organum."
One voice sings the melody while the other sings at a set interval, giving the impression that
the
two voices are moving parallel to one another. For a better understanding, listen to this
synthesised
example of a parallel organum.

melismatic organum (melismatic organ)

The other accompaniment component wanders around above the pitch on which one
section of
the accompaniment stays fixed. Listen to this synthesized sample and observe how the
second
voice stays on the same note while the first voice sings the melody, as well as how the
second
voice stays on the same note while the first voice sings the melody.

NUEMES The direction in which the pitch was shifting was indicated by these symbols
engraved above chants.

The flute is a type of musical instrument constructed of wood. Medieval flutes resembled
modern recorders more in appearance since they had finger apertures rather than
keyholes.
Dulcimer The Middle Ages' dulcimers were originally plucked, but as technology
advanced, hammers were used to strike them.
Lyra The lyra, which dates back to antiquity, is frequently recognized as one of the earliest
known bowed instruments.
Two more medieval instruments that can be found are the recorder and the lute.
Traveling singers and performers called troubadours and trouvères were also common
around this time.

MIDDLE EASTERN MUSIC HAS ITS OWN SPECIAL STYLES

Ars Nova, which is Latin for "new art," was a brand-new kind of music that evolved
in the 14th century and had its roots in France and Italy.
The phrase comes from a work written by Philippe de Vitry and published in France
in 1320.
In writing, the style was characterized by a wider variety of rhythms, the usage of
double time, and a higher level of freedom and autonomy. These experimental initiatives

laid some of the groundwork for later musical development throughout the Renaissance.
During the Art Nova era, the chanson was the most popular secular genre.

THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF BAROQUE MUSIC THROUGHOUT HISTORY

Baroque music was a style of Western art music that was composed in the
Western world from roughly 1600 and 1750. The Classical era came next, coming after
this era, which occurred after the Renaissance. The name "baroque," which is derived
from the Portuguese word barroco and means literally "misshapen pearl," was used
pejoratively to describe the complex and ornately embellished music of this era. Later,
the phrase began to be used to describe the same era's architecture as well.
As a large portion of the "classical music" canon, baroque music is still frequently
studied, performed, and heard today.
Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Alessandro Scarlatti, Domenico Scarlatti,
Antonio Vivaldi, Henry Purcell, Georg Philipp Telemann,

Jean-Baptiste Lully, Arcangelo Corelli, Tomaso Albinoni, François

Couperin, Denis Gaultier, Claudio Monteverdi, Heinrich Schütz, Jean-Philippe
Rameau, Jan Dismas Zelenka, and Johann Pachelbel

CLASSICAL MUSIC

The history of classical music is a long one (1750-1810)

The term "classical," with a capital "C," designates anything of the greatest
level and is frequently linked to the ancient Greeks and Romans. The letter

"C" stands for it and designates a certain composer's style. Any non-
contemporary music is incorrectly referred to as traditional music while

discussing classical music. This type of music is actually referred to as "art

music" by composers from the era.
The most important composers to remember and admire are those
who have been designated with an asterisk.
Galant is a name in fashion. This early classical style is also referred
to as "galant," which is a French word that means "galant" or "galant-like."
This early classical design also has a very courtly aspect. Instead of
trying to provoke thought, it was meant to make the listener feel good.
The most well-known composers that utilized this technique were Johann
Christian Bach and C.P.E. Bach.

THE ORCHESTRA IS ON THE WAY

The size of the Orchestra began to grow. The use of the harpsichord
continuo gradually decreased in the repertory. Horns in particular were
more important in tying the texture together than other wind instruments.

In spite of this, the main instrument was still the string section, to which two
horns, one or more flutes, or a pair of oboes could be added. Gradually,
as needed, composers started adding one or two bassoons, along with a
pair of trumpets or a pair of kettle drums. Clarinets were initially made
available in the latter part of the 18th century. Due to his compositions,
Mozart is credited with making the clarinet more well known.
Simple broken chords repeated in the left hand make up the Alberti
Bass, which drives the beat and defines the harmony. One of the first
composers for the piano, C.P.E. Bach began his work around 1750. J.C.
The first piano recital by Bach took place in London. Many pieces of music
were published for harpsichord or piano, although harpsichord use
steadily declined.
SONATA
A sonata is a piece of music with one or more movements for one or more
instruments. It is a trio with three instruments, a quartet with four, and a
quintet with five.
SYMPHONY
A symphony is an orchestral sonata. The Symphony evolved from
the Italian Overture, however it features three movements rather than
three sections.
First movement: Usually fast, and in sonata form.

Second movement.. Usually slower and more song-like. It could be

in sonata form or ternary form, and perhaps with variations.

Third movement: Haydn and Mozart wrote a minute in trio at this

point. Beethoven later turned this into a Scherzo (A direct translation is
joke.)

Fourth movement: Fast, often light hearted, perhaps in Rondo form,

or sonata form, or with variations. Haydn wrote numerous sonatas,
including the Surprise Symphony, the Drum Roll Symphony and the
London Symphony. Trios and quartets were also in four movements.
Sonatas might have three or four movements. The Classical Concerto did
not include the minuet, so only had three movements.Sonata Form
Sonata form is a way of building up an individual movement, not a piece.
It consists of three sections:
1. The Exposition: The composer exposes his musical ideas. The main ideas
are called subjects. The first subject is in the tonic, which modulates
(changes key) near the end to a bridge (transition) passage, which leads
to the second subject. The second subject is in a new, but related, key,
often the dominant (Sta) or relative major (If the first subject is m a minor
key). The second subject is usually more tuneful.

2. Development: Here the ideas are developed. It creates a feeling of

tension and conflict. The climax may be in this section.

3. Recapitulation: The music is repeated from the beginning, but the

second subject is now in the tonic. Finally, the music may have a coda
(A direct translation is tail), which rounds off the music.
THE CONCERTO
It contains a solo instrument and an orchestra. There are three movements
(slow, fast, slow). The first movement has a double-exposition. The first is for
the orchestra alone, followed by the soloist. The second, with the second
subject group in the related key. Then comes the development and the
recapitulation, for both the orchestra and the soloist. Towards the end, the
orchestra pauses, and the soloist plays a cadenza (a short passage,'based on
themes heard earlier, which displays the brilliance of the player.) When the
soloist finishes, the soloist ends with a trill, which signifies the orchestra should
come in and finish off the piece. The orchestra plays the coda to end.

OPERA
Classical composers wrote much vocal music, especially opera. Gluck was an
important opera composer. Orfeo ed Euridice is one of his works. He made the
actions more important in the opera. At the start of the opera, the overture
prepared the audience for what was to come, Mozart wrote operas including
The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute and Don Giovanni. The Magic Flute is
an example of singspiel (an opera in which singing is mixed up with dialogue).
The orchestra mirrors the mood and drama of the action. Don Giovani is an
example of 'opera buffa' (comic opera).

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827)

Beethoven composed to please himself. He
wrote 32 piano sonatas, nine symphonies. The
9th Symphony is the Choral Symphony. He
wrote one opera, called Fidelio. Towards the
end of his life he became deaf. He could still
composer, and hear the sounds in his head, but
had great difficulty in conducting his works.

Beethoven modified Classical music. His music

is weightier, and on a larger scale. There is
more emotion in his music, and his last
movements are usually the most important. He
uses more discords, more dynamic contrast
and more contrast in pitch. He increased the
size of the orchestra, for example, he often
added a 3rd horn and a piccolo, and also added
a choir in his 9th symphony.

SOULMAKING

Soul-making is a nontraditional method of

getting to know oneself and delving
into the depths and true significance of
what we do in our daily lives. It encourages
the development of our inner artist while

also assisting us in communicating with

others, understanding culture, and
embodying tolerance and peace. It opens
the door to a plethora of different
intelligences and expressions.

SOUL-MAKING is the process of creating

and deriving meaning through art. For a
person to make sense of language and
draw meaning from words, it is necessary
to take into consideration semantic and
grammatical principles.

ART FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY

Art as a kind of emulation

Plato's The Republic portrays artists as

mimics, and art as nothing more than a
collection of imitations. He believes that the
things that exist in this world are simply
copies of the original, the eternal, and that
authentic beings can only be discovered in
the World of Forms, according to his
metaphysics or perspective of reality. Art is
nothing more than a copy of another's work.
In the World of Forms, a painting is just a

copy of nature, which in turn is an imitation

of reality in the actual world.

Art as a means of communication

In agreement with Plato, Aristotle, on the
other hand, saw art as a tool to help
philosophy in the pursuit of the truth.
Art is a representation of a version of reality.
Aristotelian philosophy holds that art has
two distinct purposes: it allows for the
enjoyment of pleasure, and it has the
power to be instructional, teaching its
audience valuable lessons about life and
its surroundings.

Art as a kind of unbiased evaluation

Kant's Critique of Judgment asserted that
the judgment of beauty, which he
regarded to be the foundation of art, was
something universal, despite the fact that it
was susceptible to subjectivity. In his
understanding of beauty, he
acknowledged that it is subjective.

The Subjects of Art and the Method of

Presenting Them

Subject of Art
- The matter to be described or to be
portrayed by the artist.
- Person, object, scene, event.
2 kinds of art as to subject
1. Representational Art or Objective
Art
- Uses “form” and is concerned with “what”
is to be depicted in the artwork.
a) Still Life

- Depicting mostly inanimate object matter,

typically commonplace objects which may be
either natural (food flower, plants, rocks,
shells) or man-made (drinking glasses, books,
vases, coins, pipes, etc.) in an artificial
setting.

b)

Portraiture
- Portrait
- Painting, photograph, sculpture, or other
artistic representation of a person, in which
the face and expression is predominant.

c) Landscapes,
Seascapes, and Cityscapes
2. Non –
Representational Art or
Non- Objective Art
- Uses “content” and
concerned with “how” the artwork is
depicted.
Methods of Presenting Art Subjects
➢ Realism
- Began in France 1850s
- Believed in the ideology of objective
reality and revolted against
exaggerated emotionalism
- Depict what the eyes can see, what
the ear can hear, an what the sense
faculty may receive.
- Gustave Courbet and Honore
Domier
➢ Abstraction
- In abstract art, the artist does not
show the subject at all as an
objective reality, but only his ideas
or his feeling about it (exaggerated
emotionalism).
- Wassily Kandivinsky
a. Distortion
- Subject is in misshapen
condition, irregular shape,
twisted out
- Form of emphasizing
detail to the point that
something in no longer
“correctly” depicted.

- The old guitarist – Pablo Picasso.

b. Elongated
- Being lengthen
- Protraction or extension.

c. Mangling
- Not commonly used to portray
abstract art.
- Cut, lacerated, mutilated, torn,
hacked, or disfigured.

d. Cubism
- Early 1900s
- Combination of basic geometric
shapes – sometimes showing
multiple viewpoints
of a particular image.
- Looking like a
piece of fractured
glass.

e. Abstract Expressionism
- Modern art movement
in America (WWII)
- Depart completely from
the subject matter from
the studied precision
and from any kind of
preconceived design.
- (parang batik batik
lang kagaya kay JC
Intal)
➢ Symbolism

- Systematically uses symbols to

concentrate or intensify
meaning, making the work of
art more subjective (rather than
objective) and conventional.
- Spolarium
➢ Fauvism

- Les Fauves “the wild beast”

- Emphasized spontaneity and
use of extremely bright colors.
- A color red tree.
- Henri Matisse

➢ Dadaism

- Dada “hobby – horse”

- System of art which is per se
“non- essential”
- Strives to have no meaning at
all.
- Post – WW cultural movement
against the barbarism.
- Fake urinal turned into fountain

➢ Futurism
- Modernist movement
celebrating the technological,
future era.
- A love of speed, technology,
and violence.

➢ Surrealism
- Offshoot or child of dada.
- Also known as “super realism”
- Dream like
- Fantasy
a. Veristic Surrealism

- Allowed images of the subconscious to be undisturbed so that

the meaning could be understood through analysis.
- They follow images if the subconscious until consciousness can
understand the meaning.
- Rene Magritte, Salvador Dali.
b. Automatism or Abstract Surrealism

- Images of the subconscious should not be burdened by meaning, so

they are represented in an abstract form.
- Focused more on the feelings and less analytical
- Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud

Surrealistic Techniques
i. Scale – changing an objects scale or size.
ii. Levitation – floating objects that don’t normally float.
iii. Juxtaposition – joining 2 images together in impossible combinations.
iv. Dislocation – taking an object away from its usual environment and placing it
in an unfamiliar one.
v. Transparency – making objects (that are not transparent) transparent.

vi. Transformation – changing objects in unusual way; dahon na may bitak

na parang puzzle piece tas naging butterfly.
➢ Impressionism
- Optical realism
- Focused on directly describing the visual sensation derived from
nature.
- Devotees impressionism were not concerned with the actual
depiction of the object they painted; they were concerned with the
visual impressions aroused by those objects.

Art as a means of conveying emotional content

Tolstoy believed that art has a significant function in communicating feelings that the
creator
has previously experienced to an audience via communication. Emotions are
communicated
via art

PSYCHOLOGY OF COLORS
o RED (PHYSICAL)
Positive:
Physical courage, strength, warmth, energy, basic survival, 'fight or flight’, stimulation,
masculinity, excitement
Negative:
Defiance, aggression, strain
o BLUE (INTELLECTUAL)
Positive:
Intelligence, communication, trust, efficiency, serenity, duty, logic, coolness, reflection,
calm
Negative:
Coldness, aloofness,
lack of emotion, unfriendliness.
o YELLOW (EMOTIONAL)
Positive:
Optimism, confidence, self-esteem, extraversion, emotional strength, friendliness,
creativity
Negative:
Irrationality, fear, emotional fragility, depression, anxiety, suicide
o GREEN (BALANCE)
Positive:
Harmony, balance, refreshment, universal love, rest, restoration, reassurance,
environmental awareness, equilibrium, peace
Negative:
Boredom, stagnation, blandness, enervation

o VIOLET
Positive:
Spiritual awareness, containment, vision, luxury, authenticity, truth, quality
Negative:
Introversion, decadence, suppression, inferiority.
o ORANGE
Positive:
Physical comfort, food, warmth, security, sensuality, passion, abundance, fun
Negative:
Deprivation, frustration, frivolity, immaturity
o PINK
Positive:
Physical tranquility, nurture, warmth, femininity, love, sexuality, survival of the species.
Negative:
Inhibition, emotional claustrophobia, emasculation, physical weakness
o GRAY
Positive:
Psychological neutrality.
Negative:
Lack of confidence, dampness, depression, hibernation, lack of energy.

o BLACK
Positive: Sophistication, glamour, security, emotional safety, efficiency,
substance.
Negative: Oppression, coldness, menace, heaviness.
o WHITE
Positive: Hygiene, sterility, clarity, purity, cleanliness, simplicity, sophistication,
efficiency.
Negative: Sterility, coldness, barriers, unfriendliness, elitism.
o BROWN
Positive: Seriousness, warmth, nature, earthiness, reliability, support.
Negative: Lack of humor, heaviness, lack of sophistication.