TITLE PAGE

Hydroelectric P-Pump Generator with Turbine Integration:

Portable, Practical, Pressurized, and Powerful Alternative for
Hand-Crank Generators

by

Jean Liam Ulrich M. Espiritu

Lawrence Thomas Lirio

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Mapúa University, 2025

A Thesis Paper Submitted to the School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Alternative energy sources can be challenging to develop due to the limitations of

current power generation methods, efficiency requirements, and operational conditions.

Traditional hydroelectric technology often relies on external factors, such as flowing rivers

and dams, to produce energy. Because of the unpredictability of external forces and

dependency such as weather, it is challenging to maintain a steady power supply. Innovative

technologies that can produce dependable and sustainable energy without depending on

environmental stability are therefore becoming necessary.

To overcome these difficulties, the P-Pump is a closed hydro pressure-powered

device that does not require external water sources. It uses fluid dynamics and internal

pressure in a sealed system to function autonomously, in contrast to conventional

hydroelectric generators. The user's mechanical input is necessary for the power-generating

process since hand pumping turns on the system's turbine to generate energy. As a viable

substitute for traditional hand-cranked generators, the P-Pump's design enables it to deliver a

portable, regulated, and effective energy option.

Statement of the Problem

Hydroelectricity is one of the most effective alternatives for energy sources, however,

they mainly operate through the use of large bodies of water, generating large-scale power.
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The sustainability and efficiency of the design of the P-Pump as a reliable small-scale

alternative power source is one of the factors that are being studied for development. These

problems can be observed in urban areas or enclosed environments.

Related Studies

A study by Agyemang-Boakye (2021) explains the factors to focus on designing an

efficient system to harness the potential of hydropower. Some of these factors include flow

duration, power duration, and loss of power through friction.

The concept of enclosed water circulation systems for energy harvesting is challenged

by Li et al. (2022) using sensors. The research simulated the reactions of enclosed space

operation of hydroelectric generators. Their group, however, used pumps to help power their

system. Thus, they discovered how the source of mechanical energy tends to consume a

significant amount of power, reducing the total output.

Research Gap

The prevalent studies that cover hydroelectric power generation rely on open-loop

systems from external sources, such as rivers and oceans. This research intends to bridge the

following gaps:

 Investigating the potential of an enclosed system for small-scale hydropower

generation.
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 Testing the effectiveness of the P-Pump design using simulations and angular

velocity calculations.

 Assessing power output without constructing physical prototypes, focusing purely on

mathematical modeling and simulations.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this research is to test the potential power generation of the P-

Pump design through simulations and calculations, using angular velocity to represent the

generator's p-shaped chamber. The specific objectives are:

 Utilizing simulations, determine the P-Pump design's power output.

 Assess the P-Pump's performance as a small-scale renewable energy source.

 Maximize power generation in the closed system by optimizing the angular velocity

and dimensions.

This study aims to explore the potential of small-scale off-grid power generation,

challenging the feasibility and efficiency of these kinds of technology, such as hand-crank

generators, which opt to use two hands. By examining the viability and effectiveness of such

technologies, such as hand-cranked generators that need two hands, this study seeks to

investigate the possibilities of small-scale off-grid power generation. It aims to determine

whether a device that can be controlled with just one hand, such as the P-Pump, can provide

enough energy output reliably. The research is to find methods to maximize its utility and fix

any constraints by analyzing its performance and design through simulations. The objective

is to confirm the potential substitute for producing power in off-grid environments.

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Significance of the Study

This research is valuable for urban areas where creating large-scale power plants is

challenging due to limited space, expensive costs, or concerns about the environment. By

focusing on small-scale, off-grid solutions like the P-Pump, it emphasizes the idea of

individual power generation that can allow people to produce their electricity when needed.

This approach can promote self-sufficiency, especially for essential needs like lighting during

emergencies. Not only can it offer a practical alternative for those without reliable access to

electricity but also encourages innovation in personal energy solutions. Furthermore, this

study can pave the way for future research in enclosed turbine systems, pushing the

boundaries of renewable energy.

Scope and Delimitations

This study will only use simulations and calculations to assess the P-Pump design's

capacity to generate electricity. It will not include prototype building or the use of tangible

materials. The main goal will be to use angular velocity to describe the generator's internal

mechanics and determine power output.

Since the study relies on the simple mechanical squeeze of the user, the P-pump can

only be limited to small-scale applications. The design would not be relevant to large-scale

on-grid power distribution systems. The study will not account for the evaporation and

leakage of the water in the enclosed pump system and will assume a stable volume of the

fluid. External factors such as abnormal temperature and mechanical wear over long periods

will not be considered in this research. Comparing the wear-and-tear assets of the P-pump to
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other generators with moving parts in the process of generation will be a useful reference

during data gathering and testing.

The study will not measure voltage or current, as the main objective is to calculate

power from assumed/initial parameters. Prototype development, practical applications, and

real-world testing are beyond the scope of this research and are suggested for future studies.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents studies, books, and articles relevant to understanding,

conducting, and assessing the objectives and fundamental concepts of these topics

specifically with Portable Generator and Hydropower. These theories provide a scientific

basis for understanding the mechanics behind the P-Pump Generator, guiding its design,

functionality, and purpose as a small-scale energy solution.

Portable generators result from years of efficient, sustainable, and off-grid capable

design and development. Innovative solutions to the world's energy needs have arisen using

various technologies such as hydrogen generators, solar trackers, wind turbines, hand-crank

systems, and hydroelectric mechanisms. By studying these systems side-by-side, we can

spot common principles and deficiencies.

Fluid Dynamics and Energy Regulation

Fluid dynamics play a crucial role in regulating energy output in portable generators.

The portable hydrogen generator, as discussed by Fan et al. (2010), utilizes fluid control by

adjusting water flow rates (5–20 mL/min) to regulate hydrogen production (1.369–6.198

L/min). This method ensures a stable energy supply for fuel cell applications by balancing

hydrogen output and heat management. Similarly, the P Pump system relies on fluid

regulation to optimize energy generation through hydro pressure in a closed-loop system.

Both systems highlight the importance of controlled fluid flow in ensuring consistent and

efficient energy output.

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Heat and Noise Management

The design of portable generator enclosures integrates acoustical engineering and heat

management strategies, drawing parallels with fluid regulation concepts. According to

Blanks (1997), effective airflow control balances cooling and noise suppression by

considering material stiffness, density, and source-to-enclosure distance. These strategies

resonate with the P Pump system's fluid dynamics, emphasizing internal process

management to maintain energy efficiency and stability. The link between airflow control

and fluid regulation illustrates how managing internal dynamics—whether air circulation or

fluid flow—enhances portable energy solutions.

Energy Recovery and Waste Utilization

Innovative approaches to energy recovery further strengthen portable generator

efficiency. Morciano et al. (2019) explore small-scale desalination devices powered by waste

heat (below 80 °C) recovered from electric power generators, producing up to 2.61 L/h of

freshwater from seawater. This passive, multi-stage membrane distillation method aligns

with the Hydroelectric P-Pump Generator's goal of optimizing energy utilization within a

closed-loop system. Both technologies repurpose waste energy, promoting sustainability and

resource efficiency in off-grid environments.

Renewable Energy Integration

Renewable energy sources also play a critical role in portable generator design. The

dual-axis solar tracking system examined by Khairil Yusri Bin Mohd Yusoff et al. (2022)

enhances solar panel efficiency by continuously aligning with the sun's position, achieving

up to 40% higher energy output than fixed-axis systems. This mirrors the P-Pump's focus on
 9

optimizing energy flow through hydro pressure, offering an alternative to solar-dependent

systems. Both technologies underscore portability, efficiency, and renewable energy

utilization for off-grid applications.

Wind energy further diversifies portable generator solutions. Md. Zakir Hossain et al.

(2023) developed a portable wind generator that harnesses kinetic energy from moving

vehicles, converting wind flow into electricity via a brushless generator motor and Fan.

Generating 20V at 20 kph to 105V at 60 kph, the system stores electricity in batteries for

small-scale use, such as charging mobile phones. Like the P-Pump, the wind generator

operates independently of traditional power grids, emphasizing mobility and adaptability.

Compactness, Portability, and User-Friendliness

Portability and user-centered design are essential aspects of modern portable

generators. Bhavani Shankar et al. (2021) introduced a low-cost, compact function generator

using a 32-bit ARM core microcontroller capable of producing frequencies from 0.5 to 67

kHz for electronic testing. The focus on cost-effectiveness and usability parallels the P-

Pump's design, which aims for compact, practical energy solutions for off-grid applications.

Furthermore, Ku Ariffin (2015) designed a portable hand-crank generator for

emergency electrical power, converting mechanical energy into 5V output via a crank, DC

motor, and spur gear system. While manually operated, this system emphasizes portability

and reliability in emergencies, complementing the P-Pump's automated, hydro pressure-

based approach. Both designs highlight the need for portable, accessible energy solutions

adaptable to user needs.

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Hydropower

Hydropower holds immense global potential, with nearly 15,000 TWh/year of

technically feasible resources, as highlighted by Bartle (2002). Known for its high efficiency

(>90%) and reliability, hydropower is crucial in integrating multipurpose water resource

systems, providing benefits such as irrigation, flood control, and water supply. While large-

scale hydropower development is prominent in Asia, Latin America, and Africa, the potential

for small-scale and retrofitted projects remains untapped. These insights align with the

Hydroelectric P-Pump Generator's objective: to harness hydropower principles in a portable,

small-scale system, offering a practical alternative to traditional hand-crank generators by

utilizing a closed-loop, pressurized design.

Large-scale hydropower, while contributing 71% of global renewable energy supply,

presents significant environmental and social challenges. Moran et al. (2018) highlight the

adverse effects of large dams, such as river ecosystem disruption, biodiversity loss, and

displacement of local communities. Despite these drawbacks, large-scale projects like

China's hydropower development, outlined by Li et al. (2017), reflect a shift toward

renewable energy with an installed capacity of 320 GW. However, these efforts come with

challenges, including environmental impacts and resettlement issues, reinforcing the need for

sustainable alternatives such as instream turbines and hybrid renewable systems combining

solar and wind energy.

Recognizing these challenges, researchers advocate for decentralized solutions.

Yüksel (2010) emphasizes Turkey's untapped hydropower potential of 433 GWh/year,

reinforcing hydropower's adaptability across various scales. Integrating hydropower with

water management systems, such as irrigation and flood control, mirrors the P-Pump's goal
 11

of harnessing hydropower in a compact, user-friendly design. Yüksel (2006) further explores

small hydropower (SHP), noting its contribution of 47 GW to global installed capacity and

its significance in rural electrification and economic development. With minimal

environmental impact and technical benefits, SHP directly supports the P-Pump's design as a

portable generator leveraging hydropower principles to deliver clean, efficient energy in

remote areas.

Huang and Yan (2009) provide a comprehensive look at China's hydropower strategy,

encompassing both large-scale projects like the Three Gorges Dam and small hydropower

initiatives aimed at rural electrification. Their focus on hydropower's clean, renewable nature

and its role in grid stability complements the P-Pump's approach—delivering portable,

sustainable energy without requiring extensive infrastructure.

Kaygusuz (2004) underscores hydropower's role in meeting energy demands in

developing countries, again pointing to the technically feasible global potential of 15,000

TWh/year. The study highlights the importance of scalable, renewable energy solutions,

aligning with the P-Pump's mission to provide reliable, off-grid energy for regions lacking

conventional infrastructure. This adaptability ensures that the P-Pump contributes to a

sustainable energy future.

The Hydroelectric P-Pump Generator bridges the gap between large-scale

hydropower projects and the need for portable, sustainable energy solutions. Drawing from

the extensive research of Bartle (2002), Moran et al. (2018), Li et al. (2017), Yüksel (2010,

2006), Huang and Yan (2009), and Kaygusuz (2004), the P-Pump emerges as an innovative

response to global energy challenges. By combining hydropower's inherent efficiency with

the practicality of a small-scale, closed-loop system, the P-Pump aims to provide accessible,
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renewable energy to off-grid and resource-constrained regions—paving the way for a

cleaner, more sustainable future.

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

The experimental research design is implemented in this study to observe the

efficiency and monitor its sustainability.

Conceptual framework

An input-process-output model is used to explain the conceptual framework of this

study. This format allows further elaboration of the entire conceptual procedure in an

organized manner.

Fig. 1. Conceptual Framework

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The conceptual framework focuses on evaluating the efficiency of the P-Pump design

as a small-scale, off-grid renewable energy generator. The system's performance will be

simulated through calculations using predefined optimal parameters, instead of building a

prototype.

Parameters such as pumping speed and internal water flow can help determine the

energy output of the P-Pump under various conditions/settings. Microsoft Excel will be used

to model energy output, analyzing power generation under different operating conditions.
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Fig. 2. Block Diagram

Set-up and Simulation

Parameter Assumed Dimensions/Values

Angular 1.33 rad/s and 0.67 rad/s

Velocity

Pumping 250 N and 500 N

Force

Radial length 15 cm

of the fins of

the turbine

Assumed 80%

Efficiency

Assumed 50 W

Mechanical

Power

Table 1. Input Parameters

Table 1 presents the input parameters of the P-pump design, which includes the

angular velocity of the DC generator shaft and the torque produced by the product of the

force from squeezing/pumping the radial length of the turbine fins.

The input parameters also consider the assumed efficiency of the generator to be

80%, referring to the standard efficiency of DC motors [16]. The two values of pumping
 15

force would be 250 N (average female) and 500 N (average male) [17]. The mechanical

power is assumed to be approximately 50 W, which is a typical power for a small turbine-

driven generator. With this, we can assume that the initial angular velocities for forces 250 N

and 500 N are 1.33 rad/s and 0.67 rad/s, respectively.

Since this study only aims to assess the theoretical application/output of the P-pump

design, the dimensions of the casing and hardware dimensions are overlooked.

Parameter Formula Unit

Power Output Pout rating is Watts

(W)
provided

Mechanical Pinput =τ ×ω Watts

Power Input (W)

Table 2. Output Parameters

Table 2 presents the suggested output variables of the P-pump design which includes

the mechanical power input from the pumping force and the power output of the generator.

These are the conditions that should be met in the simulations.

Equations

The equations used for simulating the outcome of the tests revolve around the torque

and mechanical operation of the P-pump design. There is a need to use the angular velocity

parameter (in rad/sec) to emphasize the p-shaped chassis of the hand-pumped generator.

P Mechanicalinput =T x ω (1)
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From Equation (1), we obtain the value of the total mechanical power produced by

the hand pump that goes into the generator. The torque can be computed from the pumping

force applied (in Newtons) to the radial length of the turbine (in meters) as shown in

Equation (2). (2)

T =F x d

We apply the next formula, which tests the assumed rated efficiency of the DC

generator using Equation (1) and Equation (3). This will help give us the simulated/assumed

power outputs from a specific mechanical power input.

POut =P ¿ x η (3)

Since these values are all theoretical, we considered only the direct input-output

power relationship using a rated/assumed generator efficiency. With the help of these

formulas, we were able to test the power output of the DC generator and its rated efficiency,

which will be compared to the efficiency of existing small-scale power generators. By

applying the force and other parameters generated by manual pumping/squeezing, we can

analyze the possible power output it is correlated to.

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