Jmd Physics Xii
Jmd Physics Xii
Physics–XII (Theory)
1
Chapter-5 : Magnetism and Matter
Introduction, The bar magnet (the magnetic field lines, bar magnet as an
equivalent solenoid only concept, the dipole in a uniform magnetic field only
concept), magnetism and Gauss’s law, magnetization and magnetic intensity,
magnetic properties of materials (diamagnetism, paramagnetic, ferromagnetism).
Chapter-6 : Electromagnetic Induction
Introduction, Experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday’s
law of electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s law and conservation of energy, motional
electromotive force, inductance (self and mutual), ACA generator.
Chapter-7 : Alternating Current
Introduction, AC voltage applied to resistor, AC voltage applied to inductor,
AC voltage applied to a capacitor, representation, of AC current and voltage by
rotating vectors (phasors, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit (phasor
Diagram solution only), resonance, power in AC circuit, transformer.
Chapter-8 : Electromagnetic Waves
Introduction, Displacement current, electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic
spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible rays, ultraviolet
rays, X-rays, gamma rays) properties and uses.
Chapter-9 : Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Introduction, Reflection of light by spherical mirrors, (sign convention, focal
length, the mirror equation), refraction of light (lateral shift, apparent depth),
total internal reflection, refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, power of
lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through prism, optical
instruments (the eye, the microscope, telescope).
Chapter-10 : Wave Optics
Introduction, Huygen’s principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves
using huygen’s principle (refraction of a plane wave, refraction at a rarer medium,
reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface), coherent and incoherent addition
of waves, interference of light waves and Young’s experiment (final expression
only) diffraction (only qualitative treatment, Polarization (concept only)
Chapter-11 : Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Introduction, Electron emission, photoelectric effect, experimental study of
photoelectric effect, photoelectric effect and wave theory of light, Einstein’s
photoelectric equation (energy quantum of radiation), particle nature of light ( the
photon), wave nature of matter (only concept).
Chapter-12 : Atoms
Introduction, Alpha-particle scattering and Rutherford’s nuclear model of Atom,
atomic spectra (only concept : Bohr model of the hydrogen atom (expression for
radius of nth possible orbit only not derivation), the line spectra of hydrogen
atom (only qualitative treatment), de-Broglie’s explanation of Bohr’s second
postulate of quantization.
Chapter-13 : Nuclei
Introduction, Atomic masses and composition of nucleus, size of nucleus,
massenergy and nuclear binding energy, nuclear force, radioactivity (only
qualitative), nuclear energy (fission, fusion, controlled thermonuclear fusion).
Chapter-14 : Semiconductor Electronics : Materials, Devices and Simple
Circuits Introduction, classification of metals, conductors and semiconductors (on
the basis of conductivity on the basis of energy bands), intrinsic semiconductor,
extrinsic semiconductor (n-type, P-type), P-N junction (formation), semiconductor
diode (as forward bias and as reverse bias) application of junction diode as
rectifier (half wave and full wave).
2
DIVISION OF MARKS
NO. OF QUESTIONS OF
CHAPTER NAME 1 mark 2 Marks 3 Marks 4 Marks 5 Marks Total Marks
Clubbing
for flexibility
Electric Charge and 1 — 1 — — 4
Fields
Electrostatic Potential — — — 1 — 4 14
and Capacitance
Current Electricity 1 1 1 — — 6
Moving Charges and 2 1 — — — 4
Magnetism 6
Magnetism and — 1 — — — 2
Matter
Electromagnetism and 1 — 1 — — 4
Induction
Alternating Current 1 — — — 1 6 13
Electromagnetic — — 1 — — 3
Waves
Ray Optics and 1 — — — 1 6
Optical Instruments 10
Wave Optics 1 — 1 — — 4
Dual Nature of 1 1 — — — 3
Radiation and Matter 10
Atoms — — 1 — — 3
Nuclei 1 — 1 — — 4
Semiconductor 2 — — — 1 7
Electronics 7
TOTAL 12 8 21 4 15 60 60
WEIGHTAGE OF OBJECTIVES
3
H.P. BOARD MODEL QUESTION PAPER2024-25 (SOLVED)
Physics–XII (Theory)
Time Allowed : 3 Hours Maximum Marks : 60
General Instructions :
(1) There are 27 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
(2) This question paper has five sections : Section A, Section B, Section C, Section
D and Section E.
(3) All the sections are compulsory.
(4) Section A contains twelve MCQs and Assertion Reasoning based questions of
1 mark each, Section B contains four questions of two marks each, Section C
contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains one case study
based question of four marks and Section E contains three long answer questions
of five marks each.
*(5) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one
question in Section B, one question in Section C, one question in each CBQ in
Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to attempt only one of
the choices in such questions.
Please see the foot note.
(6) Use of calculators is not allowed.
(7) You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary :
(i) c = 3 × 108 m/s
(ii) me = 9·1 × 10–31 kg
(iii) e = 1·6 × 10–19 C
(iv) μ0 = 4p × 10–7 TmA–1
(v) h = 6·63 × 10–34 J s
(vi) e0 = 8·854 × 10–12 C2N–1m–2
(vii) Avogadro’s number = 6·023 × 1023 per gram mole
SECTION – A (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS)
1. The unit of electric field intensity is :
(a) Volt (b) Ohm
(c) Newton per Coulomb (d) Joule per Coulomb
2. In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each component is :
(a) Different (b) Zero
(c) Same (d) Averaged
3. The force on a moving charge in a magnetic field is maximum when the angle
between the velocity and the magnetic field is :
(a) 0° (b) 90°
(c) 45° (d) 180°
4. The root mean square (RMS) value of an AC current is :
(a) Equal to the peak value
(b) Half of the peak value
* Choices in SAQ section C, CBQ 24 section D and LAQ 26 section E are not there in this HPB
model question paper contrary to instruction number 5.The students may or may not get these
choices in the final examMock Test Papers have been prepared by limiting the choices exactly in
accordance with the pattern of model question paper released by HPB.
4
H.P. Board Model Question Paper2024-25 (Solved) 5
Q1 Q2
r
1 2 3
SOLUTIONS
newton
\ Unit of E = , that is, newton per coulomb.
coulomb
1234 In S.I., units written in full after the names of scientists start with small
letter.
R
2. (c) In parallel circuit, the voltage (V) across each component
is the same.
3. (b) Using F = quB sin q, we get R
Fmax = quB sin 90° = quB
R
4. (c) RMS value is the effective value of A.C.
5. (b) Self inductance (L) µ the number of turns (n).
V
8 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
6. (b) Light bends around obstacles is diffraction.
7. (b) A concave lens is used to correct myopia (near sightedness).
1
8. (c) Wavelength of an electron (l) µ p .
1234 p = mu, so (a) also clicks but (c) is the best option.
9. (b) In nuclear fission some mass is converted into energy. So total mass of
products is lesser compared to the reactants.
10. (b) Depletion layer has no charge carrier in it. 1 1
11. (a) Lorentz force is normal to cross product of υ and B .
12. (a) A and R both are true and R explains A.
13. Drift Velocity (ud). It is defined as the average velocity with which free electrons
in a conductor get drifted in a direction opposite to the direction of the applied
electric field.
Consider a conductor of length l and uniform cross-sectional area A. Let V be
the applied potential difference across the ends of the conductor. The electric
field set up across the conductor is given by
1
E =
1
Let n be the number of free electrons per unit volume of the conductor.
Then, total number of free electrons in the conductor
= n × volume of the conductor = n × Al
If e is the charge on each electron then magnitude of the total charge in the conductor
Q = (nAl)e
The time taken by the charge to cross conductor is given by
2
t =
11
where ud is drift velocity of electrons. 11
According to the definition of electric current,
1 2234
I = 1 = neAud
5 3 3 21
or I = neAud
or I µ u d. (as n, e and A are constant)
14. Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials by which they are strongly
magnetised in the direction of applied magnetic field.
Domain Theory : Domain is a small region formed by a large number of atoms
(» 1011) of a ferromagnetic substance. Domains are very very small in their
volume (» 1018 m3). Atoms of a ferromagnetic substance behave at tiny magnetic
dipoles having net dipole moments. Electron of one atom also interacts with
electron in the nearby atom in a special way known as exchange interaction or
coupling. This effect arranges the atoms in a domain in a particular direction.
Each domain behaves as a magnet having some dipole moment. When there is
no external magnetic field, the magnet moment of domains are oriented in
different directions such that net magnetic moment of the substance is zero. On
applying magnetic field, the magnetic moments of domains align in the direction
H.P. Board Model Question Paper2024-25 (Solved) 9
of magnetic field and strongly magnetise the substance. The magnetic moments
of domains are arranged in the following manner :
(a) Arrangement of boundaries : On applying the external magnetic field the
boundaries of domains which orient themselves in the direction of field are
increased and the boundaries of domains which orient themselves opposite to
the direction of field are decreased.
(b) Swinging effect. If the applied magnetic field is very strong, the domain start
swinging around such that they set in the direction of applied field. Ultimately
all the domains behave as merged into each other.
15. Einstein proposed a theory in 1905 based upon Plancks hypothesis of quanta to
explain photoelectric effect. Planck postulated that light wave consists of tiny
bundles of energy called quanta or photon. The energy of each photon is E = hn.
According to Einstein, when a photon of energy hn falls on a metal surface,
this energy of the photon is absorbed by the free electron in the metal. This
absorbed energy (hn) is utilized in two ways.
(i) A part of energy is used by the electron to overcome the surface barrier to
come out of the metal surface. This part of energy is equal to the work function
(f or W0) of the metal ;
(ii) The remaining part of the energy is used in giving a velocity to the emitted
photoelectron. This part of energy is equal to the kinetic energy of the emitted
1 1 3
2
electron i.e.
2
m1 2 .
4
According to the law of conservation of energy,
1
hn 1 2 3 m 12 ...(i)
2
If n = n0 (threshold frequency), then the free electron is not emitted from the
metal surface
1
i.e. m 12 = 0
2
Hence eqn. (i) can be written as
hn0 = f + 0 or hn0 = f ...(ii)
which is the expression for the work function of the metal.
Substituting the value of eqn. (ii) in (i), we get
1
hn = h1 0 2 m 12
2
1
or m 12 = hn hn0
2
1
or m 12 = h (n n0)
2
It is Einsteins photoelectric equation.
10 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
1L dI
1234 Result is comparable to E = , but in this case effective inductance
dt
is M instead of self inductance LII.
18. Diffraction of Light. The phenomenon of bending of light around the corners of
an obstacle or an aperture into the region of geometrical shadow of obstacle is
called diffraction of light.
Light from mono chromatic source of light S is made parallel after refraction
through lens L1. The refracted light from L1 is propagated in the form of plane
H.P. Board Model Question Paper2024-25 (Solved) 11
wavefront WW¢. The plane wavefront WW¢ is incident on the slit AB of width
d. According to Huygens principle, each point of slit AB acts as a source of
secondary disturbance or wavelets.
Now consider a point O on the screen which is placed at a distance D from the slit
AB. Since point O is equidistant from points A and B, therefore, the secondary
wavelets from AB reach the point O in the same phase and hence the constructive
interference takes place at O. In other words, O is the position of Central maximum.
Now let the light is diffracted through an angle q, so the secondary wavelets will
be diffracted through an angle q. Let these wavelets meet the screen at point P.
The point P will be of maximum or minimum intensity depending on the path
difference between the secondary wavelets originating from the corresponding
points of the wavefront.
Comparison between Interference and Diffraction of Light
Interference Diffraction
1. Interference is due to the 1. Diffraction is due to the superposition
superposition of two wavefronts of two secondary wavelets originating
originating from two coherent from the different points of the same
sources. wavefront.
2. In interference pattern, all the maxima 2. In diffraction pattern, the bright
i.e. bright fringes are of the same fringes are of varying intensity.
intensity.
3. In interference pattern, the dark 3. In diffraction pattern, the dark fringes
fringes are usually almost perfectly are not perfectly dark.
dark.
4. In interference pattern, the width of 4. In diffraction pattern, the widths of
fringes (bright and dark) is equal. fringes are not equal.
5. In interference, bands are large in 5. In diffraction, bands are a few in
number. number.
6. In interference, bands are equally 6. In diffraction, bands are unequally
spaced. spaced.
19. Binding Energy. The total energy required to disintegrate the nucleus into its
constituent particles (i.e., nucleons) is called binding energy of the nucleus.
Mass Defect is defined as the difference between the mass of the constituent
nucleons of the nucleus in the free state and the mass of the nucleus. It is denoted
by Dm.
12 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
Dm = mnucleus (Z × mp + N × mn)
where Z is number of protons and mp is mass of a proton; N is number of
neutrons and mn is mass of a neutron.
Using E = Dmc2, where E is binding energy of nucleus, Dm is mass defect and
c is speed of light, we get
E
Dm = 1 mnucleus 3 (Z×m p 4 N×mn ) 26
c2 5
9 1 109 1 q1q2
20. Using, F= , we get
r2
F 2 r2 (5 2 10 12 2 12 2 12) 20
q2 = 9
3 9 16
3
(9×10 )q1 (9 2 10 )(4 2 10 ) 105
i.e. q2 = 20 × 10–5 C
21. Displacement current is an apparent current that flows through a dielectric
medium when an electric field is applied across it. It is represented by Id.
Displacement current = Conduction current
Its unit is ampere (A).
Ampere circuital law is given by the expression,
1 1
21 12 12 = m0I, where letters have usual meanings.
Maxwell modified the above expression as,
1 1
21 12 12 = m0(Ic + Id),
where Ic is conduction current and Id is displacement current.
Thus, the modification can be stated as line integral of magnetic field is equal to
absolute permeability times the addition of conduction current and displacement current.
Explanation. Consider the set up as shown in 123457 123458
figure.
Amperes law when applied to path 1 gives, 123456
1 1
21 12 12 = m0I ...(i)
Amperes law when applied to path 2 gives 92 2 3
1 1
21 12 12 =0 ...(ii)
95
But when path 1 and path 2 come infinitesimally close say in path 3, a contradiction
appears because same magnetic field should exist around the conductor i.e. around
the wire as well as free space. Thus, expression (ii) becomes invalid. Maxwell suggested
that a displacement current is to be considered in free space also (such that Ic = Id),
so he amended the Amperes circuital law as
1 1
21 12 12 = m0(Ic + Id)
H.P. Board Model Question Paper2024-25 (Solved) 13
1 dE 23
1 B·dl = Ic + u0 Î0 444 33 ...(i)
5 dt 6
dE
I d 1 20
dt
22. Ohms Law. According to this law, the potential difference (V) across the ends
of the conductor is proportional to the current (I) flowing through it, provided
the physical conditions (like temperature, pressure, strain etc.) of the conductor
1 I R
remain unchanged i.e. = constant = R.
2
Power Dissipated in a resistor
()
As per Ohms Law, V = IR ...(i) E
Power handled = V × I ...(ii)
Substituting (i) and (ii), we get I R
Power dissipated = (IR) I
= I2 R V
23. Postulates of Bohrs atom Model
1. An atom has a small positively charged core where whole of the mass of an
atom is supposed to be concentrated. This core is called nucleus of the atom.
2. The electrons revolve round the nucleus in fixed orbits of definite radii. As
long as the electron is in a certain orbit, it does not radiate any energy.
Therefore, the orbits in which electrons move are called stationary states.
3. The electrons can revolve only in those orbits, in which its angular
h
momentum is an integral multiple of .
21
14 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
4. The energy is radiated in the form of a photon only when an electron
jumps from higher energy orbit to lower energy orbit.
Bohrs postulates lead to Rydberg formula which exactly tells the wavelengths
of spectral lines in the hydrogen spectrum.
dV
24. (i) E is zero at point 3 becuase Er = and slope of curve is constant only
dr
at 3.
(ii) Q1 is positive and Q2 is negetive as potential is positive or negative according
to the sign of the charge.
(iii) Q2 is smaller in magnitude than Q1 because its potential is smaller.
(iv) Statement b is incorrect. Potential is work done per unit charge and not
potential energy.
25. Using Lens formula,
1 1 1
1
f = υ u , we get
1 1 1
= 1
20 v 30
1 1 1 31 2 1
i.e. = 2 3 3
υ 20 30 60 60
i.e. υ = 60 cm
υ 60
Magnification, m = 1 1 22
u 230
Image is real, inverted and magnified.
Since the image is real, so it can be projected on a screen kept at a distance of
60 cm from the lens.
OR
A convex lens has lens formula given by
1 1 1
1
f = υ u
I υ
and magnification, m = 1
O u
IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX LENS
Lens Position of object Position of Nature of Size of
image image image
369 34 36
34
Insulators. Conduction band and valence band of an insulator are widely spaced
to one another. The energy gap is of the order of 6 to 9 eV. Conduction band of an
insulator is almost empty (Figure A).
12345678239 34 12345678239 34
3 9 3 9
36 9 34 36 9 34
Semiconductors. In semiconductors the energy gap is very small i.e. about 1 eV
only (Figure B). At room temperature valence electrons jump to conduction band.
Intrinsic semiconductors. Pure process of adding certain impurities in the intrinsic
semiconductor.
Doped or Extrinsic (impure) semiconductor. A semiconductor obtained after adding
certain impurity atoms in the intrinsic semiconductor is called extrinsic or doped semiconductor.
Difference between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors
OB = 521 1 653 2 54 71
or E = 521 1 653 2 54 71
Using equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
E = 4 1 5 1 1 6472 2 47 3 81 3 4 5 1 1 672 2 7 3 81
1 1 1
or = 4 1 56 2 2 6 3 7
2
Now E/I = Z, the effective opposition of LCR circuit to A.C., called impedance
(Z) of the circuit.
This relation is known to be the general relation for impedance.
DOAB is known as impedance triangle.
1
But 2
m1 1 1
22
1 1
\ 1m
2
1 sin C = 1 3 or
sin C 12
OR
(a) Average current over one complete cycle is zero.
t
The instantaneous value of alternating current is given by
I = I0 sin wt
Suppose a small amount of charge dq flows in small time dt such that dq = Idt
1
1
\ q = 2 I0sinwtdt
32
1
2 1 456 11 3 3 2 4 72 5 3
= 32 6 1 2 456 9 7 1 1 456 28
1 2 72 8 1 1
1 21
\ q = 34 1 45 = 0
61 7 8
Since total charge in full cycle of alternting current is zero, so current given by
I = dq/dt is also zero.
I0 5
(b) RMS current = 1 1 3·54 A
2 1·414
MOCK TEST PAPERS
(As Per H.P.B. model question paper 2024-25)
PHYSICS
Class—XII
12 13
1 1
3 3
(i) Here total capacitance is equivalent to resultant capacitance of ......
(a) Parallel combination (b) Series combination
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) neither (a) nor (b).
(ii) Net capacitance is given by
10 A K1 2 30
(a) (b) A 1 K1 4 K 2 2
l K2 l
30 A
(c) 1 K1 4 K 2 2 (d) none of these.
l
1 If two similar plates, each of area A having surface charge densities + s and
s are separated by a distance d in air, then
(iii) expression for the electric field E at points between the two plates is
1 21
(a) 20 (b) 2
0
1
(c) 220 (d) none of these.
10 A 1d
(c) (d) .
d 2
SECTION – E
25. Why does the apparent depth of a tank of water change if viewed obliquely ? Does
the apparent depth increase or decrease ?
OR
When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source,
a bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why.
26. (a) Draw a circuit diagram for an npn transistor in common emitter configuration
to study its input and output characteristics.
22 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
Use the relevant plots where applicable and give their important features.
OR
What is a rectifier ? Give working principle of a full wave rectifier with the help
of a labelled circuit diagram.
Explain as to why two diodes can not be used as a transistor.
27. Describe the principle and theory of a transformer with the help of a simple
diagram. Why is the efficiency of a transformer always less than unity ?
OR
(b) What is an alternator ? Explain the principle, construction and working of an
alternator. How is it useful in transmission of electrical energy ?
1 5 665678
2
5 665678 5 665678
4 3
5 665678
(i) Distance OB is
(a) 1 23 (b) 2 cm
1
(c) 1 1 23 (d) 23 .
1
(ii) Calculate electric potential at centre O of the square.
(a) 6·3 V (b) 3·6 × 104 V
4
(c) 6·3 × 10 V (d) 6·3 × 103 V
r Two point charges + 10 mC and 10 mC are separated by a distance of 40 cm
in air.
(iii) The electrostatic P.E. of the system, assuming the zero of P.E. to be at infinity
is,
(a) 5·22 J (b) 5·22 J
(c) zero (d) 2·25 J
(iv) The shown sketch may represent
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6312354
OR
What do you mean by diffraction of light ? Explain diffraction at a single slit.
26. Which of the following elements is a semiconductor and list the properties which
make them different from others.
Na, Ba, Sr, Ge and why ?
27. Describe the principle, construction and working of a step down transformer.
Why is its core laminated ?
OR
Draw a labelled diagram of an a.c. generator. State its principle. Explain its
working and uses.
1 C
L
Find the rms value of current flowing in the circuit.
MockTest Papers 27
18. Which part of e.m. spectrum belongs to heat radiations ? Give one use of the
same.
19. (a) Name the element in which binding energy per nucleon is maximum.
(b) Give energy equivalent to one atomic mass unit.
20. Two point charges –q and + q are placed at a distance 2a apart. Calculate the
electric field at a point P situated at a distance r along the perpendicular
bisector of the line joining the charge.
21. Give expressions for
(i) Amplitudes of electric and magnetic field of electromagnetic waves
(ii) Energy density of electric fields
(iii) Energy density of magnetic field
(iv) Poynting vector.
22. How many electrons pass through a lamp in one minute if current is
300 mA ?
23. Two slits in Young’s double slit experiment are separated by a distance of
0·03 mm. When light of wavelength 5000 Å falls on the slits an interference
pattern is produced on the screen 1·5 m away. Find the distance of fourth
bright fringe from the central maximum.
SECTION – D : CASE STUDY-BASED QUESTION
24. 1 Two similar conducting plates each of area A having surface charge densities
+ s and – s are separated by a distance d in air as
σ σ
shown in the diagram. Now answer question numbers
10 and 11. 39
(i) Expression for the electric field at points between the
1234567 1234568
two plates is
1 21 1
(a) (b)
21 21
1
(c) (d) none of these.
2 21
(ii) The Capacitance of the capacitor so formed is
2 10 A 10 A
(a) (b)
d 2d
10 A 1d
(c) (d) 2 .
d 0
(iii) New capacitance,
(a) Cm > C0 (b) Cm = C0
(c) Cm < C0 (d) none of these.
(iv) New electric field as compared to original electric field is
(a) lesser (b) more
(c) same (d) can not be said
SECTION – E
25. A glass lens is immersed in water. How is the power of lens affected ? Explain.
Give exprement magnification a by a concave lens.
28 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
OR
What are optical fibres ? Give their construction and working ? Write its three
applications.
26. (a) In N-type and P-type semiconductors, give relations between number electron
density and number hole density.
(b) At zero kelvin, a piece of germanium behaves as semiconductor, Insulator,
good conductor or superconductor and why ?
27. Give a labelled sketch of a radio wave. State properties of e.m. waves.
OR
State and explain the e.m. spectrum. Give uses of each part.
(a) (b)
1 1
1232 1232
(c) (d) .
1 1
9. A graph showing the variation of potential energy (in MeV) of a pair of
nucleons as a function of their separation r is shown below.
123 1 7′ 6′ 8′
4 9 8
6 1
1 7
14
12 13
15 8 7
9 16
MockTest Papers 31
23. (a) Show that nuclear density is the same for all nuclei.
(b) Define the following terms :
(i) Mass defect
(ii) Packing fraction
(iii) Binding energy per nucleon.
5316 1316
7316
7316
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