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Jmd Physics Xii

The document is a syllabus for Physics-XII, detailing the chapters covered in the course, including topics such as Electric Charges, Current Electricity, and Electromagnetic Waves. It also includes a division of marks for different types of questions and a model question paper for the academic year 2024-25. The syllabus emphasizes the importance of understanding key concepts and their applications in physics.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
242 views

Jmd Physics Xii

The document is a syllabus for Physics-XII, detailing the chapters covered in the course, including topics such as Electric Charges, Current Electricity, and Electromagnetic Waves. It also includes a division of marks for different types of questions and a model question paper for the academic year 2024-25. The syllabus emphasizes the importance of understanding key concepts and their applications in physics.

Uploaded by

shubhams6127
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SYLLABUS

Physics–XII (Theory)

One Paper Time : 3 Hrs. 60 Marks


Chapter-1 Electric Charges and Fields
Chapter-2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Chapter-3 Current Electricity
Chapter-4 Moving Charges and Magnetism
Chapter-5 Magnetism and Matter
Chapter-6 Electromagnetic Induction
Chapter-7 Alternating Current
Chapter-8 Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter-9 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Chapter-10 Wave Optics
Chapter-11 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Chapter-12 Atoms
Chapter-13 Nuclei
Chapter-14 Semiconductor Electronics : Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
Chapter-1 : Electric Charges and Fields
Introduction, Electric Charge (only concept), conductors and insulators (only
concept), basic properties of electric charge, Coulomb’s law, forces between
multiple charges, electric field, electric field due to system of charges, physical
significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric dipole, field
of an electric dipole (for points on the axis, for points on the equatorial plane),
physical significance of dipole, dipole in a uniform external field (Torque),
continuous charge distribution, Gauss’s law, applications of Gauss’s law.
Chapter-2 : Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Introduction, Electrostatic potential, potential due to point charge, potential
due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surface,
potential energy of a system of charges, potential energy in an external field,
electrostatics of conductors, dielectrics and polarization, capacitors and capacitance,
the parallel plate capacitor, elect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of
capacitors (series and parallel), Energy stored in a capacitor (only concept).
Chapter-3 : Current Electricity
Introduction, Electric current, electric current in conductors, Ohm’s law, drift
of electrons and the origin of resistivity (mobility) limitations of Ohm’s law,
resistivity of various resistivity (only concept), Temperature dependence of
resistivity, electrical energy and Power, cells; EMF; internal resistance, cells in
series and in parallel, Kirchhoff’s rules, Wheatstone bridge.
Chapter-4 : Moving Charges and Magnetism
Introduction, Magnetic Force (magnetic field, Lorentz force, magnetic force
on a current carrying conductor), Motion in a magnetic field, Magnetic field due
to a current element; Biot-Savart law, magnetic field on the axis of a circular
current loop, Ampere’s circuital law, magnetic field due to the salenoid, force
between two parallel currents, torque on current loop; magnetic dipole (Torque
on a rectangular current loop in uniform magnetic field circular current loop as a
magnetic dipole), the moving coil galvanometer (conversion into ammeter and
voltmeter).

1
Chapter-5 : Magnetism and Matter
Introduction, The bar magnet (the magnetic field lines, bar magnet as an
equivalent solenoid only concept, the dipole in a uniform magnetic field only
concept), magnetism and Gauss’s law, magnetization and magnetic intensity,
magnetic properties of materials (diamagnetism, paramagnetic, ferromagnetism).
Chapter-6 : Electromagnetic Induction
Introduction, Experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday’s
law of electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s law and conservation of energy, motional
electromotive force, inductance (self and mutual), ACA generator.
Chapter-7 : Alternating Current
Introduction, AC voltage applied to resistor, AC voltage applied to inductor,
AC voltage applied to a capacitor, representation, of AC current and voltage by
rotating vectors (phasors, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit (phasor
Diagram solution only), resonance, power in AC circuit, transformer.
Chapter-8 : Electromagnetic Waves
Introduction, Displacement current, electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic
spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible rays, ultraviolet
rays, X-rays, gamma rays) properties and uses.
Chapter-9 : Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Introduction, Reflection of light by spherical mirrors, (sign convention, focal
length, the mirror equation), refraction of light (lateral shift, apparent depth),
total internal reflection, refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, power of
lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through prism, optical
instruments (the eye, the microscope, telescope).
Chapter-10 : Wave Optics
Introduction, Huygen’s principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves
using huygen’s principle (refraction of a plane wave, refraction at a rarer medium,
reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface), coherent and incoherent addition
of waves, interference of light waves and Young’s experiment (final expression
only) diffraction (only qualitative treatment, Polarization (concept only)
Chapter-11 : Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Introduction, Electron emission, photoelectric effect, experimental study of
photoelectric effect, photoelectric effect and wave theory of light, Einstein’s
photoelectric equation (energy quantum of radiation), particle nature of light ( the
photon), wave nature of matter (only concept).
Chapter-12 : Atoms
Introduction, Alpha-particle scattering and Rutherford’s nuclear model of Atom,
atomic spectra (only concept : Bohr model of the hydrogen atom (expression for
radius of nth possible orbit only not derivation), the line spectra of hydrogen
atom (only qualitative treatment), de-Broglie’s explanation of Bohr’s second
postulate of quantization.
Chapter-13 : Nuclei
Introduction, Atomic masses and composition of nucleus, size of nucleus,
massenergy and nuclear binding energy, nuclear force, radioactivity (only
qualitative), nuclear energy (fission, fusion, controlled thermonuclear fusion).
Chapter-14 : Semiconductor Electronics : Materials, Devices and Simple
Circuits Introduction, classification of metals, conductors and semiconductors (on
the basis of conductivity on the basis of energy bands), intrinsic semiconductor,
extrinsic semiconductor (n-type, P-type), P-N junction (formation), semiconductor
diode (as forward bias and as reverse bias) application of junction diode as
rectifier (half wave and full wave).

2
DIVISION OF MARKS
NO. OF QUESTIONS OF
CHAPTER NAME 1 mark 2 Marks 3 Marks 4 Marks 5 Marks Total Marks
Clubbing
for flexibility
Electric Charge and 1 — 1 — — 4
Fields
Electrostatic Potential — — — 1 — 4 14
and Capacitance
Current Electricity 1 1 1 — — 6
Moving Charges and 2 1 — — — 4
Magnetism 6
Magnetism and — 1 — — — 2
Matter
Electromagnetism and 1 — 1 — — 4
Induction
Alternating Current 1 — — — 1 6 13
Electromagnetic — — 1 — — 3
Waves
Ray Optics and 1 — — — 1 6
Optical Instruments 10
Wave Optics 1 — 1 — — 4
Dual Nature of 1 1 — — — 3
Radiation and Matter 10
Atoms — — 1 — — 3
Nuclei 1 — 1 — — 4
Semiconductor 2 — — — 1 7
Electronics 7
TOTAL 12 8 21 4 15 60 60

WEIGHTAGE OF OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVES WEIGHTAGE MARKS


KNOWLEDGE 37% 22
UNDERSTANDING 27% 16
APPLICATION 16% 10
HOTS 20% 12

3
H.P. BOARD MODEL QUESTION PAPER–2024-25 (SOLVED)
Physics–XII (Theory)
Time Allowed : 3 Hours Maximum Marks : 60
General Instructions :
(1) There are 27 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
(2) This question paper has five sections : Section A, Section B, Section C, Section
D and Section E.
(3) All the sections are compulsory.
(4) Section A contains twelve MCQs and Assertion Reasoning based questions of
1 mark each, Section B contains four questions of two marks each, Section C
contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains one case study
based question of four marks and Section E contains three long answer questions
of five marks each.
*(5) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one
question in Section B, one question in Section C, one question in each CBQ in
Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to attempt only one of
the choices in such questions.
Please see the foot note.
(6) Use of calculators is not allowed.
(7) You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary :
(i) c = 3 × 108 m/s
(ii) me = 9·1 × 10–31 kg
(iii) e = 1·6 × 10–19 C
(iv) μ0 = 4p × 10–7 TmA–1
(v) h = 6·63 × 10–34 J s
(vi) e0 = 8·854 × 10–12 C2N–1m–2
(vii) Avogadro’s number = 6·023 × 1023 per gram mole
SECTION – A (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS)
1. The unit of electric field intensity is :
(a) Volt (b) Ohm
(c) Newton per Coulomb (d) Joule per Coulomb
2. In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each component is :
(a) Different (b) Zero
(c) Same (d) Averaged
3. The force on a moving charge in a magnetic field is maximum when the angle
between the velocity and the magnetic field is :
(a) 0° (b) 90°
(c) 45° (d) 180°
4. The root mean square (RMS) value of an AC current is :
(a) Equal to the peak value
(b) Half of the peak value
* Choices in SAQ section C, CBQ 24 section D and LAQ 26 section E are not there in this HPB
model question paper contrary to instruction number 5.“The students may or may not get these
choices in the final exam“Mock Test Papers have been prepared by limiting the choices exactly in
accordance with the pattern of model question paper released by HPB.
4
H.P. Board Model Question Paper—2024-25 (Solved) 5

(c) The effective value for power calculation


(d) Twice the peak value
5. The self-inductance of a coil is :
(a) Inversely proportional to the number of turns
(b) Directly proportional to the number of turns
(c) Independent of the number of turns
(d) Inversely proportional to the coil’s area
6. The phenomenon of light bending around obstacles is called :
(a) Refraction (b) Diffraction
(c) Reflection (d) Dispersion
7. A concave lens is used to correct :
(a) Hypermetropia (b) Myopia
(c) Astigmatism (d) Presbyopia
8. The wavelength of an electron is inversely proportional to its :
(a) Speed (b) Energy
(c) Momentum (d) Charge
9. In a nuclear fission reaction, the total mass of the products compared to the
reactants is :
(a) Greater (b) Less
(c) Equal (d) Cannot be determined
10. In a P-N junction diode, the region where no current flows is known as :
(a) Conducting region (b) Depletion region
(c) Accumulation region (d) Neutral region
For questions 11 and 12, two statements are given – one labelled Assertion (A)
and other lebelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from
the options given below.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
11. The Assertion (A) : A charged particle moving in a magnetic field experiences
a force that is always perpendicular to its velocity.
Reason (R) : The magnetic force on a moving charge is given by F=q (u×B),
where u is the velocity of the charge and B is the magnetic field.
12. Assertion (A) : The current through a PN diode increases exponentially with the
applied forward voltage.
Reason (R) : In a PN diode, the majority carriers move across the junction, and
their movement is governed by the exponential relationship in the diode equation.
SECTION – B (VERY SHORT ANSWER)
13. Define drift velocity. Show that I = neAud, where symbols have their usual
meanings.
6 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
14. Discuss domain theory of ferromagnetism.
15. Explain the photoelectric effect and derive the equation for the kinetic energy of
the emitted photoelectrons.
16. A circular coil of wire consisting of 100 turns, each of radius 8·0 cm carries a
current of 0·40 A. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field B at the centre of
the coil ?
OR
Write the formula for the power factor in an AC circuit and its significance.
SECTION – C (SHORT ANSWER)
17. Discuss the concept of mutual induction, including its physical basis, and derive
the expression for the induced electromotive force (emf) in a coil due to a changing
current in a nearby coil.
18. Explain the phenomenon of diffraction of light and describe how it differs from
interference.
19. Define Binding energy and derive an expression for mass defect.
20. Two charges, q1 and q2 are placed 12 metres apart. The force between them is
5×10–2 Newtons. If q1 is +4μC and q2 is unknown, find the magnitude of q2.
21. What is displacement current ? Find its expression.
22. Explain Ohm’s Law and derive the expression for the power dissipated in a
resistor.
23. State Bohr’s postulates of the hydrogen atom and explain how they help in
determining the energy levels of the atom.
SECTION – D : CASE STUDY-BASED QUESTION
24. Read the following source and answer any four out of the following questions :
The potential at any observation point P of a static electric field is defined as the
work done by the external agent (or negative of work done by electrostatic field)
in slowly bringing a unit positive point charge from infinity to the observation
point. Figure shows the potential variation along the line of charges. Two point
charges Q1 Q2 lie along a line at a distance from each other.

Q1 Q2
r
1 2 3

(i) At which of the points 1, 2 and 3 is the electric field is zero ?


(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) Both (a) and (b)
(ii) The signs of charges Q1 and Q2 respectively are
(a) positive and negative (b) negative and positive
(c) positive and positive (d) negative and negative
(iii) Which of the two charges Q1 and Q2 is greater in magnitude ?
(a) Q2 (b) Q1 (c) Same (d) Can't determined
H.P. Board Model Question Paper—2024-25 (Solved) 7

(iv) Which of the following statement is not true ?


(a) Electrostatic force is a conservative force
(b) Potential energy of charge q at a point is the work done per unit charge
in bringing a charge from any point to infinity
(c) When two like charges lie infinite distance apart, their potential energy
is zero.
SECTION – E
25. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is used to form an image of an object placed
30 cm away from the lens. (a) Determine the position of the image formed.
(b) Calculate the magnification of the lens. (c) If the image is to be projected
onto a screen, how far should the screen be placed from the lens to get a sharp
image ?
OR
Discuss the formation of images by a convex lens. Include in your discussion :
(a) The lens formula and magnification formula.
(b) The nature and position of the image formed for different object distances
(i.e., when the object is at infinity, at 2 F, Between F and 2 F).
26. Explain the electrical conduction mechanism in semiconductors. Discuss the
concept of energy bands and the band gap in semiconductors. Also give difference
between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.
27. Discuss the behaviour of an LCR series circuit when connected to an AC source.
Define resonance and describe the condition for resonance in an LCR series
circuit. Explain the effect of resonance on impedance and current.
OR
An AC circuit has a sinusoidal voltage source with an amplitude of V0=100 V
and a frequency of 50 Hz. The current through the circuit is also sinusoidal and
has an amplitude of I0=5 A.
(a) Calculate the average current over one complete cycle of the AC waveform.
(b) Determine the RMS value of the current.

SOLUTIONS

Electric force (F)


1. (c) Electric field (E) =
Electric charge (Q)

newton
\ Unit of E = , that is, newton per coulomb.
coulomb
1234 In S.I., units written in full after the names of scientists start with small
letter.
R
2. (c) In parallel circuit, the voltage (V) across each component
is the same.
3. (b) Using F = quB sin q, we get R
Fmax = quB sin 90° = quB
R
4. (c) RMS value is the effective value of A.C.
5. (b) Self inductance (L) µ the number of turns (n).
V
8 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
6. (b) Light bends around obstacles is diffraction.
7. (b) A concave lens is used to correct myopia (near sightedness).
1
8. (c) Wavelength of an electron (l) µ p .

1234 p = mu, so (a) also clicks but (c) is the best option.
9. (b) In nuclear fission some mass is converted into energy. So total mass of
products is lesser compared to the reactants.
10. (b) Depletion layer has no charge carrier in it. 1 1
11. (a) Lorentz force is normal to cross product of υ and B .
12. (a) A and R both are true and R explains A.
13. Drift Velocity (ud). It is defined as the average velocity with which free electrons
in a conductor get drifted in a direction opposite to the direction of the applied
electric field.
Consider a conductor of length l and uniform cross-sectional area A. Let V be
the applied potential difference across the ends of the conductor. The electric
field set up across the conductor is given by
1
E =
1
Let n be the number of free electrons per unit volume of the conductor.
Then, total number of free electrons in the conductor
= n × volume of the conductor = n × Al
If e is the charge on each electron then magnitude of the total charge in the conductor
Q = (nAl)e
The time taken by the charge to cross conductor is given by
2
t =
11
where ud is drift velocity of electrons. 11
According to the definition of electric current,
1 2234
I = 1 = neAud
5 3 3 21
or I = neAud
or I µ u d. (as n, e and A are constant)
14. Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials by which they are strongly
magnetised in the direction of applied magnetic field.
Domain Theory : Domain is a small region formed by a large number of atoms
(» 1011) of a ferromagnetic substance. Domains are very very small in their
volume (» 10–18 m3). Atoms of a ferromagnetic substance behave at tiny magnetic
dipoles having net dipole moments. Electron of one atom also interacts with
electron in the nearby atom in a special way known as exchange interaction or
coupling. This effect arranges the atoms in a domain in a particular direction.
Each domain behaves as a magnet having some dipole moment. When there is
no external magnetic field, the magnet moment of domains are oriented in
different directions such that net magnetic moment of the substance is zero. On
applying magnetic field, the magnetic moments of domains align in the direction
H.P. Board Model Question Paper—2024-25 (Solved) 9

of magnetic field and strongly magnetise the substance. The magnetic moments
of domains are arranged in the following manner :
(a) Arrangement of boundaries : On applying the external magnetic field the
boundaries of domains which orient themselves in the direction of field are
increased and the boundaries of domains which orient themselves opposite to
the direction of field are decreased.
(b) Swinging effect. If the applied magnetic field is very strong, the domain start
swinging around such that they set in the direction of applied field. Ultimately
all the domains behave as merged into each other.
15. Einstein proposed a theory in 1905 based upon Planck’s hypothesis of quanta to
explain photoelectric effect. Planck postulated that light wave consists of tiny
bundles of energy called quanta or photon. The energy of each photon is E = hn.
According to Einstein, when a photon of energy hn falls on a metal surface,
this energy of the photon is absorbed by the free electron in the metal. This
absorbed energy (hn) is utilized in two ways.
(i) A part of energy is used by the electron to overcome the surface barrier to
come out of the metal surface. This part of energy is equal to the work function
(f or W0) of the metal ;
(ii) The remaining part of the energy is used in giving a velocity to the emitted
photoelectron. This part of energy is equal to the kinetic energy of the emitted
1 1 3
2
electron i.e.
2
m1 2 .
4
According to the law of conservation of energy,
1
hn 1 2 3 m 12 ...(i)
2
If n = n0 (threshold frequency), then the free electron is not emitted from the
metal surface
1
i.e. m 12 = 0
2
Hence eqn. (i) can be written as
hn0 = f + 0 or hn0 = f ...(ii)
which is the expression for the work function of the metal.
Substituting the value of eqn. (ii) in (i), we get
1
hn = h1 0 2 m 12
2
1
or m 12 = hn – hn0
2
1
or m 12 = h (n – n0)
2
It is Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
10 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)

1 0 NI (42 3 10 17 )100 3 0·4


16. Using B = we get B = 4 3·14 3 10 14 T .
2r Z 3 0·08
OR
Real power
Power factor, cos f =
Apparent power
Power factor represents the efficiency of a supply system or load. Power factor
indicates real power, or the real capacity of a power system.
Low power factor means drawl of more current to deliver the same amount of
power.
17. Mutual Induction. It is the phenomenon of inducing e.m.f. in a coil due to the
rate of change of current in a nearby coil.
Mutual inductance or coefficient of mutual induction of the two coils or circuits
can be defined as the magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil due to the
flow of unit current in the primary coil.
henry is the S.I. unit for self or mutual induction. Self or mutual inductance is
said to be one henry when 1 weber of magnetic flux links with a coil on the
passage of 1 ampere of current through it.
Derivation :
Let there be two coils, coil I and coil II.
Let current change in coil I.
Mutual inductance between two coils in given by,
M= k L I 1 L II
where k is coupling coefficient such that 0 < k < 1 and LI, LII are self inductances
of the coils. When current changes in coil I, magnetic flux f1 linking with coil II
changes, producing e.m.f. in coil II given by Faraday’s Law.
d 1 II
i.e. EII = – N II 2
dt
But effective flux NIIf II = Effective inductance × II = M × II
MdI I
\ EII = 1
dt

1L dI
1234 Result is comparable to E = , but in this case effective inductance
dt
is M instead of self inductance LII.
18. Diffraction of Light. The phenomenon of bending of light around the corners of
an obstacle or an aperture into the region of geometrical shadow of obstacle is
called diffraction of light.
Light from mono chromatic source of light S is made parallel after refraction
through lens L1. The refracted light from L1 is propagated in the form of plane
H.P. Board Model Question Paper—2024-25 (Solved) 11

wavefront WW¢. The plane wavefront WW¢ is incident on the slit AB of width
‘d’. According to Huygen’s principle, each point of slit AB acts as a source of
secondary disturbance or wavelets.

Now consider a point O on the screen which is placed at a distance D from the slit
AB. Since point O is equidistant from points A and B, therefore, the secondary
wavelets from AB reach the point O in the same phase and hence the constructive
interference takes place at O. In other words, O is the position of Central maximum.
Now let the light is diffracted through an angle q, so the secondary wavelets will
be diffracted through an angle q. Let these wavelets meet the screen at point P.
The point P will be of maximum or minimum intensity depending on the path
difference between the secondary wavelets originating from the corresponding
points of the wavefront.
Comparison between Interference and Diffraction of Light
Interference Diffraction
1. Interference is due to the 1. Diffraction is due to the superposition
superposition of two wavefronts of two secondary wavelets originating
originating from two coherent from the different points of the same
sources. wavefront.
2. In interference pattern, all the maxima 2. In diffraction pattern, the bright
i.e. bright fringes are of the same fringes are of varying intensity.
intensity.
3. In interference pattern, the dark 3. In diffraction pattern, the dark fringes
fringes are usually almost perfectly are not perfectly dark.
dark.
4. In interference pattern, the width of 4. In diffraction pattern, the widths of
fringes (bright and dark) is equal. fringes are not equal.
5. In interference, bands are large in 5. In diffraction, bands are a few in
number. number.
6. In interference, bands are equally 6. In diffraction, bands are unequally
spaced. spaced.
19. Binding Energy. The total energy required to disintegrate the nucleus into its
constituent particles (i.e., nucleons) is called binding energy of the nucleus.
Mass Defect is defined as the difference between the mass of the constituent
nucleons of the nucleus in the free state and the mass of the nucleus. It is denoted
by Dm.
12 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
Dm = mnucleus – (Z × mp + N × mn)
where Z is number of protons and mp is mass of a proton; N is number of
neutrons and mn is mass of a neutron.
Using E = Dmc2, where E is binding energy of nucleus, Dm is mass defect and
c is speed of light, we get
E
Dm = 1 mnucleus 3 (Z×m p 4 N×mn ) 26
c2 5
9 1 109 1 q1q2
20. Using, F= , we get
r2
F 2 r2 (5 2 10 12 2 12 2 12) 20
q2 = 9
3 9 16
3
(9×10 )q1 (9 2 10 )(4 2 10 ) 105
i.e. q2 = 20 × 10–5 C
21. Displacement current is an apparent current that flows through a dielectric
medium when an electric field is applied across it. It is represented by Id.
Displacement current = Conduction current
Its unit is ampere (A).
Ampere circuital law is given by the expression,
1 1
21 12 12 = m0I, where letters have usual meanings.
Maxwell modified the above expression as,
1 1
21 12 12 = m0(Ic + Id),
where Ic is conduction current and Id is displacement current.
Thus, the modification can be stated as line integral of magnetic field is equal to
absolute permeability times the addition of conduction current and displacement current.
Explanation. Consider the set up as shown in 123457 123458
figure.
Ampere’s law when applied to path 1 gives, 123456
1 1
21 12 12 = m0I ...(i)
Ampere’s law when applied to path 2 gives 92 2 3 
1 1
21 12 12 =0 ...(ii)
95  
But when path 1 and path 2 come infinitesimally close say in path 3, a contradiction
appears because same magnetic field should exist around the conductor i.e. around
the wire as well as free space. Thus, expression (ii) becomes invalid. Maxwell suggested
that a displacement current is to be considered in free space also (such that Ic = Id),
so he amended the Ampere’s circuital law as
1 1
21 12 12 = m0(Ic + Id)
H.P. Board Model Question Paper—2024-25 (Solved) 13

As per Ampere’s circuital law applied to a dielectric medium of a capacitor, we


get

1 dE 23
1 B·dl = Ic + u0 Î0 444 33 ...(i)
5 dt 6

But 1 B·dl = u0 (Ic + Id) ...(ii)

Comparing (i) and (ii), we get

dE
I d 1 20
dt

22. Ohm’s Law. According to this law, the potential difference (V) across the ends
of the conductor is proportional to the current (I) flowing through it, provided
the physical conditions (like temperature, pressure, strain etc.) of the conductor
1 I R
remain unchanged i.e. = constant = R.
2
Power Dissipated in a resistor
()
As per Ohm’s Law, V = IR ...(i) E
Power handled = V × I ...(ii)
Substituting (i) and (ii), we get I R
Power dissipated = (IR) I
= I2 R V
23. Postulates of Bohr’s atom Model
1. An atom has a small positively charged core where whole of the mass of an
atom is supposed to be concentrated. This core is called nucleus of the atom.
2. The electrons revolve round the nucleus in fixed orbits of definite radii. As
long as the electron is in a certain orbit, it does not radiate any energy.
Therefore, the orbits in which electrons move are called stationary states.

3. The electrons can revolve only in those orbits, in which its angular
h
momentum is an integral multiple of .
21
14 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
4. The energy is radiated in the form of a photon only when an electron
jumps from higher energy orbit to lower energy orbit.
Bohr’s postulates lead to Rydberg formula which exactly tells the wavelengths
of spectral lines in the hydrogen spectrum.
dV
24. (i) E is zero at point 3 becuase Er = and slope of curve is constant only
dr
at 3.
(ii) Q1 is positive and Q2 is negetive as potential is positive or negative according
to the sign of the charge.
(iii) Q2 is smaller in magnitude than Q1 because its potential is smaller.
(iv) Statement b is incorrect. Potential is work done per unit charge and not
potential energy.
25. Using Lens formula,
1 1 1
1
f = υ u , we get

1 1 1
= 1
20 v 30

1 1 1 31 2 1
i.e. = 2 3 3
υ 20 30 60 60
i.e. υ = 60 cm
υ 60
Magnification, m = 1 1 22
u 230
Image is real, inverted and magnified.
Since the image is real, so it can be projected on a screen kept at a distance of
60 cm from the lens.
OR
A convex lens has lens formula given by
1 1 1
1
f = υ u

I υ
and magnification, m = 1
O u
IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX LENS
Lens Position of object Position of Nature of Size of
image image image

1. At infinity at focus real and extremely


inverted small
H.P. Board Model Question Paper—2024-25 (Solved) 15

2. Between infinity between F –do– small


and 2F and 2F
3. At 2F at 2F –do– same size
4. Between 2F and F beyond 2F –do– magnified
5. At focus at infinity –do– extremely
large
6. Between focus and on the side of virtual and large
optical centre the object erect

26. Conductivity of a semiconductor increases with increase in temperature. Covalent bands


of a semiconductor break with increase in temperautre which increases the number of
free charge carrier.
When two similar atoms get closer, there is interaction between their valence
electrons. Electrons of every isolated atom have specified energy levels, therefore
such interaction changes the energy levels. The closely spaced energy levels
form energy bands. In a completely filled band there is no free electron for the
conduction of current.
12345667897873
Figure shows the energy
levels of electrons in the
286528
silicon atoms (Z = 14). The 4 86  
levels 1s, 2s, 2p and 3s are  
 787
completely filled. Level 3p 4 86
 
contains only 2 electrons  
whereas it can have 6 123456
electrons. Thus 4 states are  
empty per atom of the solid. 55435
7 8 8  8
The change in interatomic 7 3 528 92 347 8  723
distances and their effect is
explained below :
(i) When r = d3 >> 0, each atom behaves independently and has discrete
energy levels.
(ii) When r = d2, because of interaction the energy bands fuse together.
(iii) When r = d2, the 3s2 and 3p2 levels are continuously distributed.
(iv) When r = a, the filled and unfilled energy levels are separated by energy
gap called forbidden energy gap. The upper end is called conduction band
and lower band is called valence band.
Conductors. Conduction band of a conductor is either partially filled or conduction
band and valence band overlap. There is virtually no energy gap in a conductor
(Figure).
16 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
 78 
8 4
12345678239 34 1234567823
 83 34

369 34 36
34

Insulators. Conduction band and valence band of an insulator are widely spaced
to one another. The energy gap is of the order of 6 to 9 eV. Conduction band of an
insulator is almost empty (Figure A).

12345678239 34 12345678239 34

3 9  3 9 

  36 9 34   36 9 34

 
Semiconductors. In semiconductors the energy gap is very small i.e. about 1 eV
only (Figure B). At room temperature valence electrons jump to conduction band.
Intrinsic semiconductors. Pure process of adding certain impurities in the intrinsic
semiconductor.
Doped or Extrinsic (impure) semiconductor. A semiconductor obtained after adding
certain impurity atoms in the intrinsic semiconductor is called extrinsic or doped semiconductor.
Difference between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors

Intrinsic Semiconductor Extrinsic Semiconductor

1. Intrinsic semiconductor is crystal of When some impurity is added to intrinsic


pure element like germanium and semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor
silicon. is obtained.
2. In intrinsic semiconductor, the In extrinsic semiconductor, the number
number density of electrons is equal density of electrons is not equal to the
to the number density of holes. number density of holes.
i.e., ne = nh. i.e., ne ¹ n h
3. The electrical conductivity of The electrical conductivity of extrinsic
intrinsic semiconductors is low. semiconductors is high.
4. The electrical conductivity of The electrical conductivity of extrinsic
intrinsic semiconductor mainly semiconductor depends on the temperature
depends on its temperature. as well as the amount of impurity added to it.
27. Let E be r.m.s. value of the alternating e.m.f. to the LCR circuit.
Let I be the r.m.s. value of the current. Following Figure depicts the relation
between current I and voltage across resistor (VR), capacitor (VC) and inductor
(VL).
H.P. Board Model Question Paper—2024-25 (Solved) 17

Since V R and I are in phase, so V R is 23


represented by OA in the direction of I
and VR = IR ...(i) 24
1 5
1
The current lags behind the potential
difference V L by angle of p/2, so V L is 269 8923 3
7
represented by OD perpendicular to the
direction of IC and VL = IXL ...(ii) 6
26
The current leads the potential difference VC by an angle of p/2, so VC is
represented by OC perpendicular to the direction of I and VC = IXC. ...(iii)
Since VL and VC are in opposite phase, so their resultant (VC – VL) is represented
by OL (Here VL < VC)
The resultant of VR and (VC – VL) is given by OB

OB = 521 1 653 2 54 71

or E = 521 1 653 2 54 71
Using equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

E = 4 1 5 1 1 6472 2 47 3 81 3 4 5 1 1 672 2 7 3 81

1 1 1
or = 4 1 56 2 2 6 3 7
2
Now E/I = Z, the effective opposition of LCR circuit to A.C., called impedance
(Z) of the circuit.
This relation is known to be the general relation for impedance.
DOAB is known as impedance triangle.

\ Impedance of a series LCR circuit = Z = 4 1 1 56 2 2 6 3 7 1


4 4
and Current in the circuit = 1
5 6 1 2 782 3 8 3 91
Electrical resonance takes place in a series LCR circuit when the circuit allows
maximum alternating current for a frequency at which capacitive reactance
becomes equal to the inductive reactance.
Clearly I will be maximum when Z is minimum.
i.e. for electrical resonance (XC – XL) = 0
1
or X L = XC or wL =
12
1 1 1
or w2 = or w= , and 11
23 23 22 34
When angle of incidence i = C, the critical angle, then angle of refraction
r = 90°
sin C
\ 2
m1 1 sin 902 = sin C.
18 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)

1
But 2
m1 1 1
22

1 1
\ 1m
2
1 sin C = 1 3 or
sin C 12
OR
(a) Average current over one complete cycle is zero.

t
The instantaneous value of alternating current is given by
I = I0 sin wt
Suppose a small amount of charge dq flows in small time dt such that dq = Idt
1
1
\ q = 2 I0sinwtdt
32

1
2 1 456 11 3 3 2 4 72 5 3
= 32 6 1 2 456 9 7 1 1 456 28
1 2 72 8 1  1  

1 21
\ q = 34 1 45 = 0
61 7 8
Since total charge in full cycle of alternting current is zero, so current given by
I = dq/dt is also zero.
I0 5
(b) RMS current = 1 1 3·54 A
2 1·414
MOCK TEST PAPERS
(As Per H.P.B. model question paper 2024-25)
PHYSICS
Class—XII

MOCK TEST PAPER—1


Time Allowed : 3 Hours Maximum Marks : 60
General Instructions : Please refer to H.P.B. model question paper 2024-25.
SECTION – A (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS)
1. In Coulomb’s law on what factors the value of electrostatic force constant
(k) depends ?
(a) nature of medium (b) system of units
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
2. Calculate number of kWh in one joule.
(a) 6·3 × 106 kWh (b) 2·8 × 10–8 kWh
(c) 3·6 × 103 kWh (d) 6·3 × 103 kWh.
3. An iron bar magnet is heated to 1000 °C and then cooled. Will it retain its
magnetism ?
(a) Yes (b) No
(c) Cannot say (d) None of these
4. The coefficient of self induction has SI unit as
(a) hertz (b) henry
(c) weber (d) joule
5. What is the frequency of direct current ?
(a) 50 Hz (b) ¥
(c) 0 (d) None of these.
6. Why can’t transformer be used to step up d.c. voltage ?
(a) d.c. has zero frequency (b) d.c. does not produce changing field
(c) d.c. has less energy (d) (a) and (b).
7. An astronomical telescope of the refracting type will have large angular
magnification and high angular resolution, when its objective lens is of
(a) small focal length and large diameter
(b) small focal length and small diameter
(c) large focal length and large diameter
(d) large focal length and small diameter
8. For a light of wavelength in nanometer, the photon energy hn in eV is
1240 1200
(a) (b)
1 1
1360 1
(c) (d)
1 1240
9. Average B.E. per nucleon is maximum for the nucleus
(a) 2He4 (b) 8O16
(c) 26Fe 56 (d) 92U238
19
20 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
10. A transistor can be used as
(a) oscillator and switch (b) oscillator and amplifier
(c) switch and amplifier (d) All of the above
For questions 11 and 12, two statements are given – one labelled Assertion
(A) and other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions
from the options given below.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct
explanation.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
11. Assertion (A) : Ammeter has low resistance whereas voltmeter has high resistance.
Reason (R) : A high resistance is connected in parallel with galvanometer to
convert it into an ammeter whereas a low resistance is put in series
with the coil of the galvanometer to convert it into voltmeter.
12. Assertion (A) : If a heavy nucleus is split into two medium sized parts, each of the
nuclei will have more binding energy per nucleon than the original
nucleus.
Reason (R) : Joining two light nuclei together to give a single nucleus of medium
size means more binding energy per nucleon than the two nuclei.
SECTION – B (VERY SHORT ANSWER)
13. State Kirchhoff’s any one law in electricity and explain it.
14. A rectangular piece of soft iron is placed in a uniform magnetic field. Give correct
representation of the magnetic lines in the region.
15. Show the graph of kinetic energy of emitted electron with frequency of incident
radiation. What is indicated by the slope of the curve ?
16. State and explain Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction ?
OR
Show that Lenz law is a direct consequence of the law of conservation of energy ?
SECTION – C (SHORT ANSWER)
17. State Biot-Savart law. Using this law derive the expression for the magnetic field
due to a current carrying circular loop of radius ‘R’ at its centre.
18. Draw the diagrams for
(i) refraction of a plane wave by a thin prism
(ii) refraction of a plane wave by a convex lens
(iii) reflection of a plane wave by a concave mirror.
19. Draw the graph showing variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number.
Write two main inferences drawn from this graph.
19. State the first authentic experiment which verified the structure of an atom.
20. Derive an expression for capacitance (C) in terms of electric charge (Q) and
corresponding potential (V). Give S.I. unit of capacitance.
21. What is the fundamental particle in an electromagnetic wave ? How is an e.m.
wave formed ?
22. Distinguish between e.m.f. and terminal potential difference of a cell. What are
their S.I. units ?
MockTest Papers 21

23. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of 26 Fe 56 . Given, m n ( 26 Fe 56 )


= 55·934939 a.m.u. ; m(neutron) = 1·008665 a.m.u. ; m(proton) = 1·007825 a.m.u.
SECTION – D : CASE STUDY-BASED QUESTION
24. Two dielectric slabs of dielectric constants K1 and K2 are filled in–between
two plates, each of area A, of a parallel plate capacitor.

12 13

1 1
3 3
(i) Here total capacitance is equivalent to resultant capacitance of ......
(a) Parallel combination (b) Series combination
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) neither (a) nor (b).
(ii) Net capacitance is given by
10 A K1 2 30
(a) (b) A 1 K1 4 K 2 2
l K2 l
30 A
(c) 1 K1 4 K 2 2 (d) none of these.
l
1 If two similar plates, each of area A having surface charge densities + s and
– s are separated by a distance d in air, then
(iii) expression for the electric field E at points between the two plates is
1 21
(a) 20 (b) 2
0

1
(c) 220 (d) none of these.

(iv) The capacitance of the capacitor so formed.


2 10 A 10 A
(a) (b)
d 2d

10 A 1d
(c) (d) .
d 2

SECTION – E
25. Why does the apparent depth of a tank of water change if viewed obliquely ? Does
the apparent depth increase or decrease ?
OR
When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source,
a bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why.
26. (a) Draw a circuit diagram for an npn transistor in common emitter configuration
to study its input and output characteristics.
22 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
Use the relevant plots where applicable and give their important features.
OR
What is a rectifier ? Give working principle of a full wave rectifier with the help
of a labelled circuit diagram.
Explain as to why two diodes can not be used as a transistor.
27. Describe the principle and theory of a transformer with the help of a simple
diagram. Why is the efficiency of a transformer always less than unity ?
OR
(b) What is an alternator ? Explain the principle, construction and working of an
alternator. How is it useful in transmission of electrical energy ?

MOCK TEST PAPER—2


Time Allowed : 3 Hours Maximum Marks : 60
Special Instructions : Please refer to H.P.B. model question paper 2024-25.

SECTION – A (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS)


1. The number of electrons in one coulomb of charge is :
(a) 6·25 × 1018 (b) 6·25 × 1019
(c) 6·25 × 1021 (d) 6·25 × 1023.
2. Kirchhoff’s junction rule is a reflection of
(a) conservation of current density vector.
(b) conservation of charge.
(c) the fact that the momentum with which a charged particle approaches a junction
is unchanged (as a vector) as the charged particle leaves the junction.
(d) the fact that there is accumulation of charges at a junction.
3. Time period of a charged particle undergoing a circular motion in a uniform
magnetic field is independent of its
(a) speed (b) mass
(c) charge (d) magnetic induction.
4. A transformer is a device which gives only
(a) dc voltage (b) ac voltage
(c) ac and dc voltage (d) none of these
5. The instantaneous current from a.c. source is I = 5 sin 314t. What is the peak value of
current ?
1
(a) 2 (b) 1 2 34
3
(c) 5 A (d) None of these.
6. The least penetrating radiations are
(a) X-rays (b) g-rays
(c) a-rays (d) b-rays.
7. Which of the following does not support wave nature of light ?
(a) interference (b) diffraction
(c) polarisation (d) photoelectric effect.
8. What will be wavelength of an electron of energy 500 eV ?
(a) 0·55 × 10–5 m (b) 0·66 × 10–6 m
(c) 0·77 × 10 m–7 (d) 0·55 × 10–10 m.
MockTest Papers 23

9. The energy equivalent to mass of an electron is


(a) 0·511 MeV (b) 5·11 MeV
(c) 51·1 MeV (d) 511 MeV.
10. A.C. is converted into D.C. by
(a) transistor (b) amplifier
(c) rectifier (d) none of these.
For questions 11 and 12, two statements are given – one labelled Assertion
(A) and other lebelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions
from the options given below.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct
explanation.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
11. Assertion (A) : Magnetic field is a vector quentity.
Reason (R) : Magnetic field has both magnitude and direction.
12. Assertion (A) : When trivalent impurity is added to pure germanium we get extrinsic
semiconductor.
Reason (R) : With trivalent impurity, intrinsic semiconductor becomes p-type
semiconductor so it does not remain pure semiconductor.
SECTION – B (VERY SHORT ANSWER)
13. A wire of resistance 5 W is drawn out so that its length is increased by twice its
original length. Calculate its new resistance.
14. Why an ammeter should have a low resistance and a good quality voltmeter should
have large resistance. Explain.
15. The work function of caesium metal is 2·14 eV. When light of frequency
6 × 1014 Hz is incident on the metal surface, photoemission of electrons
occurs. What are the
(a) maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons and
(b) stopping potential.
16. Give relations for two types of inductances. How are they different ?
OR
Give applications of two types of inductances.
SECTION – C (SHORT ANSWER)
17. Write and explain expressions for reactance of pure capacitor in ac circuit.
Draw a graph to explain its behaviour.
18. State essential properties of e.m. waves.
19. Explain nuclear size and nuclear density. Show that nuclear density is same for
all nuclei.
20. A charge q is placed at the centre of line joining two equal charges Q. Show
Q
that the system of three charges will be in equilibrium if q = 1
.
4
21. Draw an e.m. spectrum showing visible light also. Give uses of different types
of e.m. waves.
24 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
22. Discuss the nature of charge carriers in solids, liquids and gases.
23. Two masses of 26Fe56 and 86Bi209 nuclei are 55·934939 m and 208·980388 m
respectively. Mass of proton = 1·007825 m and mass of neutron = 1·008665 m.
Calculate the binding energies of these nuclei and show which nucleus is more
stable.
SECTION – D : CASE STUDY-BASED QUESTION

24. r 2 mC charge is placed at each corner of a square ABCD of side 1 1 cm.

1 5 665678
2

5 665678 5 665678

4 3
5 665678
(i) Distance OB is
(a) 1 23 (b) 2 cm

1
(c) 1 1 23 (d) 23 .
1
(ii) Calculate electric potential at centre O of the square.
(a) 6·3 V (b) 3·6 × 104 V
4
(c) 6·3 × 10 V (d) 6·3 × 103 V
r Two point charges + 10 mC and – 10 mC are separated by a distance of 40 cm
in air.
(iii) The electrostatic P.E. of the system, assuming the zero of P.E. to be at infinity
is,
(a) 5·22 J (b) – 5·22 J
(c) zero (d) – 2·25 J
(iv) The shown sketch may represent

12354
6312354

(a) equipotential surfaces (b) electric lines


(c) electric (d) none of these
SECTION – E
25. Define linear magnification produced by a lens. Hence derive expression for it.
Also define the power of a lens and its unit.
MockTest Papers 25

OR
What do you mean by diffraction of light ? Explain diffraction at a single slit.
26. Which of the following elements is a semiconductor and list the properties which
make them different from others.
Na, Ba, Sr, Ge and why ?
27. Describe the principle, construction and working of a step down transformer.
Why is its core laminated ?
OR
Draw a labelled diagram of an a.c. generator. State its principle. Explain its
working and uses.

MOCK TEST PAPER—3


Time Allowed : 3 Hours Maximum Marks : 60
Special Instructions : Please refer to H.P.B. model question paper 2024-25.

SECTION – A (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS)


1. Dielectric strength of a medium is defined as the ratio of the Coulomb’s force
between two point charges placed in air to the Coulomb’s force between the
same charges placed in the medium at
(a) same distance from each other (b) any distance
(c) very close distance (d) far off distance.
2. S.I. unit of conductivity is
(a) W m (b) W–1 m–1
(c) W–1 m (d) W m–1.
3. If an electron and a proton having same momenta enter normally to a magnetic
field then
(a) curved path of electron and proton will be same (ignoring sense of revolution)
(b) they will move undeflected
(c) curved path of electron is more curved
(d) path of proton is more curved.
4. What is the magnitude of force experienced by a stationary charge exposed to a
uniform magnetic field ?
(a) ¥ (b) 0
(c) 0 to ¥ (d) None of these.
5. What will be the power of circuit having (i) only R (ii) only L ?
(a) I2R, 0 (b) I2R, I2XL
(c) 0, 0 (d) IR, IXL.
6. Which of the following are most penetrating radiations ?
(a) a-rays (b) g-rays
(c) b-rays (d) X-rays.
7. What is power of lens ?
1 2
(a) (b)
234567689 1
34567879
1
(c) (d) None.
234567689
26 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
8. Wavelength of a particle having momentum 2 × 10–28 kg m s–1 is
(a) 3·3 × 10–6 m (b) 3·3 × 10–5 m
–4
(c) 3·3 × 10 m (d) 30 m.
9. In nuclear transformation
b 1 7 4
aX + 0n ® 3Li + 2He
which one is the nucleus of element X ?
(a) 5B10 (b) 5B9
(c) 4Be 11 (d) 6C12.
10. A semiconductor doped with donor impurity is
(a) P-type (b) N-type
(c) N-P-N type (d) P-N-P type.
For questions 11 and 12, two statements are given – one labelled Assertion
(A) and other lebelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions
from the options given below.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct
explanation.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
11. Assertion (A) : A magnetic field is a force field creates by magnetic dipoles.
Reason (R) : Magnetic field exerts force on other nearly magnetic dipoles.
12. Assertion (A) : For silicon potential barrier is about 0·7 V.
Reason (R) : The thickness of depletion layer is about 10–6 m.
SECTION – B (VERY SHORT ANSWER)
13. On what factors resistivity of a material depend ? Why copper wires are used as
connecting wires ?
14. What is the force that a conductor, carrying current I, experiences when placed
in a magnetic field B ? What is the direction of the force ?
15. What is photon ? Write its two properties ?
16. An a.c. voltage E = E0 sin wt is applied across an inductance L. Show with the
help of a phasor diagram that in an inductance, voltage leads the current by
90° or p/2.
OR
Name a device which increases or decreae the voltage of input. Give its principle.
SECTION – C (SHORT ANSWER)
17. Figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to a variable frequency 230 V
source. L = 5·0 H, C = 80 mF, R = 40 W.
R

1 C

L
Find the rms value of current flowing in the circuit.
MockTest Papers 27

18. Which part of e.m. spectrum belongs to heat radiations ? Give one use of the
same.
19. (a) Name the element in which binding energy per nucleon is maximum.
(b) Give energy equivalent to one atomic mass unit.
20. Two point charges –q and + q are placed at a distance 2a apart. Calculate the
electric field at a point P situated at a distance r along the perpendicular
bisector of the line joining the charge.
21. Give expressions for
(i) Amplitudes of electric and magnetic field of electromagnetic waves
(ii) Energy density of electric fields
(iii) Energy density of magnetic field
(iv) Poynting vector.
22. How many electrons pass through a lamp in one minute if current is
300 mA ?
23. Two slits in Young’s double slit experiment are separated by a distance of
0·03 mm. When light of wavelength 5000 Å falls on the slits an interference
pattern is produced on the screen 1·5 m away. Find the distance of fourth
bright fringe from the central maximum.
SECTION – D : CASE STUDY-BASED QUESTION
24. 1 Two similar conducting plates each of area A having surface charge densities
+ s and – s are separated by a distance d in air as
σ σ
shown in the diagram. Now answer question numbers
10 and 11. 39
(i) Expression for the electric field at points between the
1234567 1234568
two plates is
1 21 1
(a) (b)
21 21
1
(c) (d) none of these.
2 21
(ii) The Capacitance of the capacitor so formed is
2 10 A 10 A
(a) (b)
d 2d
10 A 1d
(c) (d) 2 .
d 0
(iii) New capacitance,
(a) Cm > C0 (b) Cm = C0
(c) Cm < C0 (d) none of these.
(iv) New electric field as compared to original electric field is
(a) lesser (b) more
(c) same (d) can not be said
SECTION – E
25. A glass lens is immersed in water. How is the power of lens affected ? Explain.
Give exprement magnification a by a concave lens.
28 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
OR
What are optical fibres ? Give their construction and working ? Write its three
applications.
26. (a) In N-type and P-type semiconductors, give relations between number electron
density and number hole density.
(b) At zero kelvin, a piece of germanium behaves as semiconductor, Insulator,
good conductor or superconductor and why ?
27. Give a labelled sketch of a radio wave. State properties of e.m. waves.
OR
State and explain the e.m. spectrum. Give uses of each part.

MOCK TEST PAPER—4


Time Allowed : 3 Hours Maximum Marks : 60
Special Instructions : Please refer to H.P.B. model question paper 2024-25.

SECTION – A (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS)


1. The unit of permittivity of free space Î0 is
(a) CN–2 m–1 (b) Nm–2 C–2
(c) C2N–2m–2 (d) C2N–1m–2.
2. Calculate the current through a lamp of 60 W operating at 220 V.
(a) 2·73 A (b) 27·3 A
(c) 0·372 A (d) 0·273 A.
3. Why does a paramagnetic sample display greater magnetisation (for same
magnetising field) when cooled ?
(a) Thermal effect on dipoles is more
(b) Thermal effect on dipoles is less
(c) Cannot say
(d) None of these.
1 1
4. A charge q moves in a region, where electric field 1 and magnetic field 1 both
exist, then force on it is
1 1 1 1 1
(a) 1 12 2 34 (b) 1 1 2 1 23 3 45
1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 45 (d) 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 456
5. The r.m.s. value of an a.c. is 220 V. The peak value of the a.c. is nearly
(a) 220 V (b) 311 V
(c) 211 V (d) 50 V
6. Infra-red spectrum lies between
(a) Radiowave and microwave region
(b) Microwave and visible region
(c) Visible and ultraviolet region
(d) Ultraviolet and X-ray region.
MockTest Papers 29

7. One dipole of a lens is.


1 2
(a) (b) 1
234567689 34567879   1 
1
(c) (d) None.
234567689 9 
8. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the graph between K.E. of
photoelectron ejected and frequency n of incident radiation is
1232 1232

(a) (b)
1 1

1232 1232

(c) (d) .
1 1
9. A graph showing the variation of potential energy (in MeV) of a pair of
nucleons as a function of their separation r is shown below.

123 1 7′ 6′ 8′
4 9 8
6 1
1 7

The nuclear force is attractive, for region.


(a) AB (b) < r0
(c) BC (d) all of these.
10. What is doping ?
(a) Dipping of a conductor (b) Dipping in an insulator
(c) Adding suitable impurity (d) None.
For questions 11 and 12, two statements are given – one labelled Assertion
(A) and other lebelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions
from the options given below.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct
explanation.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
30 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)
11. Assertion (A) : Coulomb’s law can be stated in vector from.
Reason (R) : Coulomb’s Force is a vector quantity.
12. Assertion (A) : Ammeter has low resistance whereas voltmeter has high resistance.
Reason (R) : A high resistance is connected in parallel with galvanometer to
convert it into an ammeter whereas a low resistance is put in series
with the coil of the galvanometer to convert it into voltmeter.

SECTION – B (VERY SHORT ANSWER)


13. Define ‘relaxation time’ of electrons in a conductor. Explain how it varies with
increase in temperature of a conductor.
14. Give expressions for Ampere’s circuital law and Biot-Savart’s law.
15. Give expressions for
(i) Energy of photon
(ii) de-Broglie wavelength of material particle with units of each physical quantity
appearing in the expressen.
16. What is Lenz’s law ? Show that it is in accordance with the law of conservation
of energy.
OR
A.C. source is applied across a capacitor. Derive an expression for current and
draw a phasor diagram to show the phase difference between I and V.

17. SECTION – C (SHORT ANSWER)


17. Prove mathematically that average value of a.c. over one complete cycle is zero.
18. What do you understand by Electromagnetic wave ? How do they propagate ?
Explain with the help of a diagram.
19. What is mass defect, binding energy and binding energy per nucleon ?
20. What is the importance of radial magnetic field in moving coil galvanometer ?
Explain it with the help of a sketch.
21. What are the two assumptions on which Huygen’s principle is based ? Explain
Huygen’s geometrical construction for wavefronts ?
22. Find the value of unknown resistance X in the following network if no current
flows through AB when a battery of 6 V and negligible internal resistance is
connected. Find the current drawn by the circuit, where R1 = 2 W, R2 =
4 W, R 3 = 3 W, R4 = 5 W and R5 is 2·4 W.

14
12 13

15 8 7

9 16
MockTest Papers 31

23. (a) Show that nuclear density is the same for all nuclei.
(b) Define the following terms :
(i) Mass defect
(ii) Packing fraction
(iii) Binding energy per nucleon.

SECTION – D : CASE STUDY-BASED QUESTION


24. r The given figure shows a network of five capacitors connected to a 100 V
supply.
5316

5316 1316
7316

7316

12234

(i) Charge stored in the network is


(a) 400 mC (b) 300 mC
(c) 500 mC (d) 200 mC
(ii) Energy stored in the network is
(a) 3 × 10–3 J (b) 3 J
(c) 10 J –3 (d) 2 × 10–2 J
(iii) Why does a capacitor block d.c. ?
(a) d.c. has zero frequency (b) d.c. has low frequency
(c) d.c. change its polarity (d) none of these.
(iv) On what factors the capacitance of a capacitor depends ?
(a) nature of dielectric (b) area of plate
(c) distance between plates (d) all.
SECTION – E
25. Monochromatic light of wavelength 632·8 nm is produced by a helium-neon laser.
The power emitted is 9·42 mW. Find the energy of each photon in the light beam.
OR
Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image of an object placed
between the optical centre and focus of a convex lens. Deduce the relationship
between the object distance, image distance and focal length under the condition
stated.
26. What is the difference among a transformer, a rectifier and an amplifier ?
Explain the working of a half-wave rectifier giving a neat circuit diagram as
well as the input and output waveforms.
32 JMD Short Cut to Sure Success (Physics +2)

27. A series circuit contains L, C and R as circuit elements. Discuss current-voltage


relation when A.C. is passed through such circuit and hence find the expression
for the impedance of the circuit and resonant frequency of the circuit.
OR
A rectangular wire of sides 8 cm and 2 cm with a small cut is moving out of a
region of uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0·3 T directed normal to the
loop. What is the emf developed across the cut if the velocity of the loop is
1 cm s–1 in a direction normal to (a) longer side (b) shorter side of the loop ?
For how long does the induced voltage last in each case ?

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