Chapter 3 Selections

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 Motivations
If you assigned a negative value for radius in the
program, ComputeAreaWithConsoleInput.java, the
program would print an invalid result.

If the radius is negative, you don't want the

program to compute the area. How can you deal
with this situation?

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 Outline
• boolean type and operators
• Selection Control
• one-way if statements
• two-way if-else statements
• multi-way if statements.
• Logical Operators
• switch statements
• Conditional expression
• Mathematical Functions

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 The boolean Type and Operators
• Often in a program you need to compare two
values, such as whether i is greater than j.

• Java provides six comparison operators (also

known as relational operators) that can be used to
compare two values.

• The result of the comparison is a Boolean value:

true or false.
• boolean b = (1 > 2);

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 The boolean Type and Operators

• The result of the comparison is a Boolean value:

true or false.

boolean b = (1 > 2);

boolean lightsOn = true;

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 Relational Operators
Java Mathematics Name Example Result
Operator Symbol (radius is 5)

< < less than radius < 0 false

<= ≤ less than or equal to radius <= 0 false
> > greater than radius > 0 true
>= ≥ greater than or equal to radius >= 0 true
== = equal to radius == 0 false
!= ≠ not equal to radius != 0 true

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Problem: A Simple Math Learning Tool

This example creates a program to let a first grader

practice additions. The program randomly
generates two single-digit integers number1 and
number2 and displays a question such as “What is
7 + 9?” to the student. After the student types the
answer, the program displays a message to indicate
whether the answer is true or false.

AdditionQuiz

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 if Statements
• An if statement is a construct that enables a
program to specify alternative paths of
execution.

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 One-way if Statements
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * PI;
if (boolean-expression) { System.out.println("The area"
statement(s); + " for the circle of radius "
}
+ radius + " is " + area);
}

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 Note
if i > 0 { if (i > 0) {
System .out.pr intln( " i is po sitive "); Sys tem.out .printl n( "i is positi ve ");
} }
(a) W ron g (b) C orre ct

i f (i > 0) { if (i > 0)
System .out.pr intln( " i is po sitive " ); Equ iva le nt Syste m.out. println ( "i is positiv e ");
}

(a) (b)

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 Simple if Demo

Write a program that prompts the user to enter an integer. If the

number is a multiple of 5, print HiFive. If the number is divisible
by 2, print HiEven.

SimpleIfDemo

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 The Two-way if Statement
if (boolean-expression) {
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else {
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 if-else Example
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

System.out.println("The area for the “

+ “circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
}
else {
System.out.println("Negative input");
}

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 Multiple Alternative if Statements

if (score >= 90.0) if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print( "A"); System.out.print( "A");
else else if (score >= 80.0)
if (score >= 80.0) Equivalent System.out.print( "B");
System.out.print( "B"); else if (score >= 70.0)
else System.out.print( "C");
if (score >= 70.0) else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print( "C"); System.out.print( "D");
else else
if (score >= 60.0) System.out.print( "F");
System.out.print( "D"); This is better
else
System.out.print( "F");

(a) (b)

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Multi-Way if-else Statements

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming and Data Structures, Twelfth Edition, Global Edition,
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming and Data Structures, Twelfth Edition, Global Edition,
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is true

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming and Data Structures, Twelfth Edition, Global Edition,
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 grade is C

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming and Data Structures, Twelfth Edition, Global Edition,
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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animation
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 Exit the if statement

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else
System.out.print("F");

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 Note
The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the
same block.

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 Note, cont.
Nothing is printed from the preceding statement. To force
the else clause to match the first if clause, you must add a
pair of braces:
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j) {
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
}
else
System.out.println("B");

This statement prints B.

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 Common Errors
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a common
mistake.
if (radius >= 0); Wrong
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println(
"The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a compilation error or
a runtime error, it is a logic error.
This error often occurs when you use the next-line block style.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming and Data Structures, Twelfth Edition, Global Edition,
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 Common Errors
• Equality Test of Two Floating-Point Values

double x = 1.0 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1;

System.out.println(x == 0.5);

• it displays false.
• x is not exactly 0.5, but is 0.5000000000000001.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming and Data Structures, Twelfth Edition, Global Edition,
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 TIP
if (number % 2 == 0) Equivalent
even = true; boolean even
else = number % 2 == 0;
even = false;
(a) (b)

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 CAUTION
Equivalent if (even)
if (even == true)
System.out.println( System.out.println(
"It is even."); "It is even.");
(a) (b)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming and Data Structures, Twelfth Edition, Global Edition,
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 Example#1
What is the output of the following code if
number is 14, 15, or 30?

if (number % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(number + " is even");
if (number % 5 == 0)
System.out.println(number + " is multiple of 5");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming and Data Structures, Twelfth Edition, Global Edition,
Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 Example#2
What is the output of the following code if
number is 14, 15, or 30?

if (number % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(number + " is even");
else if (number % 5 == 0)
System.out.println(number + " is multiple of 5");

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 Problem: An Improved Math Learning Tool
This example creates a program to teach a
first grade child how to learn subtractions.
The program randomly generates two single-
digit integers number1 and number2 with
number1 >= number2 and displays a question
such as “What is 9 – 2?” to the student. After
the student types the answer, the program
displays whether the answer is correct.
SubtractionQuiz

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 Problem: Body Mass Index
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of health on
weight. It can be calculated by taking your weight
in kilograms and dividing by the square of your
height in meters. The interpretation of BMI for
people 16 years or older is as follows:
BMI Interpretation

BMI < 18.5 Underweight

18.5 <= BMI < 25.0 Normal
25.0 <= BMI < 30.0 Overweight
30.0 <= BMI Obese

ComputeAndInterpretBMI

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 Problem: Computing Taxes
The US federal personal income tax is calculated
based on the filing status and taxable income.
There are four filing statuses: single filers, married
filing jointly, married filing separately, and head of
household. The tax rates for 2009 are shown below.

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 Problem: Computing Taxes, cont.
if (status == 0) {
// Compute tax for single filers
}
else if (status == 1) {
// Compute tax for married file jointly
// or qualifying widow(er)
}
else if (status == 2) {
// Compute tax for married file separately
}
else if (status == 3) {
// Compute tax for head of household
}
else {
// Display wrong status
} ComputeTax
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 Logical Operators
Operator Name Description

! not logical negation

&& and logical conjunction

|| or logical disjunction

^ exclusive or logical exclusion

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 Truth Table for Operator !

p !p Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)

true false !(age > 18) is false, because (age > 18) is true.

false true !(weight == 150) is true, because (weight == 150) is false.

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 Truth Table for Operator &&
p1 p2 p1 && p2 Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)

false false false (age <= 18) && (weight < 140) is false, because both

conditions are both false.

false true false

true false false (age > 18) && (weight > 140) is false, because (weight

> 140) is false.

true true true (age > 18) && (weight >= 140) is true, because both

(age > 18) and (weight >= 140) are true.

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 Truth Table for Operator ||
p1 p2 p1 || p2 Example (assume age = 24, weihgt = 140)

false false false

false true true (age > 34) || (weight <= 140) is true, because (age > 34)

is false, but (weight <= 140) is true.

true
true false (age > 14) || (weight >= 150) is false, because

(age > 14) is true.

true
true true
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 Truth Table for Operator ^
p1 p2 p1 ^ p2 Example (assume age = 24, weight = 140)

false false false (age > 34) ^ (weight > 140) is true, because (age > 34) is false

and (weight > 140) is false.

false true true (age > 34) ^ (weight >= 140) is true, because (age > 34) is false

but (weight >= 140) is true.

true false true (age > 14) ^ (weight > 140) is true, because (age > 14) is

true and (weight > 140) is false.

true true false

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 Examples
Here is a program that checks whether a number is divisible by 2
and 3, whether a number is divisible by 2 or 3, and whether a
number is divisible by 2 or 3 but not both:

TestBooleanOperators

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 Examples
System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 and 3? " +
((number % 2 == 0) && (number % 3 == 0)));

System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 or 3? " +

((number % 2 == 0) || (number % 3 == 0)));

System.out.println("Is " + number +

TestBooleanOperators
" divisible by 2 or 3, but not both? " +
((number % 2 == 0) ^ (number % 3 == 0)));

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 Problem: Determining Leap Year?
This program first prompts the user to enter a year as
an int value and checks if it is a leap year.
A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but not by
100, or it is divisible by 400.
(year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400
== 0)

LeapYear

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 Problem: Lottery
Write a program that randomly generates a lottery of a two-
digit number, prompts the user to enter a two-digit number,
and determines whether the user wins according to the
following rule:
• If the user input matches the lottery in exact order, the
award is $10,000.
• If the user input matches the lottery, the award is
$3,000.
• If one digit in the user input matches a digit in the
lottery, the award is $1,000.

Lottery

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 switch Statements
switch (status) {
case 0: compute taxes for single filers;
break;
case 1: compute taxes for married file jointly;
break;
case 2: compute taxes for married file separately;
break;
case 3: compute taxes for head of household;
break;
default: System.out.println("Errors: invalid status");
System.exit(1);
}

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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switch Statement Flow Chart

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 switch Statement Rules
The switch-expression
must yield a value of char, switch (switch-expression) {
byte, short, or int type and
must always be enclosed in case value1: statement(s)1;
parentheses. break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
The value1, ..., and valueN must break;
have the same data type as the …
value of the switch-expression.
The resulting statements in the case valueN: statement(s)N;
case statement are executed when break;
the value in the case statement default: statement(s)-for-default;
matches the value of the switch-
}
expression. Note that value1, ...,
and valueN are constant
expressions, meaning that they
cannot contain variables in the
expression, such as 1 + x.

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 switch Statement Rules
The keyword break is optional, switch (switch-expression) {
but it should be used at the end of
case value1: statement(s)1;
each case in order to terminate the
remainder of the switch break;
statement. If the break statement case value2: statement(s)2;
is not present, the next case
statement will be executed. break;
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
The default case, which is break;
optional, can be used to perform default: statement(s)-for-default;
actions when none of the
specified cases matches the
}
switch-expression.
When the value in a case statement matches the value
of the switch-expression, the statements starting from
this case are executed until either a break statement or
the end of the switch statement is reached.

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animation

Trace switch statement

Suppose day is 2:

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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animation

Trace switch statement

Match case 2

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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animation

Trace switch statement

Fall through case 3

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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animation

Trace switch statement

Fall through case 4

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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animation

Trace switch statement

Fall through case 5

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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animation

Trace switch statement

Encounter break

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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animation

Trace switch statement

Exit the statement

switch (day) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 0:
case 6: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

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 Problem: Chinese Zodiac
Write a program that prompts the user to enter a year
and displays the animal for the year.

ChineseZodiac

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 Conditional Expressions
• A conditional expression evaluates an expression
based on a condition.
if (x > 0)
y = 1;
else
y = -1;

is equivalent to
y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1;

(boolean-expression) ? expression1 : expression2

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 Conditional Operator
if (num % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(num + “is even”);
else
System.out.println(num + “is odd”);

System.out.println(
(num % 2 == 0)? num + “is even” :
num + “is odd”);

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Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.
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 Conditional Operator, cont.
boolean-expression ? exp1 : exp2

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 Operator Precedence
 var++, var--
 +, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var,--var
 (type) Casting
 ! (Not)
 *, /, % (Multiplication, division, and remainder)
 +, - (Binary addition and subtraction)
 <, <=, >, >= (Relational operators)
 ==, !=; (Equality)
 ^ (Exclusive OR)
 && (Conditional AND) Short-circuit AND
 || (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR
 =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)

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 Operator Precedence and Associativity
• The expression in the parentheses is evaluated first.
(Parentheses can be nested, in which case the
expression in the inner parentheses is executed first.)

• When evaluating an expression without parentheses, the

operators are applied according to the precedence rule
and the associativity rule.

• If operators with the same precedence are next to each

other, their associativity determines the order of
evaluation. All binary operators except assignment
operators are left-associative.
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 Operator Associativity
When two operators with the same precedence
are evaluated, the associativity of the operators
determines the order of evaluation. All binary
operators except assignment operators are left-
associative.
a – b + c – d is equivalent to ((a – b) + c) – d
Assignment operators are right-associative.
Therefore, the expression
a = b += c = 5 is equivalent to a = (b += (c = 5))

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 Example
Applying the operator precedence and associativity rule,
the expression 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1 is evaluated as
follows:

3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1
(1) inside parentheses first
3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * 7 – 1
(2) multiplication
3 + 16 > 5 * 7 – 1
(3) multiplication
3 + 16 > 35 – 1
(4) addition
19 > 35 – 1
(5) subtraction
19 > 34
(6) greater than
false
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 Debugging
• Logic errors are called bugs.

• The process of finding and correcting errors is called

debugging.

• You can hand-trace the program (i.e., catch errors by reading

the program), or you can insert print statements in order to
show the values of the variables or the execution flow of the
program.

• This approach might work for a short, simple program.

• But for a large, complex program, the most effective

approach for debugging is to use a debugger utility.
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 Debugger
Debugger is a program that facilitates debugging.
You can use a debugger to

Execute a single statement at a time.

Trace into or stepping over a method.
Set breakpoints.
Display variables.
Display call stack.
Modify variables.

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Companion
Website Debugging in Eclipse

Supplement II.G, Learning Java Effectively with

Eclipse

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