Eastern Samar State University

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Salcedo Eastern Samar

Chapter 1. Introduction to the Contemporary World

Lesson 1: Introduction to the Study of Globalization

Lesson objectives:

At the end of the lesson at least 90% of the students will be able to:

a. understand the various definitions of globalization

b. appreciate the importance of studying the concept of globalization and

c. explain the concept of globalization.

Lesson proper:

Defining ‘Globalization’

Authors / Sources Globalization is…

…the whole system of human interactions. The modern-world system is

structured politically as an interstate system- a system of competing and allying
states. Political Scientist commonly call this the international system and is the
focus of the field of International relation.

Nilson (2010) refers to the process by which different economies and societies become more
closely integrated, and concurrent with increasing worldwide globalization, there
has been much research into its consequences.

Globalization, 2005 is not a new phenomenon, with global ecological changes, an ever more
integrated global economy, and other global trends, political activity increasingly
takes place at the global level

Milanovic, 2002: Noruzi & … is a benign force leading us ultimately to the era of converging world incomes,
Westover, 2010 converging institutions as democracy becomes a universal norm, and cultural
richness as people of different background interact more frequently

Nederveen Pieterse, has become a generic term for a wide variety of processes involving a number of
societal spheres: trade and investment, the geography of branches and arms, the
(1994); Clurk & Lund ( 2000) political geography of spatial competence in decision-making, cultural exchange
and hybridization, transportation and telecommunications. Indeed, it can be
argued that since these processes are plural, we should ``conceive of
 globalizations in the plural''

Teitel (2005) The phenomenon of increased integration of the world economy as evidenced by
the growth of international trade and factor mobility.

Online etymology dictionary refers to the emerging of an international network, belonging to an economic and
social system

Oxford English Dictionary Online … designates an overview of the human experience in education
(2009)

Inosemtsev, V. (2008) … as one of the most popular social studies of today, but is at the same time an
empty term.

Robertson, R. (1992) …as "the understanding of the world and the increased perception of the world as
a whole."

Albrow, M. and King, E. (eds.) … as "all those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into
(1990). a single world society”

Giddens, A. (1991) … as the intensification of social relations throughout the world, linking distant
localities in such a way that local happenings are formed as a result of events that
occur many miles away and vice versa

Held, D., et al. (1999) "although in a simplistic sense globalization refers to a rapid global
interconnection, deep and on large scale, such definition but requires now a more
complex research"

Larsson, T. (2001) …is the process of the shrinking of the world, the shortening of distances, and the
closeness of things.

Hutton, W. and Giddens, A. (n.d.) …is the interaction of extraordinary technological innovation combined with
global influence, which gives today's changing its complexity

Harvey, D. (1999) … is the compression of time and space.

Aldama, P. (2018) … is defined either in broad and inclusive or narrow and exclusive manner

Ritzer (2015) … is a transplanetary process or a set of processes involving increasing liquidity

and the growing multidirectional flows of people, places, objects and information
as well as structures they encounter and create that are barriers to those flows.

Poppi (1997) … is the debate and the debate is globalization.

Appadurai (1996) … is a “world of things” that have different speeds, axes, points of origin and
termination, and varied relationships to instructional structures.

Globalization often functions for one or more of the following phenomena

1. Economic Liberalization - The pursuit of classical liberal (or ―free market‖) policies in the world
economy;

2. Westernization – (or Americanization) The growing dominance of western (or even American) forms
of political, economic, and cultural life; and,

3. Internet Revolution - the proliferation of new information technologies as well as the notion that
humanity stands at the threshold of realizing one single unified community in which major sources of
social conflict have vanished (global integration); Globalization, 2010).

Two branches of interest in the area of globalization

1. Pro-globalization argues that globalization brings about much increased opportunities for almost
everyone, and increased competition is a good thing since it makes agents of production more efficient.

2. Anti-globalization group argues that certain groups of people who are deprived in terms of resources
are not currently capable of functioning within the increased competitive pressure that will be brought
about by allowing their economies to be more connected to the rest of the world

Type of Globalization

1. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION - Economic globalization refers to interconnectedness of economies

through trade and exchange of resources.

2. SOCIAL GLOBALIZATION - It pertains to human interaction within cultural communities, encompassing

topics like family, religion, work and education. It is a global interconnectedness between the people.

3. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION - Refers to the amount of political co-operation that exist between
different countries.

Globalization and culture (Global Culture)

• Technology has now created the possibility and even the likelihood of a global culture.

• The Internet, fax machines, satellites, and cable TV are sweeping away cultural boundaries.

• Global entertainment companies shape the perceptions and dreams of ordinary citizens, wherever
they live.

• This spread of values, norms, and culture tends to promote Western ideals of capitalism.

Assumptions of Globalization

1. Inevitable Phenomenon, characterizing our development era, a phenomenon that the human society
is forced to understand, because for the first time, it questions the surviving and evolution of the human
society
2. Socio-historical Phenomenon, manifested itself firstly as a theory, then as a practical necessity,
becoming a strategy for the constitution of a sole market, spread across a huge surface, the engulfs
states, regions, continents.

International Monetary Fund (2000) has identified four basic aspects of globalization

1. Trade and transactions

2. Capital movements and investment

3. Migration and movement of people

4. Spreading of knowledge

THE BENEFITS OF GLOBALIZATION ARE:

• More international trade.

• More wealth in the world.

• Improve living standards.

• Increased creativity and innovation.

• More goods & services generally available at lower prices.

Reference:

Clurk & Lund, 2000, Globalization of a commercial property market: the case of Copenhagen, Geoforum
31 (2000) 467±475

Cuterela, S. (2012). Globalization: Definition, Processes and Concepts. Revista Română de Statistică –
Supliment Trim IV

Global Policy Forum, (2011), available online at: Global Policy, 2009, globalization of culture, available
online at: http://www.globalpolicy.org/globalization/globalization-of-culture.html

Global Policy.org, 2005, globalization of the economy. Available online at:

http://www.globalpolicy.org/globalization/globalization-of-the-economy-2-1.html

Globalization, 2005, globalization, available online at: www. Globalization/globalization.html

Globalization, 2005, globalization, available online at: www. Globalization/globalization-of-politics.html

Globalization, 2010, Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, available online at: http://plato.stanford.edu/

http://www.globalpolicy.org/globalization/defining-globalization.html

Held, David, et al. (1999). Global Transformations Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 9780745614984

Inosemtsev Vladislav L. Age of Globalization.2008. Num. 1.The Present Day Globalization

International Monetary Fund (2000). "Globalization: Threats or Opportunity." 12th April, 2000: IMF
Publications

Irani, F. and Noruzi, M.R. (2011). Globalization and Challenges;

What are the globalization's contemporary issues? International Journal of Humanities and Social
Science Vol. 1 No. 6; June2011

Larsson, Thomas. (2001). The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization Washington, D.C.: Cato
Institute. p. 9. ISBN 978-1930865150

Nilson, Theresse, (2010), Good for Living? On the Relationship between Globalization and Life
Expectancy, World Development Vol. 38, No. 9, pp. 1191–1203, 2010

Noruzi, Mohammad Reza; Jonathan H. Westover (2010), A Short Study of Iranian Organizations' Needs in
the Area of Globalization: Opportunities, Challenges and Relative Advantages, Cross-cultural
Communication Vol.6 No.3, 2010

Politzer, Malia, (2008) "China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration". By Malia
Politzer, Migration Information Source. August 2008. Pretoria: UNISA

Robertson, R., 1992. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. Sage, London.

Sklair, L., 2002. Globalization: Capitalism and Its Alternatives, third ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford,
UK.

Teitel, S. (2005). Globalization and its disconnects. Journal of Socio-Economics, 34, 444–470

https://www.globalization101.org/what-is-globalization/#targetText-Globalizat ion%20is%20a
%20process%20of.and%20aided%20by%20information%20tec hnology

https://www.tutor2u.net/politics/reference/types-of-globalisation https://vittana.org/22-globalization-
pros-and-cons

Insight:

Globalization is how the our world is becoming more connected, with the countries, cultures, and
economies interacting together more than ever. Thanks to the use of technology were in it makes things
faster and easier, were we can easily share ideas, trade goods, and learn from each other in an easy and
more convenient way . This has brought new opportunities, like better jobs for people and access to
different cultures, but it also has challenges, such as making some people or countries feel left behind
because they don't have resources to compet in this modern world. Overall, globalization helps us grow,
but we need to be careful about its effects on local cultures and inequalities.

Submitted by: Jude Wilson H. Du-ag BTLEd 2 (HE)