d) Enzymes

Answer: b) ATP
MCQs on Life Processes (Section 6.1)
6. Which of the following is NOT a
1. What is the basic criterion to differentiate characteristic of life processes?
between living and non-living things? a) They require energy
a) Shape b) They occur only in animals
b) Color c) They involve metabolic activities
c) Movement d) They help in survival
d) Size Answer: b) They occur only in animals
Answer: c) Movement
7. Why do organisms require a constant
2. Which of the following is NOT considered supply of energy?
a life process? a) To repair and maintain body structures
a) Respiration b) To grow
b) Photosynthesis c) To perform life activities
c) Sleeping d) All of the above
d) Excretion Answer: d) All of the above
Answer: c) Sleeping
8. Which of these processes is responsible
3. The process that provides energy for all for breaking down food to release energy?
life processes is: a) Excretion
a) Excretion b) Digestion
b) Respiration c) Respiration
c) Reproduction d) Photosynthesis
d) Growth Answer: c) Respiration
Answer: b) Respiration
9. Viruses are considered non-living when:
4. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet a) They do not show molecular movement
oxygen requirements in multicellular outside a host
organisms? b) They do not reproduce
a) It is a slow process c) They do not perform photosynthesis
b) Cells are not in direct contact with the d) They cannot move
environment Answer: a) They do not show molecular
c) It cannot transport large molecules movement outside a host
d) Both a and b
Answer: d) Both a and b 10. Which characteristic is common to both
plants and animals?
5. Which molecule is considered the a) Photosynthesis
universal source of energy for life b) Locomotion
processes? c) Life processes
a) DNA d) Heterotrophic nutrition
b) ATP Answer: c) Life processes
c) RNA
11. Why do living organisms need molecular c) Movement does not indicate
movement? metabolism
a) To maintain organization and function d) Both a and b
b) To grow and develop Answer: d) Both a and b
c) To transport substances
d) All of the above 17. What is the main function of specialized
Answer: d) All of the above tissues in multicellular organisms?
a) To perform a specific life function
12. The process by which organisms obtain b) To control all body activities
energy from food is: c) To transport nutrients only
a) Transportation d) To remove oxygen from cells
b) Respiration Answer: a) To perform a specific life
c) Digestion function
d) Excretion
Answer: b) Respiration 18. Which of the following is an essential
characteristic of living organisms?
13. The main function of excretion is: a) Growth and development
a) Obtaining oxygen b) Respiration
b) Removing waste products c) Response to stimuli
c) Absorbing nutrients d) All of the above
d) Transporting food Answer: d) All of the above
Answer: b) Removing waste products
19. What is the role of nutrition in living
14. Which life process helps in the removal organisms?
of harmful substances? a) It provides raw materials and energy
a) Nutrition b) It removes waste products
b) Digestion c) It helps in respiration
c) Excretion d) It controls reproduction
d) Respiration Answer: a) It provides raw materials and
Answer: c) Excretion energy

15. What do we call the process of taking in 20. Which process ensures the
food and converting it into energy? transportation of nutrients in complex
a) Nutrition organisms?
b) Excretion a) Diffusion
c) Reproduction b) Osmosis
d) Transportation c) Circulatory system
Answer: a) Nutrition d) Excretion
Answer: c) Circulatory system
16. Why is visible movement not a reliable
characteristic to define life? 21. In a single-celled organism, why is there
a) Some living organisms do not move no need for a specialized transport system?
visibly a) Their entire surface is in contact with
b) Some non-living things move the environment
 b) They do not require energy 🔹 2-Mark Questions with Answers
c) They do not undergo respiration
d) They rely only on excretion Q1. What are life processes?
Answer: a) Their entire surface is in Answer: Life processes are biological
contact with the environment activities that are essential for an organism
to survive, grow, and maintain itself. These
22. Which type of chemical reactions help in include nutrition, respiration, transportation,
the breakdown of molecules for energy? and excretion.
a) Oxidation-reduction reactions
b) Polymerization reactions Q2. Why is movement not a defining
c) Condensation reactions characteristic of life?
d) Photosynthetic reactions Answer: Movement is not always visible in
Answer: a) Oxidation-reduction reactions living organisms. For example:
- Plants do not exhibit obvious movement,
23. The uniform source of energy required yet they are alive.
by all living cells is: - Some animals breathe without visible
a) Sunlight movement.
b) Glucose Thus, metabolism (chemical reactions
c) Oxygen inside cells) is a better indicator of life.
d) ATP
Answer: d) ATP Q3. Why do living organisms need energy?
Answer: Living organisms need energy for:
24. What happens to an organism if its life 1. Metabolic activities (growth, repair, and
processes stop? maintenance).
a) It continues to function normally 2. Performing functions like movement,
b) It becomes dormant reproduction, and cellular activities.
c) It dies Energy is primarily obtained from food
d) It stops growing but remains alive through respiration.
Answer: c) It dies
Q4. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet
25. Why do multicellular organisms require oxygen requirements in multicellular
specialized transport systems? organisms?
a) Simple diffusion is insufficient for all Answer: Diffusion alone is too slow
cells because:
b) They do not need oxygen 1. Large size – Multicellular organisms have
c) They do not have energy requirements many cells, making diffusion inefficient.
d) They do not perform respiration 2. Not all cells are in direct contact with the
Answer: a) Simple diffusion is insufficient environment, so a transport system is
for all cells required (e.g., circulatory system in
humans).

Q5. What are the differences between

autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?
Answer by yourself
 Q6. What is metabolism?

🔹 5-Mark Questions with Answers (with

Answer: Metabolism refers to the sum total
of all chemical reactions occurring in a living
organism. It includes: NCERT lines & Figures)
1. Anabolism – Building up complex
substances (e.g., photosynthesis). Q1. Define life processes. Explain why
2. Catabolism – Breaking down complex molecular movement is necessary for life.
substances (e.g., respiration). Answer:
Life processes are essential biological
Q7. Why is ATP called the "energy activities that help organisms maintain life,
currency" of the cell? including nutrition, respiration,
Answer: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is transportation, and excretion.
called the energy currency because:
1. It stores and transfers energy for cellular Why Molecular Movement is Necessary?
activities. 1. Maintains life functions – Metabolism,
2. When ATP is broken into ADP + P, growth, and reproduction require continuous
energy is released for life processes. molecular movement.
2. Cell repair and maintenance – Organisms
Q8. How does respiration help in life constantly replace damaged molecules.
processes? 3. Energy production – Movement of
Answer: Respiration provides energy by molecules is essential in respiration and
breaking down glucose, which is essential digestion.
for: 4. Transport of materials – Oxygen, food,
1. Growth and repair of cells. and waste must be transported at the
2. Transportation of nutrients and waste in cellular level.

📌 NCERT Line:
organisms.

Q9. What is the role of excretion in "Since all these structures are made up of
maintaining life? molecules, they must move molecules
Answer: Excretion helps in: around all the time."
1. Removal of metabolic waste products like
urea and carbon dioxide.
2. Maintaining homeostasis by regulating
water and ion balance. Q2. What are the different life processes?
Explain any two in detail.
Q10. What are the two main modes of Answer:
nutrition? Major life processes include:
Answer: 1. Nutrition – Process of obtaining food and
1. Autotrophic Nutrition – Organisms converting it into energy.
synthesize their own food (e.g., plants). 2. Respiration – Breakdown of food to
2. Heterotrophic Nutrition – Organisms release energy.
obtain food from other sources (e.g., 3. Transportation – Circulation of nutrients
humans). and oxygen.
4. Excretion – Removal of metabolic waste.
📌 Two Life Processes in Detail:
Answer:
Role of ATP:
- Nutrition: It provides energy to the body. It 1. Energy storage – ATP stores chemical
can be autotrophic (plants) or heterotrophic energy.
(animals). 2. Energy release – When broken into ADP
- Respiration: It releases ATP (energy) by + P, it releases 30.5 kJ/mol of energy.
breaking down glucose, either aerobically 3. Powers life activities – Used in muscle
(with oxygen) or anaerobically (without contraction, nerve function, and
oxygen). biosynthesis.

📌 NCERT Line: 📌 NCERT Line:

"The maintenance functions of living "ATP is the energy currency for most
organisms must go on even when they are cellular processes."

📌 Figure (NCERT Fig 6.8) – Breakdown of

not doing anything particular."

glucose pathways.

Q3. Explain why diffusion is not sufficient

for the survival of multicellular organisms.
Answer: Q5. Explain the importance of excretion in
Diffusion is a slow process and works only living organisms.
for small distances. In multicellular Answer:
organisms: Excretion is the removal of waste products
1. Cells are far from the environment – from the body, preventing toxicity and
Diffusion alone cannot supply maintaining homeostasis.

📌 Importance of Excretion:
oxygen/nutrients.
2. Specialized transport system is needed to
carry oxygen, food, and waste. 1. Removes metabolic waste (e.g., CO₂,
3. Higher energy demands require an urea).
efficient circulatory system. 2. Maintains water balance in the body.

📌 NCERT Line:
3. Regulates ion concentration for enzyme
function.
"In multicellular organisms, all the cells may 4. Prevents toxicity and diseases.

📌 NCERT Line:
not be in direct contact with the surrounding
environment."

📌 Figure (NCERT Fig 6.1) – Structure of a

"These waste by-products are therefore
needed to be removed from the body and
leaf showing exchange of gases. discarded outside by a process called
excretion."

📌 Figure (NCERT Fig 6.13) – Human

Q4. Describe the role of ATP in life excretory system.
processes. Why is it called the "energy
currency" of the cell?
 2. Heart: Pumps oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood separately.
Q6. Explain how energy is obtained from 3. Blood Vessels:
food in living organisms. - Arteries – Carry oxygenated blood.
Answer: - Veins – Carry deoxygenated blood.
Energy is obtained from food through the - Capillaries – Exchange nutrients and
process of respiration, where glucose is gases.

📌 Transportation in Plants:
broken down to release ATP (Adenosine
Triphosphate).

📌 Steps in Energy Release:

1. Xylem – Carries water and minerals from
roots to leaves.
1. Ingestion – Food is consumed. 2. Phloem – Transports food from leaves to
2. Digestion – Food is broken into simple other parts of the plant.

📌 NCERT Line:
molecules (e.g., glucose).
3. Respiration – Glucose is broken down in
cells to release energy. "The uptake of food and oxygen will also be
- Aerobic Respiration: Glucose + O₂ → the function of specialized tissues."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.12 – Movement of

CO₂ + H₂O + Energy (ATP)
- Anaerobic Respiration: Glucose →
Lactic Acid + Energy (in muscles) water in plants.
4. ATP Formation – ATP stores the released
energy and provides it for cellular activities.

📌 NCERT Line: Q8. What is the importance of oxygen in life

"The energy released during cellular processes?
respiration is immediately used to Answer:
synthesize a molecule called ATP, which is Oxygen is essential for aerobic respiration,
used to fuel all other activities in the cell." which provides ATP (energy) for life

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.8 – Breakdown of

activities.

glucose by various pathways. 📌 Role of Oxygen in Living Organisms:

1. Cellular Respiration: Oxygen helps break
down glucose into CO₂, H₂O, and energy.
2. Energy Production: Without oxygen, cells
Q7. How do multicellular organisms ensure rely on less efficient anaerobic respiration.
efficient transportation of materials? 3. Growth & Repair: ATP produced using
Answer: oxygen helps in cell division and tissue
Multicellular organisms have specialized repair.
transport systems because diffusion alone 4. Transportation of Nutrients: Oxygen binds
is insufficient. with hemoglobin in blood to be transported

📌 Transportation in Animals (Humans):

to cells.
5. Removal of Waste: Oxygen is involved in
1. Circulatory System: Blood transports metabolic reactions that help remove waste.
oxygen, nutrients, and waste.
📌 NCERT Line: Q10. Why do multicellular organisms need
"The process of acquiring oxygen from a transport system? Compare it with
outside the body and using it in the unicellular organisms.
breakdown of food sources for cellular Answer:
needs is called respiration." Multicellular organisms need a transport

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.7 – Lime water test

system because diffusion alone cannot
supply oxygen and nutrients efficiently.

📌 Why Transport System is Needed in

for exhaled air.

Multicellular Organisms:
1. Larger Size: Cells are far from the
Q9. How do plants perform gaseous environment, so diffusion is too slow.
exchange? Explain the role of stomata. 2. High Energy Requirement: Complex
Answer: organisms need fast nutrient and oxygen
Plants exchange gases (O₂ and CO₂) supply.
through stomata, which are tiny pores on 3. Specialized Functions: Different organs
leaves. require different materials.

📌 Role of Stomata in Gaseous Exchange: 📌 Comparison of Unicellular and

1. During Photosynthesis: Multicellular Organisms:

📌
- CO₂ enters, O₂ is released. By yourself
- Occurs mainly during the day. NCERT Line:
2. During Respiration: "In multicellular organisms, all the cells may
- O₂ enters, CO₂ is released. not be in direct contact with the surrounding
- Occurs day and night. environment."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.1 – Cross-section

3. Transpiration:
- Water evaporates through stomata,
creating a transpiration pull. of a leaf.
4. Guard Cells Function:
- Control opening/closing of stomata to
reduce water loss.

📌 NCERT Line:
.

"Massive amounts of gaseous exchange

🔹 MCQs from Section 6.2: Nutrition

take place in the leaves through these pores
for the purpose of photosynthesis."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.3 – Open and 1. Which of the following is NOT a mode of
closed stomata. nutrition?
a) Autotrophic
b) Heterotrophic
c) Phototropic
d) Saprophytic
Answer: c) Phototropic
 b) Carbon dioxide
2. Which organisms obtain their nutrition by c) Nitrogen
making their own food? d) Water
a) Autotrophs Answer: a) Oxygen
b) Heterotrophs
c) Saprophytes 8. Which of the following is NOT a part of
d) Parasites autotrophic nutrition?
Answer: a) Autotrophs a) Absorption of light energy
b) Reduction of carbon dioxide to
3. What is the primary site of carbohydrates
photosynthesis in plants? c) Breakdown of food outside the body
a) Stem d) Splitting of water molecules
b) Roots Answer: c) Breakdown of food outside the
c) Leaves body
d) Flowers
Answer: c) Leaves 9. Where does the oxygen released during
photosynthesis come from?
4. Which pigment is responsible for a) Carbon dioxide
photosynthesis? b) Water
a) Hemoglobin c) Glucose
b) Chlorophyll d) Nitrogen
c) Carotene Answer: b) Water
d) Xanthophyll
Answer: b) Chlorophyll 10. Which structure in leaves allows
gaseous exchange during photosynthesis?
5. The raw materials required for a) Xylem
photosynthesis are: b) Phloem
a) Oxygen and Water c) Stomata
b) Carbon dioxide and Water d) Cuticle
c) Sunlight and Oxygen Answer: c) Stomata
d) Nitrogen and Carbon dioxide
Answer: b) Carbon dioxide and Water 11. Which gas is used by plants during
photosynthesis?
6. The process of conversion of light a) Oxygen
energy into chemical energy is called: b) Carbon dioxide
a) Respiration c) Nitrogen
b) Digestion d) Hydrogen
c) Photosynthesis Answer: b) Carbon dioxide
d) Transpiration
Answer: c) Photosynthesis 12. What is the stored form of
carbohydrates in plants?
7. Which of the following is a product of a) Glycogen
photosynthesis? b) Starch
a) Oxygen c) Cellulose
 d) Glucose b) Small intestine
Answer: b) Starch c) Liver
d) Large intestine
13. Which type of nutrition do fungi exhibit? Answer: b) Small intestine
a) Autotrophic
b) Heterotrophic 19. Which organ produces bile?
c) Parasitic a) Stomach
d) Saprophytic b) Pancreas
Answer: d) Saprophytic c) Liver
d) Gallbladder
14. What is the main site of digestion in Answer: c) Liver
humans?
a) Stomach 20. Which of the following is a parasitic
b) Small intestine mode of nutrition?
c) Liver a) A deer eating grass
d) Large intestine b) A lion hunting a deer
Answer: b) Small intestine c) A leech sucking blood from a human
d) A fungus decomposing dead matter
15. Which enzyme in saliva helps in Answer: c) A leech sucking blood from a
digestion? human
a) Pepsin
b) Lipase 21. What is the function of villi in the small
c) Amylase intestine?
d) Trypsin a) Secretion of enzymes
Answer: c) Amylase b) Storage of food
c) Absorption of nutrients
16. What is the function of bile in digestion? d) Digestion of proteins
a) Digestion of proteins Answer: c) Absorption of nutrients
b) Digestion of carbohydrates
c) Emulsification of fats 22. In which part of the alimentary canal
d) Breakdown of starch does the digestion of proteins begin?
Answer: c) Emulsification of fats a) Mouth
b) Stomach
17. What is the mode of nutrition in c) Small intestine
amoeba? d) Large intestine
a) Autotrophic Answer: b) Stomach
b) Heterotrophic
c) Parasitic 23. Which of the following is an example of
d) Chemosynthetic a heterotroph?
Answer: b) Heterotrophic a) Mango tree
b) Cyanobacteria
18. Which part of the digestive system c) Tiger
absorbs nutrients? d) Grass
a) Stomach Answer: c) Tiger
 3. Sunlight – Provides energy for the
24. The main function of the large intestine reaction.
is: 4. Chlorophyll – Captures sunlight for the
a) Digestion of proteins process.
b) Absorption of nutrients
c) Absorption of water
d) Breakdown of fats
Answer: c) Absorption of water Q3. What are the three major steps of
photosynthesis?
25. In which organ does most of the Answer:
digestion and absorption occur? 1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
a) Stomach 2. Conversion of light energy to chemical
b) Large intestine energy and splitting of water molecules into
c) Small intestine hydrogen and oxygen.
d) Liver 3. Reduction of carbon dioxide to form
Answer: c) Small intestine glucose.

Q4. How do guard cells help in the opening

and closing of stomata?

🔹 2-Mark Questions from Section 6.2:

Answer:
- When guard cells absorb water, they swell,
Nutrition causing the stomatal pore to open.
- When they lose water, they shrink, making
Q1. What is the difference between the stomatal pore close to prevent water
autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition? loss.
Answer:
- Autotrophic Nutrition: Organisms make
their own food using sunlight (e.g., plants).
- Heterotrophic Nutrition: Organisms depend Q5. What is the function of bile in
on other organisms for food (e.g., animals, digestion?
fungi). Answer:
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in
the gallbladder. It helps in:
1. Emulsification of fats – Breaking down
Q2. What are the raw materials required for large fat globules into smaller droplets.
photosynthesis? 2. Neutralizing stomach acid – Providing an
Answer: alkaline medium for enzymes in the small
Photosynthesis requires: intestine.
1. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) – Absorbed from air
through stomata.
2. Water (H₂O) – Absorbed by roots from
the soil. Q6. How is food digested in the stomach?
Answer: 3. Lipase – Breaks down fats into glycerol
- The gastric glands in the stomach secrete: and fatty acids.
1. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) – Creates an
acidic medium for digestion.
2. Pepsin – An enzyme that digests
proteins. Q10. How do parasitic and saprophytic
3. Mucus – Protects the stomach lining organisms obtain their nutrition?
from acid. Answer:
- Parasitic Nutrition: Organisms feed on a
living host, harming it (e.g., tapeworm, lice).
- Saprophytic Nutrition: Organisms break
Q7. What are the functions of villi in the down dead and decaying matter externally
small intestine? and absorb nutrients (e.g., fungi,
Answer: mushrooms).
1. Increase surface area for maximum
absorption of nutrients.
2. Contain blood capillaries that transport

🔹 Five-Mark Questions from Section

absorbed nutrients to different parts of the
body.
6.2: Nutrition

Q1. What is autotrophic nutrition? Explain

Q8. How does nutrition occur in amoeba? the process of photosynthesis with a
Answer: chemical equation.
Amoeba uses phagocytosis to obtain food: Answer:
1. Pseudopodia (temporary projections) Autotrophic nutrition is a mode of nutrition in
engulf food. which organisms prepare their own food
2. A food vacuole forms where digestion using simple inorganic substances like
occurs. carbon dioxide and water in the presence of
3. Nutrients diffuse into the cytoplasm, and sunlight and chlorophyll.

📌 Process of Photosynthesis:
undigested food is expelled.

- It occurs in chloroplasts of green plants.

- Uses light energy to synthesize glucose.
Q9. What is the role of the pancreas in - Oxygen is released as a by-product.

📌 Chemical Equation: refer Book

digestion?

📌 NCERT Line:
Answer:
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes
into the small intestine: "Carbon and energy requirements of the
1. Amylase – Breaks down starch into autotrophic organism are fulfilled by
simple sugars. photosynthesis."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.1 – Cross-section

2. Trypsin – Breaks down proteins into
amino acids.
of a leaf showing photosynthesis.
 3. Saprophytic Nutrition – Decomposers
break down dead matter (e.g., Fungi,
Bacteria).

📌 NCERT Line:
Q2. Explain the role of stomata in
photosynthesis. How does stomatal opening
and closing occur? "The form of nutrition differs depending on

📌
Answer: the type and availability of food material as
Functions of Stomata: well as how it is obtained by the organism."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.5 – Nutrition in

1. Gaseous exchange – Allow CO₂ to enter
and O₂ to exit during photosynthesis.
2. Transpiration – Regulates water loss from Amoeba.
plants.

📌 Mechanism of Stomatal Opening &

Closing: Q4. Explain nutrition in Amoeba with the
- When guard cells absorb water, they swell, help of a diagram.

📌
and stomata open. Answer:
- When guard cells lose water, they shrink, Steps of Nutrition in Amoeba:
and stomata close to prevent water loss. 1. Ingestion – Amoeba engulfs food using

📌 NCERT Line:
pseudopodia.
2. Digestion – Enzymes in the food vacuole
"The opening and closing of the pore is a break down food.
function of the guard cells." 3. Absorption – Digested nutrients diffuse

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.3 – Open and

into the cytoplasm.
4. Assimilation – Nutrients are used for
closed stomatal pores. energy and growth.
5. Egestion – Undigested food is expelled.

📌 NCERT Line:
Q3. Describe heterotrophic nutrition and its "Amoeba takes in food using temporary
types with examples. finger-like extensions of the cell surface

📌
Answer: which fuse over the food particle forming a
Heterotrophic Nutrition: food vacuole."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.5 – Nutrition in

- Organisms obtain food from other sources.
- Cannot synthesize their own food.

📌 Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition:

Amoeba.

1. Holozoic Nutrition – Ingestion, digestion,

absorption, assimilation, and egestion (e.g.,
Humans, Amoeba). Q5. Describe the process of digestion in
2. Parasitic Nutrition – Organisms live on a the human stomach.

📌
host and obtain nutrients (e.g., Tapeworm, Answer:
Lice). Role of Stomach in Digestion:
- The gastric glands in the stomach secrete:
 1. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) – Kills bacteria
and creates an acidic medium. Q7. What are villi? How do they help in the
2. Pepsin – Enzyme that digests proteins. absorption of food?

📌
3. Mucus – Protects stomach lining from Answer:
acid. Villi are finger-like projections in the

📌 NCERT Line:
small intestine that increase surface area for
absorption.

📌 Functions of Villi:
"The digestion in the stomach is taken care
of by the gastric glands present in the wall
of the stomach." 1. Increase Surface Area – Efficient

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.6 – Human

absorption of nutrients.
2. Contain Blood Capillaries – Transport
Alimentary Canal. absorbed nutrients.
3. Help in Diffusion – Glucose, amino acids,
and fatty acids pass into the bloodstream.

Q6. Explain how digestion occurs in the 📌 NCERT Line:

small intestine. Why is it the main site of "The inner lining of the small intestine has
digestion? numerous finger-like projections called villi

📌
Answer: which increase the surface area for
Digestion in Small Intestine: absorption."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.6 – Human

- Receives bile from the liver and pancreatic
juice from the pancreas.
- Bile emulsifies fats. Alimentary Canal.
- Pancreatic enzymes break down
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
- Intestinal juice further digests food.

📌 Why is Small Intestine the Main Site of

Q8. What is bile? What is its role in
digestion?

📌
Digestion? Answer:
- Enzymatic digestion of all food types What is Bile?
occurs here. - Produced by the liver, stored in the
- Absorption of nutrients by villi into the gallbladder.
bloodstream. - No digestive enzymes, but helps in fat

📌 NCERT Line:
digestion.

"The small intestine is the site of the 📌 Functions of Bile:

complete digestion of carbohydrates, 1. Emulsifies fats – Breaks down large fat
proteins, and fats." globules into smaller droplets.

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.6 – Human

2. Neutralizes stomach acid – Provides an
alkaline medium for pancreatic enzymes.

📌 NCERT Line:
Alimentary Canal.
"Bile salts break them down into smaller digesting proteins and lipase for breaking
globules increasing the efficiency of enzyme down emulsified fats."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.6 – Human

action."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.6 – Human Alimentary Canal.

Alimentary Canal.

Q9. Describe the process of digestion in 🔹 MCQs from Section 6.2.2:

ruminants. Heterotrophic Nutrition

📌
Answer:
Digestion in Ruminants (e.g., Cow): 1. What is heterotrophic nutrition?
1. Chewing (Cud Formation) – Swallow food a) Organisms prepare their own food
without full chewing. b) Organisms depend on others for food
2. Rumen (Fermentation Chamber) – c) Organisms obtain energy from sunlight
Microbes digest cellulose. d) Organisms absorb nutrients from air
3. Regurgitation & Re-chewing – Food is Answer: b) Organisms depend on others
brought back to the mouth for further for food
chewing.
4. Complete Digestion & Absorption – In 2. Which of the following organisms show
small intestine. heterotrophic nutrition?

📌 NCERT Line:
a) Green plants
b) Algae
"Herbivores eating grass need a longer c) Humans
small intestine to allow the cellulose to be d) Cyanobacteria
digested." Answer: c) Humans

3. Which of the following is NOT a type of

heterotrophic nutrition?
Q10. Explain the role of the pancreas in a) Holozoic
digestion. b) Parasitic

📌
Answer: c) Saprophytic
The pancreas secretes digestive d) Autotrophic
enzymes into the small intestine: Answer: d) Autotrophic
1. Amylase – Breaks down starch into
sugars. 4. Which type of heterotrophic nutrition
2. Trypsin – Breaks down proteins. involves ingesting and digesting food inside
3. Lipase – Breaks down fats into glycerol the body?
and fatty acids. a) Parasitic

📌 NCERT Line:
b) Saprophytic
c) Holozoic
"The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice d) Chemosynthetic
which contains enzymes like trypsin for Answer: c) Holozoic
 10. What type of nutrition does a tapeworm
5. Which of the following organisms follows exhibit?
holozoic nutrition? a) Holozoic
a) Amoeba b) Saprophytic
b) Mushroom c) Parasitic
c) Cuscuta d) Autotrophic
d) Virus Answer: c) Parasitic
Answer: a) Amoeba
11. Which of the following is an example of
6. Which type of heterotrophic nutrition a saprophytic organism?
involves organisms living on or inside a) Bacteria
another organism for nutrition? b) Cuscuta
a) Saprophytic c) Amoeba
b) Parasitic d) Paramecium
c) Holozoic Answer: a) Bacteria
d) Chemosynthetic
Answer: b) Parasitic 12. Which structure does Cuscuta
(Amarbel) use to absorb nutrients from its
7. What is an example of a parasitic host?
organism? a) Roots
a) Amoeba b) Stomata
b) Cuscuta (Amarbel) c) Haustoria
c) Mushroom d) Rhizoids
d) Yeast Answer: c) Haustoria
Answer: b) Cuscuta (Amarbel)
13. In which type of nutrition do organisms
8. Which type of heterotrophic nutrition secrete digestive enzymes outside their
involves feeding on dead and decaying body?
matter? a) Parasitic
a) Saprophytic b) Saprophytic
b) Holozoic c) Holozoic
c) Parasitic d) Autotrophic
d) Chemosynthetic Answer: b) Saprophytic
Answer: a) Saprophytic
14. Which of the following is an example of
9. Which of the following organisms shows an organism with holozoic nutrition?
saprophytic nutrition? a) Amoeba
a) Amoeba b) Bread mold
b) Mushroom c) Cuscuta
c) Cuscuta d) Leech
d) Cow Answer: a) Amoeba
Answer: b) Mushroom
15. What is the first step of holozoic
nutrition?
 a) Digestion
b) Absorption 21. What is an example of an
c) Ingestion endoparasite?
d) Egestion a) Lice
Answer: c) Ingestion b) Flea
c) Tapeworm
16. In which type of heterotrophic nutrition d) Mosquito
does the organism consume solid food? Answer: c) Tapeworm
a) Saprophytic
b) Holozoic 22. Which of the following best describes
c) Parasitic saprophytic nutrition?
d) Chemosynthetic a) Directly absorbing nutrients from the
Answer: b) Holozoic host
b) Ingesting and digesting solid food
17. Which of the following organisms feeds c) Breaking down and absorbing nutrients
on the host without killing it? from dead matter
a) Lion d) Producing food through photosynthesis
b) Tapeworm Answer: c) Breaking down and absorbing
c) Vulture nutrients from dead matter
d) Tiger
Answer: b) Tapeworm 23. What type of nutrition do decomposers
exhibit?
18. Which of the following is NOT a a) Holozoic
characteristic of parasites? b) Parasitic
a) They harm the host c) Saprophytic
b) They prepare their own food d) Autotrophic
c) They derive nutrients from the host Answer: c) Saprophytic
d) They can be found inside or outside the
host 24. In holozoic nutrition, the process of
Answer: b) They prepare their own food eliminating undigested waste is called:
a) Ingestion
19. Which type of nutrition do fungi exhibit? b) Digestion
a) Holozoic c) Assimilation
b) Parasitic d) Egestion
c) Saprophytic Answer: d) Egestion
d) Chemosynthetic
Answer: c) Saprophytic 25. Which of the following organisms uses
cilia to sweep food into its oral groove?
20. What is an example of an ectoparasite? a) Amoeba
a) Tapeworm b) Paramecium
b) Leech c) Euglena
c) Liver fluke d) Hydra
d) Plasmodium Answer: b) Paramecium
Answer: b) Leech
 Q4. What is saprophytic nutrition? Give two

🔹 Two-Mark Questions from Section

examples.
Answer:
6.2.2: Heterotrophic Nutrition Saprophytic nutrition is a mode of nutrition
in which organisms feed on dead and
Q1. What is heterotrophic nutrition? decaying organic matter. They release
Answer: enzymes to break down food externally and
Heterotrophic nutrition is a mode of nutrition absorb nutrients.
in which organisms depend on other Examples: Mushrooms, Bread mold
organisms for food, as they cannot prepare (Rhizopus).
their own food. Examples include animals,
fungi, and some bacteria.

Q5. How do parasites obtain their nutrition?

Answer:
Q2. What are the three types of Parasites live on or inside a host and obtain
heterotrophic nutrition? Give one example nutrients from it. They harm the host but do
of each. not kill it immediately.
Answer: Examples: Lice (external parasite),
1. Holozoic Nutrition – Humans (ingest food Tapeworm (internal parasite).
and digest internally).
2. Parasitic Nutrition – Tapeworm (lives
inside a host and feeds on it).
3. Saprophytic Nutrition – Fungi Q6. Differentiate between ectoparasites
(decomposes dead organic matter). and endoparasites with examples.
Answer:

| refer Book
Q3. How does holozoic nutrition occur in
humans?
Answer: Q7. How does Amoeba obtain its food?
Holozoic nutrition in humans occurs in five Answer:
steps: Amoeba uses pseudopodia (temporary
1. Ingestion – Taking in food. finger-like projections) to engulf food
2. Digestion – Breaking food into simpler through phagocytosis. A food vacuole forms
molecules. inside, where enzymes digest the food, and
3. Absorption – Nutrients enter the nutrients are absorbed.
bloodstream.
4. Assimilation – Utilization of absorbed
nutrients.
5. Egestion – Removal of undigested waste. Q8. How do fungi obtain their nutrition?
Answer:
Fungi are saprophytes that secrete
digestive enzymes onto dead organic 1. Holozoic Nutrition – Involves ingestion,
matter. These enzymes break down digestion, absorption, assimilation, and
complex substances into simpler ones, egestion.
which fungi then absorb. - Example: Humans, Amoeba.
2. Parasitic Nutrition – The parasite
depends on a host for survival, often
harming it.
Q9. What is the role of haustoria in - Example: Tapeworm, Cuscuta
parasitic plants like Cuscuta? (Amarbel).
Answer: 3. Saprophytic Nutrition – Organisms
Haustoria are specialized root-like secrete digestive enzymes onto dead
structures in parasitic plants like Cuscuta organic matter and absorb nutrients.
(Amarbel) that penetrate the host plant and - Example: Fungi (Mushroom, Rhizopus).

📌 NCERT Line:
absorb nutrients and water from it.

"There is a range of strategies by which the

food is taken in and used by the organism."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.5 – Nutrition in

Q10. Why do saprophytes play an
important role in nature?
Answer: Amoeba.
Saprophytes decompose dead plants and
animals, recycling nutrients into the soil.
This process maintains the balance of the
ecosystem by cleaning up organic waste. Q2. Explain holozoic nutrition with steps
and examples.
Answer:
Holozoic nutrition is a mode of nutrition in
. which organisms ingest solid food, digest it
internally, absorb nutrients, and remove
waste.

🔹 Five-Mark Questions from Section 📌 Steps of Holozoic Nutrition:

6.2.2: Heterotrophic Nutrition
1. Ingestion – The intake of food (e.g.,
Q1. What is heterotrophic nutrition? Explain humans eating food, Amoeba engulfing
its different types with examples. prey).
Answer: 2. Digestion – The breakdown of complex
Heterotrophic nutrition is a mode of nutrition food into simpler molecules using enzymes.
in which organisms depend on others for 3. Absorption – The movement of digested
food, as they cannot synthesize their own. It nutrients into the bloodstream.
includes: 4. Assimilation – Utilization of absorbed

📌 Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition:

nutrients for growth and energy.
5. Egestion – Removal of undigested waste.
📌 Examples: Humans, Amoeba, Cow, Dog.
Parasitic nutrition is a mode of heterotrophic
nutrition where an organism derives

📌 NCERT Line:
nutrients from a host, often harming it.

"Some organisms take in whole material 📌 Types of Parasites:

and break it down inside their bodies." 1. Ectoparasites – Live outside the host’s

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.6 – Human

body.
- Examples: Lice, Leech, Mosquito.
alimentary canal. 2. Endoparasites – Live inside the host’s
body.
- Examples: Tapeworm, Plasmodium
(Malaria parasite).

📌 NCERT Line:
Q3. Describe the process of nutrition in
Amoeba with a labeled diagram.
Answer: "Some other organisms derive nutrition from
Amoeba follows holozoic nutrition through a plants or animals without killing them. This
process called phagocytosis. parasitic nutritive strategy is used by a wide

📌 Steps of Nutrition in Amoeba:

variety of organisms."

1. Ingestion – Amoeba extends 📌 Figure: Diagram of Tapeworm in the

pseudopodia and engulfs food. intestines of humans.
2. Digestion – A food vacuole forms, and
digestive enzymes break down food.
3. Absorption – Digested nutrients diffuse
into the cytoplasm. Q5. How do saprophytic organisms obtain
4. Assimilation – Nutrients are used for their nutrition? Why are they important for
energy and growth. the ecosystem?
5. Egestion – Undigested waste is expelled Answer:
from the cell membrane. Saprophytes are decomposers that obtain

📌 NCERT Line:
nutrition by breaking down dead and
decaying organic matter.

📌 Process of Saprophytic Nutrition:

"Amoeba takes in food using temporary
finger-like extensions of the cell surface
which fuse over the food particle forming a 1. Secretion of enzymes onto dead material.
food vacuole." 2. Breakdown of complex organic

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.5 – Nutrition in

substances into simpler molecules.
3. Absorption of nutrients into their body.

📌 Importance of Saprophytes in
Amoeba.

Ecosystem:
1. Decomposers – Break down dead plants
Q4. What is parasitic nutrition? Explain with and animals.
examples. 2. Recycling Nutrients – Convert organic
Answer: matter into soil nutrients.
 📌 NCERT Line:
3. Prevent Accumulation of Waste –
Maintain ecosystem balance.

📌 Examples: Mushrooms, Rhizopus

"In Paramecium, the cell has a definite
shape and food is taken in at a specific
(Bread Mold), Bacteria. spot."

📌 NCERT Line: 📌 Figure: Diagram of Paramecium feeding

"Some organisms break down the food process.
material outside the body and then absorb
it. Examples are fungi like bread molds,
yeast, and mushrooms."

📌 Figure: Diagram of fungal decomposition

Q8. Explain the role of haustoria in parasitic
plants like Cuscuta.

📌
of organic matter. Answer:
Role of Haustoria in Cuscuta:
- Cuscuta lacks chlorophyll and cannot
photosynthesize.
Q6. Differentiate between holozoic, - Haustoria are root-like structures that
saprophytic, and parasitic nutrition with penetrate the host plant’s tissues.
examples. - They absorb nutrients and water from the
Answer: host’s vascular system.

Basic ,by yourself| 📌 Example: Cuscuta (Amarbel) growing on

📌 NCERT Line:
a tree.

"There is a range of strategies by which the 📌 NCERT Line:

food is taken in and used by the organism." "This parasitic nutritive strategy is used by a
wide variety of organisms like Cuscuta
(Amarbel)."

Q7. How does nutrition occur in

Paramecium?

📌
Answer: Q9. Why are parasites harmful to their
Steps of Nutrition in Paramecium: hosts? Give two examples.

📌
1. Ingestion – Cilia sweep food into the oral Answer:
groove. Harmful Effects of Parasites:
2. Digestion – A food vacuole forms and 1. Steal Nutrients – Reduce the host's
enzymes digest food. energy supply.
3. Absorption – Nutrients diffuse into the 2. Cause Diseases – Spread infections.
cytoplasm. 3. Damage Organs – Affect normal body
4. Assimilation – Nutrients are used for functions.

📌 Examples:
energy.
5. Egestion – Waste is expelled through the
anal pore.
- Tapeworm (Absorbs nutrients from c) Mouth
intestines). d) Liver
- Plasmodium (Malaria parasite) (Destroys Answer: c) Mouth
red blood cells).

📌 NCERT Line:
3. What enzyme is present in human
saliva?
"Parasites take nutrients from the host and a) Pepsin
often harm it." b) Trypsin
c) Amylase
d) Lipase
Answer: c) Amylase
Q10. What is the importance of
heterotrophic organisms in an ecosystem? 4. What is the function of salivary amylase?

📌
Answer: a) Digests proteins
Role of Heterotrophs in the Ecosystem: b) Breaks down starch into maltose
1. Maintain the Food Chain – Consumers c) Emulsifies fats
depend on plants/animals for food. d) Neutralizes stomach acid
2. Decomposition & Recycling – Answer: b) Breaks down starch into
Saprophytes recycle organic matter. maltose
3. Regulate Population – Predators control
prey populations. 5. Which part of the digestive system

📌 NCERT Line:
prevents food from entering the windpipe?
a) Esophagus
"Heterotrophic organisms include animals b) Epiglottis
and fungi." c) Trachea
d) Larynx
Answer: b) Epiglottis

6. Which muscular tube carries food from

🔹 MCQs from Section 6.2.4: Nutrition in

the mouth to the stomach?
a) Trachea
Human Beings b) Esophagus
c) Small intestine
1. What type of nutrition do humans follow? d) Large intestine
a) Autotrophic Answer: b) Esophagus
b) Heterotrophic
c) Saprophytic 7. What type of movement pushes food
d) Parasitic down the esophagus?
Answer: b) Heterotrophic a) Diffusion
b) Peristalsis
2. Which organ is responsible for the c) Osmosis
ingestion of food in humans? d) Swallowing
a) Stomach Answer: b) Peristalsis
b) Small intestine
8. Which acid is secreted in the stomach? 14. Which organ secretes pancreatic juice?
a) Sulfuric acid a) Liver
b) Acetic acid b) Pancreas
c) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) c) Gallbladder
d) Carbonic acid d) Large intestine
Answer: c) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Answer: b) Pancreas

9. What is the function of hydrochloric acid 15. Which enzymes are present in
in the stomach? pancreatic juice?
a) Kills harmful bacteria a) Amylase, Pepsin, Lipase
b) Creates an acidic medium for pepsin b) Pepsin, Trypsin, Maltase
c) Aids in protein digestion c) Trypsin, Lipase, Amylase
d) All of the above d) Amylase, Lipase, Renin
Answer: d) All of the above Answer: c) Trypsin, Lipase, Amylase

10. Which enzyme in the stomach helps in 16. Which part of the digestive system is
protein digestion? the main site for digestion and absorption of
a) Amylase nutrients?
b) Lipase a) Large intestine
c) Pepsin b) Small intestine
d) Trypsin c) Stomach
Answer: c) Pepsin d) Liver
Answer: b) Small intestine
11. Which organ secretes bile?
a) Stomach 17. What is the function of villi in the small
b) Pancreas intestine?
c) Liver a) Produce digestive enzymes
d) Small intestine b) Increase surface area for absorption
Answer: c) Liver c) Store undigested food
d) Convert starch into sugar
12. What is the function of bile? Answer: b) Increase surface area for
a) Digests proteins absorption
b) Emulsifies fats
c) Breaks down starch 18. Which enzyme helps in the digestion of
d) Neutralizes acids in the stomach fats?
Answer: b) Emulsifies fats a) Amylase
b) Pepsin
13. Where is bile stored? c) Lipase
a) Pancreas d) Trypsin
b) Stomach Answer: c) Lipase
c) Liver
d) Gallbladder 19. Which part of the alimentary canal
Answer: d) Gallbladder absorbs water?
a) Stomach
 b) Small intestine Answer: c) Protects the stomach lining
c) Large intestine from acid
d) Liver
Answer: c) Large intestine 25. What is the correct sequence of
digestion in the human body?
20. What is the function of the large a) Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach →
intestine? Small intestine → Large intestine → Anus
a) Digests proteins b) Mouth → Stomach → Esophagus →
b) Absorbs water and forms feces Small intestine → Large intestine → Anus
c) Secretes bile c) Esophagus → Mouth → Stomach →
d) Stores nutrients Small intestine → Large intestine → Anus
Answer: b) Absorbs water and forms d) Stomach → Mouth → Esophagus →
feces Small intestine → Large intestine → Anus
Answer: a) Mouth → Esophagus →
21. What is the final step of the digestive Stomach → Small intestine → Large
process? intestine → Anus
a) Digestion
b) Absorption
c) Egestion

🔹 Two-Mark Questions from Section

d) Assimilation
Answer: c) Egestion
6.2.4: Nutrition in Human Beings
22. Which organ stores and releases
feces? Q1. What are the main steps of nutrition in
a) Large intestine human beings?
b) Small intestine Answer:
c) Rectum The five main steps of nutrition in human
d) Stomach beings are:
Answer: c) Rectum 1. Ingestion – Taking in food.
2. Digestion – Breaking food into simpler
23. What controls the release of feces from substances.
the body? 3. Absorption – Transfer of nutrients into the
a) Pancreas bloodstream.
b) Epiglottis 4. Assimilation – Utilization of nutrients by
c) Anal sphincter body cells.
d) Esophagus 5. Egestion – Removal of undigested waste.
Answer: c) Anal sphincter

24. What is the function of mucus in the

stomach? Q2. What is peristalsis? Where does it
a) Breaks down proteins occur?
b) Neutralizes stomach acid Answer:
c) Protects the stomach lining from acid Peristalsis is the wave-like contraction and
d) Helps in absorption of nutrients relaxation of muscles in the esophagus and
intestines that pushes food forward through 1. Increase surface area for efficient nutrient
the digestive tract. absorption.
2. Contain blood vessels that transport
absorbed nutrients to different parts of the
body.
Q3. What is the role of hydrochloric acid
(HCl) in the stomach?
Answer:
HCl in the stomach: Q7. How does digestion of proteins take
1. Creates an acidic environment for place in the human body?
enzyme pepsin to digest proteins. Answer:
2. Kills harmful bacteria in food. 1. In the stomach – Pepsin breaks down
proteins into smaller peptides.
2. In the small intestine – Trypsin (from
pancreas) further breaks them into amino
Q4. What are the functions of bile in acids, which are absorbed into the
digestion? bloodstream.
Answer:
Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the
gallbladder, helps in digestion by:
1. Emulsifying fats (breaking large fat Q8. How does the large intestine help in
globules into smaller droplets). the digestive process?
2. Neutralizing stomach acid before food Answer:
enters the small intestine. The large intestine:
1. Absorbs water and minerals from
undigested food.
2. Forms and stores feces before egestion.
Q5. Name the digestive enzymes secreted
by the pancreas and their functions.
Answer:
1. Amylase – Converts starch into simple Q9. What is the function of mucus in the
sugars. stomach?
2. Trypsin – Digests proteins into amino Answer:
acids. Mucus:
3. Lipase – Breaks down fats into fatty acids 1. Protects the stomach lining from
and glycerol. hydrochloric acid.
2. Prevents self-digestion of the stomach
wall by digestive enzymes.

Q6. What is the function of villi in the small

intestine?
Answer: Q10. How does the liver help in digestion
Villi are finger-like projections in the small apart from bile secretion?
intestine that: Answer:
Apart from secreting bile, the liver helps in 📌 5. Egestion:
digestion by: - The large intestine absorbs water, and
1. Regulating metabolism of carbohydrates, undigested waste is expelled through the
proteins, and fats. anus.

📌 NCERT Line:
2. Detoxifying harmful substances like
alcohol and drugs.
"Various regions of the alimentary canal are
specialized to perform different functions."

🔹 Five-Mark Questions from Section 📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.6 – Human

6.2.4: Nutrition in Human Beings Alimentary Canal.

Q1. Describe the process of digestion in

the human alimentary canal.
Answer: Q2. Explain the role of different digestive
The digestion process in humans consists enzymes in the human body.
of the following steps: Answer:

📌 1. Ingestion: 📌 1. Salivary Amylase (Mouth):

- Food enters through the mouth and is - Converts starch into maltose.

📌 2. Pepsin (Stomach):
chewed by teeth.
- Salivary amylase in saliva breaks down
starch into maltose. - Breaks down proteins into peptides.

📌 2. Digestion: 📌 3. Bile (Liver, Stored in Gallbladder):

- Esophagus: Peristalsis pushes food into - Emulsifies fats (breaks large fat globules
the stomach. into smaller droplets).

📌 4. Pancreatic Enzymes (Small Intestine):

- Stomach: Gastric glands secrete HCl (kills
bacteria), pepsin (digests proteins), and
mucus (protects stomach lining). - Amylase – Converts starch into simple
- Small Intestine: sugars.
- Bile from the liver emulsifies fats. - Trypsin – Breaks proteins into amino
- Pancreatic juice contains amylase acids.
(digests starch), trypsin (digests proteins), - Lipase – Breaks down fats into fatty acids
and lipase (digests fats). and glycerol.

📌 3. Absorption: 📌 5. Intestinal Enzymes:

- Villi in the small intestine absorb nutrients - Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase – Convert
into the bloodstream. complex sugars into glucose.

📌 4. Assimilation: 📌 NCERT Line:

- Absorbed nutrients are transported to body "The enzymes present in intestinal juice
cells for energy and growth. finally convert proteins to amino acids,
 📌 Production & Storage:
carbohydrates into glucose, and fats into
fatty acids and glycerol."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.6 – Human

- Produced by the liver and stored in the
gallbladder.

📌 NCERT Line:
Alimentary Canal.

"Bile salts break them down into smaller

globules increasing the efficiency of enzyme
Q3. Explain the role of hydrochloric acid action."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.6 – Human

(HCl) and mucus in digestion.
Answer:

📌 Role of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl):

Alimentary Canal (showing liver and
gallbladder).
1. Creates an acidic medium for pepsin to
function.
2. Kills harmful bacteria present in food.
3. Activates pepsinogen into pepsin, which Q5. How is food absorbed in the small
digests proteins. intestine? Explain the role of villi.

📌 Role of Mucus:
Answer:

1. Protects the stomach lining from being 📌 Process of Absorption in Small Intestine:
damaged by HCl. 1. Digested food moves into the small
2. Prevents ulcers caused by stomach acid. intestine.

📌 NCERT Line:
2. The villi (finger-like projections) increase
the surface area for absorption.
"The mucus protects the inner lining of the 3. Nutrients diffuse into blood capillaries
stomach from the action of the acid under present inside the villi.
normal conditions." 4. Blood transports absorbed nutrients to

📌 Figure: Diagram of stomach showing

different parts of the body for energy and
growth.

📌 Role of Villi:
gastric glands.

1. Increase surface area for efficient

absorption.
Q4. What is the function of bile? Where is it 2. Contain blood vessels to transport
produced and stored? absorbed nutrients.

📌
Answer: 3. Absorb glucose, amino acids, fatty acids,
Function of Bile: and vitamins.

📌 NCERT Line:
1. Emulsification of fats – Breaks large fat
globules into smaller droplets for easier
digestion. "The villi are richly supplied with blood
2. Neutralizes acidic food from the stomach. vessels which take the absorbed food to
3. Aids in fat digestion by providing an each and every cell of the body."
alkaline environment.
📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.6 – Structure of - Secretes gastric juice (HCl + Pepsin +
villi. Mucus) to digest proteins.

📌 4. Small Intestine:
- Bile emulsifies fats.
Q6. Explain the structure and function of - Pancreatic juice digests proteins, fats, and
the large intestine. carbohydrates.
Answer: - Villi absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

📌 Structure of Large Intestine: 📌 5. Large Intestine:

- A wider, shorter tube than the small - Absorbs water, minerals, and forms feces.

📌 6. Anus:
intestine.
- Composed of the colon, rectum, and anus.

📌 Functions of Large Intestine:

- Egestion of undigested waste.

1. Absorbs water and minerals from 📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.6 – Human
undigested food. Alimentary Canal.
2. Forms and stores feces before excretion.
3. Contains bacteria that produce vitamins B
and K.

📌 NCERT Line:
Q8. What is the function of the pancreas in
digestion?
"The unabsorbed food is sent into the large Answer:

📌 Functions of Pancreas:
intestine where its walls absorb more water
from this material."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.6 – Human

1. Secretes digestive enzymes:
- Amylase (breaks starch into sugars).
Alimentary Canal. - Trypsin (digests proteins into amino
acids).
- Lipase (digests fats into fatty acids and
glycerol).
Q7. Describe the journey of food through 2. Produces insulin to regulate blood sugar.

📌 NCERT Line:
the human digestive system.
Answer:

📌 1. Mouth:
"The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice
which contains enzymes like trypsin for
- Food is chewed and mixed with saliva digesting proteins and lipase for breaking
containing amylase. down emulsified fats."

📌 2. Esophagus: 📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.6 – Pancreas and

- Peristalsis pushes food down into the digestive system.
stomach.

📌 3. Stomach:
 Q9. Why is the stomach considered an 2. What is the main site of respiration in a
important organ in digestion? cell?

📌
Answer: a) Ribosomes
Functions of Stomach: b) Mitochondria
1. Produces gastric juice (HCl, pepsin, c) Nucleus
mucus). d) Golgi apparatus
2. Digests proteins using pepsin. Answer: b) Mitochondria
3. Kills bacteria in food.
4. Regulates movement of food into the 3. What is the end product of aerobic
small intestine. respiration?

📌 NCERT Line:
a) Alcohol and Carbon dioxide
b) Lactic acid
"The stomach is a large organ which c) Carbon dioxide, Water, and Energy
expands when food enters it." (ATP)

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.6 – Stomach.

d) Oxygen and Water
Answer: c) Carbon dioxide, Water, and
Energy (ATP)

4. What is the equation for aerobic

Q10. Explain the process of egestion in respiration?
humans. a) Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide +
Answer: Water + Energy
1. Undigested waste moves into the rectum. b) Glucose → Alcohol + Carbon dioxide +
2. Water is absorbed in the large intestine. Energy
3. Feces are stored in the rectum. c) Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy
4. Expelled through the anus by the anal d) Glucose + Oxygen → Alcohol + Water
sphincter. Answer: a) Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon

📌 NCERT Line:
dioxide + Water + Energy

"The exit of this waste material is regulated 5. What is anaerobic respiration?

by the anal sphincter." a) Respiration in the presence of oxygen
b) Respiration in the absence of oxygen
c) Gas exchange in the lungs

🔹 MCQs from Section 6.3: Respiration

d) Transport of oxygen by blood
Answer: b) Respiration in the absence of
oxygen
1. What is respiration?
a) Breaking down food to release energy 6. Which organisms perform anaerobic
b) Exchange of gases respiration?
c) Circulation of blood a) Plants
d) Digestion of food b) Animals
Answer: a) Breaking down food to release c) Yeast and Some Bacteria
energy d) Humans only
Answer: c) Yeast and Some Bacteria
 b) Oxygen
7. What is produced during anaerobic c) Nitrogen
respiration in muscles? d) Hydrogen
a) Ethanol and Carbon dioxide Answer: b) Oxygen
b) Lactic acid and Energy
c) Oxygen and Glucose 13. Which gas is expelled during
d) Water and Energy exhalation?
Answer: b) Lactic acid and Energy a) Oxygen
b) Carbon dioxide
8. Why do muscles feel fatigued after c) Nitrogen
heavy exercise? d) Hydrogen
a) Due to excess oxygen Answer: b) Carbon dioxide
b) Due to lactic acid accumulation
c) Due to loss of glucose 14. What is the function of hemoglobin in
d) Due to excess carbon dioxide respiration?
Answer: b) Due to lactic acid a) Carrying oxygen
accumulation b) Transporting carbon dioxide
c) Breaking down food
9. What is the main function of the d) Producing energy
respiratory system? Answer: a) Carrying oxygen
a) Transport of food
b) Exchange of gases 15. How does oxygen enter the
c) Absorption of nutrients bloodstream in humans?
d) Production of hormones a) By active transport
Answer: b) Exchange of gases b) By osmosis
c) By diffusion through alveoli
10. What is the respiratory organ in d) By ATP synthesis
humans? Answer: c) By diffusion through alveoli
a) Skin
b) Lungs 16. What is the function of the diaphragm in
c) Gills breathing?
d) Stomach a) Pumps blood
Answer: b) Lungs b) Contracts and relaxes to aid breathing
c) Filters air
11. Which of the following structures is the d) Absorbs oxygen
site of gaseous exchange in humans? Answer: b) Contracts and relaxes to aid
a) Alveoli breathing
b) Trachea
c) Bronchi 17. How do fish respire?
d) Diaphragm a) Through lungs
Answer: a) Alveoli b) Through gills
c) Through skin
12. Which gas is taken in during inhalation? d) Through spiracles
a) Carbon dioxide Answer: b) Through gills
 b) It moves upward
18. How does respiration occur in c) It becomes inactive
earthworms? d) It stops moving
a) Through lungs Answer: a) It moves downward
b) Through gills
c) Through skin 24. Why is aerobic respiration more
d) Through stomata efficient than anaerobic respiration?
Answer: c) Through skin a) It produces more ATP
b) It does not produce lactic acid
19. What is the primary function of the c) It requires oxygen
trachea? d) All of the above
a) Exchange of gases Answer: d) All of the above
b) Passage of air to the lungs
c) Filtering blood 25. Which part of the brain controls
d) Absorption of nutrients breathing?
Answer: b) Passage of air to the lungs a) Cerebrum
b) Medulla oblongata
20. What is the function of cilia in the c) Cerebellum
respiratory tract? d) Hypothalamus
a) Exchange of gases Answer: b) Medulla oblongata
b) Transport of oxygen
c) Trap dust and microbes
d) Produce mucus
Answer: c) Trap dust and microbes

21. Which respiratory structure prevents 🔹 Two-Mark Questions from Section

food from entering the windpipe? 6.3: Respiration
a) Trachea
b) Epiglottis Q1. What is respiration?
c) Bronchi Answer:
d) Alveoli Respiration is the biological process of
Answer: b) Epiglottis breaking down glucose to release energy
(ATP) for cellular activities. It can be of two
22. How is carbon dioxide transported in types:
the blood? 1. Aerobic respiration (with oxygen) –
a) Attached to hemoglobin Produces CO₂, H₂O, and ATP.
b) Dissolved in plasma 2. Anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) –
c) As bicarbonate ions Produces lactic acid or alcohol and ATP.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

23. What happens to the diaphragm when Q2. Where does cellular respiration take
we inhale? place in a cell?
a) It moves downward Answer:
Cellular respiration takes place in the
mitochondria, also known as the
powerhouse of the cell, where glucose is
broken down to produce ATP. Q6. How does oxygen get transported in
the blood?
Answer:
Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood
Q3. Differentiate between aerobic and cells and is transported as oxyhemoglobin
anaerobic respiration. to body tissues, where it is released for
Answer: cellular respiration.

Q7. What is the function of the diaphragm

in breathing?
Answer:
1. During inhalation – The diaphragm
contracts and moves downward, allowing
lungs to expand and fill with air.
2. During exhalation – The diaphragm
relaxes and moves upward, pushing air out
of the lungs.

- Q8. How does respiration occur in plants?

Answer:
Q4. Why do we feel muscle fatigue after Plants respire through:
heavy exercise? 1. Stomata (in leaves) – Exchange of gases.
Answer: 2. Lenticels (in stems) – Oxygen enters, and
During intense exercise, muscles perform CO₂ is released.
anaerobic respiration, leading to the 3. Root hairs – Absorb oxygen from soil air.
production of lactic acid, which accumulates
in the muscles and causes fatigue and pain.

Q9. Why is anaerobic respiration useful in

the food industry?
Q5. What is the role of alveoli in Answer:
respiration? 1. Yeast fermentation is used in making
Answer: bread, wine, and beer (produces alcohol
Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs that: and CO₂).
1. Increase surface area for gas exchange. 2. Bacteria perform anaerobic respiration to
2. Allow oxygen to diffuse into the blood and make curd, cheese, and vinegar.
carbon dioxide to diffuse out through
capillaries.
 📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.9 – Pathways of
glucose breakdown.
Q10. Which part of the brain controls
breathing, and how?
Answer:
The medulla oblongata in the brain controls Q2. Describe the structure and function of
breathing by: alveoli in the human respiratory system.

📌
1. Regulating breathing rate based on CO₂ Answer:
levels in blood. Structure of Alveoli:
2. Sending signals to the diaphragm and - Tiny air sacs in the lungs.
intercostal muscles to contract and relax. - Thin-walled and surrounded by capillaries
for gas exchange.
- Provide large surface area for diffusion of

🔹 Five-Mark Questions from Section

gases.

6.3: Respiration 📌 Function of Alveoli:

1. Oxygen Diffusion – Oxygen from inhaled
Q1. What is respiration? Explain the air diffuses into blood.
differences between aerobic and anaerobic 2. CO₂ Diffusion – Carbon dioxide diffuses
respiration with examples. from blood into alveoli and is exhaled.
Answer: 3. Maintains Oxygen Supply – Ensures
Respiration is the biological process of oxygen is delivered to cells for respiration.

📌 NCERT Line:
breaking down glucose to release energy in

📌
the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
Types of Respiration: "Within the lungs, the passage divides into
smaller and smaller tubes which finally
terminate in balloon-like structures called
alveoli."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.10 – Human

Respiratory System.

Q3. Explain the process of breathing in

📌 Equation for Aerobic Respiration: humans with the role of the diaphragm.

📌
Answer:
📌 Equation for Anaerobic Respiration
from book
Process of Breathing:
(Yeast): 1. Inhalation (Inspiration):
- Diaphragm contracts (moves
📌
From book
NCERT Line: downward), increasing lung volume.
"In the absence of oxygen in our muscles, - Air enters lungs as pressure inside
pyruvate is converted into lactic acid." decreases.
2. Exhalation (Expiration):
 - Diaphragm relaxes (moves upward), 1. Anaerobic respiration in muscles – Due to
reducing lung volume. a lack of oxygen, glucose breaks down into
- Air is pushed out due to higher pressure lactic acid.
inside the lungs. 2. Lactic acid accumulation – Causes

📌 NCERT Line:
cramps and fatigue in muscles.
3. Oxygen Debt – After exercise, deep
"We breathe in oxygen-rich air and breathe breathing supplies oxygen to remove lactic
out air that is rich in carbon dioxide." acid.

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.11 – Movement of 📌 NCERT Line:

diaphragm during breathing. "Anaerobic respiration takes place in
muscles during vigorous activity, leading to
the accumulation of lactic acid."

Q4. How does exchange of gases occur in 📌 Figure: Diagram of muscle fatigue due to
the lungs? lactic acid accumulation.

📌
Answer:
Steps of Gas Exchange in Lungs
(Alveoli):
1. Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the Q6. Describe the respiratory system of fish.
blood through alveolar walls. How is it different from humans?

📌
2. Oxygen binds with hemoglobin in red Answer:
blood cells. Respiratory System of Fish:
3. Blood carries oxygen to body tissues. - Fish respire through gills, which extract
4. Carbon dioxide (waste gas) from cells dissolved oxygen from water.
diffuses into blood. - Water enters through the mouth and
5. CO₂ is transported back to the lungs and passes over gills, where oxygen diffuses
exhaled. into the blood and CO₂ diffuses out.

📌 NCERT Line: 📌 Differences from Human Respiration:

"Since the concentration of oxygen in the
blood is less than that in the alveoli, oxygen |
diffuses into the blood."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.10 – Human

Respiratory System.

Q5. Why do we feel muscle fatigue after

intense physical activity?
📌 NCERT Line:
"Fishes take in water through their mouths

📌
Answer: and force it past the gills where the
Causes of Muscle Fatigue: dissolved oxygen is taken up by blood."
📌 Figure: Diagram of gills in fish.
Q9. Why is breathing rate higher in small
Q7. What is the role of hemoglobin in animals like rats compared to large animals
respiration? like elephants?

📌 📌
Answer: Answer:
Functions of Hemoglobin: Reasons for Higher Breathing Rate in
1. Transports Oxygen – Binds with oxygen Small Animals:
in lungs to form oxyhemoglobin. 1. Higher metabolic rate – Small animals
2. Releases Oxygen – Delivers oxygen to need more oxygen per gram of body weight.
body cells for respiration. 2. Greater heat loss – To maintain body
3. Transports CO₂ – Carries carbon dioxide temperature, they respire faster.
back to lungs for exhalation. 3. Smaller lung capacity – Requires more

📌 NCERT Line:
frequent gas exchange.

"Oxygen is carried by hemoglobin in the 📌 NCERT Line:

blood." "The rate of breathing in different organisms

📌 Figure: Diagram showing oxygen

depends on their size and metabolic
activities."

📌 Figure: Graph showing different

transport by hemoglobin.

breathing rates in animals.

Q8. How does respiration occur in plants?

📌
Answer:
Respiration in Plants: Q10. How do earthworms respire?

📌
- Plants respire through stomata, lenticels, Answer:
and root hairs. Respiration in Earthworms:
- Oxygen is used for cellular respiration, and - Earthworms breathe through their skin.
CO₂ is released. - Moist skin allows oxygen to diffuse into

📌 Steps:
blood and CO₂ to diffuse out.
- No lungs or specialized respiratory organs.

📌 NCERT Line:
1. Daytime – Photosynthesis occurs, and
respiration continues.
2. Nighttime – Only respiration occurs, as "Earthworms use their moist skin for gas
photosynthesis stops. exchange."

📌 NCERT Line: 📌 Figure: Diagram of earthworm showing

"In plants, the exchange of gases takes skin respiration.
place through stomata in leaves and
lenticels in stems."

📌 Figure: Stomatal openings in leaves.

 5. What is the function of the atria in the

🔹 MCQs from Section 6.4.1:

heart?
a) Pump blood out of the heart
Transportation in Human Beings b) Receive blood from the body and lungs
c) Transport oxygenated blood to the
1. What is the main function of the lungs
circulatory system in humans? d) Filter waste from the blood
a) Digestion of food Answer: b) Receive blood from the body
b) Transportation of nutrients, gases, and and lungs
waste
c) Production of enzymes 6. What prevents the backflow of blood in
d) Excretion of waste the heart?
Answer: b) Transportation of nutrients, a) Arteries
gases, and waste b) Veins
c) Valves
2. Which organ is the main pumping organ d) Capillaries
in the human circulatory system? Answer: c) Valves
a) Brain
b) Lungs 7. What is the function of the ventricles?
c) Heart a) Pump blood out of the heart
d) Kidney b) Receive blood from the lungs
Answer: c) Heart c) Absorb oxygen from the blood
d) Produce white blood cells
3. How many chambers does the human Answer: a) Pump blood out of the heart
heart have?
a) Two 8. Which blood vessel carries oxygenated
b) Four blood from the heart to the body?
c) Three a) Pulmonary artery
d) Five b) Pulmonary vein
Answer: b) Four c) Aorta
d) Vena cava
4. What are the names of the four Answer: c) Aorta
chambers of the heart?
a) Right and left atrium, right and left 9. Which blood vessels carry blood back to
ventricle the heart?
b) Right and left lungs, right and left a) Arteries
atrium b) Capillaries
c) Aorta, veins, capillaries, and arteries c) Veins
d) Upper and lower lungs, right and left d) Aorta
atrium Answer: c) Veins
Answer: a) Right and left atrium, right and
left ventricle 10. Which blood vessels are responsible for
the exchange of nutrients and gases?
a) Arteries
 b) Veins
c) Capillaries 16. What is the function of platelets in the
d) Aorta blood?
Answer: c) Capillaries a) Transport oxygen
b) Help in blood clotting
11. What type of blood does the pulmonary c) Carry nutrients
artery carry? d) Maintain blood pressure
a) Oxygenated blood Answer: b) Help in blood clotting
b) Deoxygenated blood
c) Both oxygenated and deoxygenated 17. What is the fluid part of the blood
d) Nutrient-rich blood called?
Answer: b) Deoxygenated blood a) Plasma
b) Serum
12. Which of the following carries c) Hemoglobin
oxygenated blood to the heart? d) Platelets
a) Pulmonary vein Answer: a) Plasma
b) Pulmonary artery
c) Aorta 18. Which blood vessel has thick, elastic
d) Vena cava walls to withstand high pressure?
Answer: a) Pulmonary vein a) Veins
b) Capillaries
13. What is the function of red blood cells c) Arteries
(RBCs)? d) Pulmonary veins
a) Fight infections Answer: c) Arteries
b) Transport oxygen
c) Clot blood 19. Which blood vessel contains valves to
d) Remove waste prevent backflow of blood?
Answer: b) Transport oxygen a) Arteries
b) Veins
14. Which protein in red blood cells helps c) Capillaries
transport oxygen? d) Aorta
a) Hemoglobin Answer: b) Veins
b) Collagen
c) Myosin 20. What is the largest artery in the human
d) Actin body?
Answer: a) Hemoglobin a) Pulmonary artery
b) Aorta
15. What is the function of white blood cells c) Vena cava
(WBCs)? d) Coronary artery
a) Transport oxygen Answer: b) Aorta
b) Help in blood clotting
c) Fight infections 21. Which side of the heart pumps
d) Carry carbon dioxide oxygenated blood to the body?
Answer: c) Fight infections a) Right atrium
 b) Right ventricle Transportation in Human Beings, along with
c) Left atrium their answers.
d) Left ventricle
Answer: d) Left ventricle

22. What is the function of the vena cava? 26. What is the function of the septum in
a) Carries blood from the heart to the the heart?
lungs a) Prevents mixing of oxygenated and
b) Carries oxygenated blood to the body deoxygenated blood
c) Carries deoxygenated blood from the b) Helps in blood clotting
body to the heart c) Pumps blood to the body
d) Carries oxygenated blood to the lungs d) Regulates blood pressure
Answer: c) Carries deoxygenated blood Answer: a) Prevents mixing of oxygenated
from the body to the heart and deoxygenated blood

23. What is the normal resting heart rate in 27. Which type of circulation carries blood
an adult? between the heart and the lungs?
a) 40-60 beats per minute a) Systemic circulation
b) 60-100 beats per minute b) Pulmonary circulation
c) 100-140 beats per minute c) Coronary circulation
d) 140-180 beats per minute d) Digestive circulation
Answer: b) 60-100 beats per minute Answer: b) Pulmonary circulation

24. What happens when coronary arteries 28. What type of circulation transports
get blocked? blood between the heart and the rest of the
a) High blood pressure body?
b) Heart attack a) Systemic circulation
c) Stroke b) Pulmonary circulation
d) Lung failure c) Coronary circulation
Answer: b) Heart attack d) Digestive circulation
Answer: a) Systemic circulation
25. Which system helps in the transport of
nutrients and waste along with blood 29. Which part of the heart receives
circulation? deoxygenated blood from the body?
a) Nervous system a) Left atrium
b) Excretory system b) Right atrium
c) Lymphatic system c) Left ventricle
d) Respiratory system d) Right ventricle
Answer: c) Lymphatic system Answer: b) Right atrium

30. Which blood vessel supplies oxygen to

the heart muscles?
Here are 25 more multiple-choice questions a) Pulmonary artery
(MCQs) (Q26 to Q50) from Section 6.4.1: b) Coronary artery
 c) Aorta Answer: c) Platelets
d) Vena cava
Answer: b) Coronary artery 36. What is the major function of plasma in
blood?
31. What is the function of the pacemaker a) Transport of nutrients, hormones, and
(SA node) in the heart? waste
a) Pumps blood into the arteries b) Carrying oxygen
b) Regulates the heartbeat c) Fighting infections
c) Filters blood d) Blood clotting
d) Prevents backflow of blood Answer: a) Transport of nutrients,
Answer: b) Regulates the heartbeat hormones, and waste

32. What is the role of the pulmonary vein? 37. What happens if the valves in veins
a) Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to stop working properly?
heart a) Blood will flow faster
b) Carries deoxygenated blood from body b) Blood may start flowing backward,
to heart causing varicose veins
c) Pumps blood to the lungs c) The heart will stop beating
d) Supplies blood to the kidneys d) Arteries will take over the function
Answer: a) Carries oxygenated blood from Answer: b) Blood may start flowing
lungs to heart backward, causing varicose veins

33. Which component of blood fights 38. Which blood vessel carries blood under
against infections? high pressure?
a) Red blood cells a) Veins
b) Platelets b) Capillaries
c) White blood cells c) Arteries
d) Plasma d) Lymph vessels
Answer: c) White blood cells Answer: c) Arteries

34. Why are veins thinner than arteries? 39. Why do capillaries have thin walls?
a) They do not carry blood a) To withstand high pressure
b) They carry blood at lower pressure b) To allow easy exchange of gases and
c) They transport oxygen-rich blood nutrients
d) They do not have valves c) To prevent backflow of blood
Answer: b) They carry blood at lower d) To pump blood to the heart
pressure Answer: b) To allow easy exchange of
gases and nutrients
35. Which component of blood is
responsible for clotting? 40. What happens during a heart attack?
a) Plasma a) The lungs stop functioning
b) White blood cells b) The coronary arteries get blocked,
c) Platelets stopping blood flow to the heart muscles
d) Red blood cells c) The blood pressure increases suddenly
 d) The valves in veins fail 45. How does blood clotting help in case of
Answer: b) The coronary arteries get an injury?
blocked, stopping blood flow to the heart a) It speeds up oxygen transport
muscles b) It prevents excessive blood loss and
seals the wound
41. Which of the following factors can c) It increases red blood cell production
increase the risk of heart disease? d) It improves digestion
a) High cholesterol levels Answer: b) It prevents excessive blood
b) Smoking loss and seals the wound
c) Lack of exercise
d) All of the above 46. What is the normal blood pressure
Answer: d) All of the above range in a healthy adult?
a) 80/50 mmHg
42. What is the function of the lymphatic b) 120/80 mmHg
system? c) 150/100 mmHg
a) Transporting oxygen to tissues d) 200/140 mmHg
b) Removing excess fluid from tissues and Answer: b) 120/80 mmHg
fighting infections
c) Producing red blood cells 47. What is hypertension?
d) Digesting food a) High oxygen levels in blood
Answer: b) Removing excess fluid from b) High blood pressure
tissues and fighting infections c) High blood sugar levels
d) Low blood pressure
43. What is the role of the spleen in Answer: b) High blood pressure
circulation?
a) Pumps blood 48. Which blood group is the universal
b) Produces white blood cells and filters donor?
blood a) A
c) Regulates heartbeat b) B
d) Transports oxygen c) AB
Answer: b) Produces white blood cells d) O
and filters blood Answer: d) O

44. What happens if hemoglobin levels are 49. Which blood group is the universal
low in the blood? recipient?
a) High blood pressure a) A
b) Increased heart rate b) B
c) Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity, c) AB
leading to anemia d) O
d) Faster clotting Answer: c) AB
Answer: c) Reduced oxygen-carrying
capacity, leading to anemia 50. What is the importance of double
circulation in humans?
 a) It allows mixing of oxygenated and c) Valves
deoxygenated blood d) Capillaries
b) It ensures complete separation of Answer: c) Valves
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood for
efficient oxygen supply 54. Why do arteries have thick walls?
c) It speeds up digestion a) To prevent leakage of blood
d) It increases red blood cell production b) To withstand high pressure of blood
Answer: b) It ensures complete separation pumped by the heart
of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood for c) To allow diffusion of gases
efficient oxygen supply d) To store oxygen
Answer: b) To withstand high pressure of
blood pumped by the heart

Here are 25 more concept-based 55. What is the role of the right ventricle in
multiple-choice questions (MCQs) (Q51 to the heart?
Q75) from Section 6.4.1: Transportation in a) Pumps oxygenated blood to the body
Human Beings, along with their answers. b) Pumps deoxygenated blood to the
lungs
c) Receives oxygen-rich blood from the
lungs
51. What is the main role of the circulatory d) Transports nutrients in the blood
system? Answer: b) Pumps deoxygenated blood to
a) Transport of food only the lungs
b) Transport of gases, nutrients, and
waste 56. Which part of the circulatory system
c) Production of enzymes carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs?
d) Formation of urine a) Aorta
Answer: b) Transport of gases, nutrients, b) Pulmonary vein
and waste c) Pulmonary artery
d) Coronary artery
52. Why is the human heart called a Answer: c) Pulmonary artery
"double pump"?
a) It pumps blood twice to the same organ 57. Which side of the heart pumps
b) It pumps oxygenated and oxygenated blood?
deoxygenated blood separately a) Right side
c) It pumps blood to only one organ b) Left side
d) It does not pump blood at all c) Both sides
Answer: b) It pumps oxygenated and d) None
deoxygenated blood separately Answer: b) Left side

53. What ensures the unidirectional flow of 58. What happens if the coronary arteries
blood in the heart? are blocked?
a) Arteries a) The heart receives more blood
b) Veins b) The lungs stop functioning
 c) Blood circulation stops a) Red blood cells
d) The heart muscle does not get enough b) White blood cells
oxygen, leading to a heart attack c) Platelets
Answer: d) The heart muscle does not get d) Plasma
enough oxygen, leading to a heart attack Answer: b) White blood cells

59. Why do veins have valves? 64. What is the function of hemoglobin?
a) To increase blood pressure a) Digests food
b) To prevent the backflow of blood b) Carries oxygen in red blood cells
c) To pump blood like the heart c) Helps in clotting blood
d) To filter blood d) Transports waste
Answer: b) To prevent the backflow of Answer: b) Carries oxygen in red blood
blood cells

60. Which chamber of the heart receives 65. How does the heart receive oxygen and
oxygenated blood from the lungs? nutrients?
a) Right atrium a) From the pulmonary artery
b) Left atrium b) Through the coronary arteries
c) Right ventricle c) From the aorta
d) Left ventricle d) Through the vena cava
Answer: b) Left atrium Answer: b) Through the coronary arteries

61. Why is the pulmonary vein different 66. What is the function of the superior and
from other veins? inferior vena cava?
a) It carries oxygen-rich blood instead of a) Carry oxygenated blood from lungs
oxygen-poor blood b) Carry deoxygenated blood from the
b) It carries deoxygenated blood body to the heart
c) It does not transport blood to the heart c) Transport blood from heart to brain
d) It is the largest vein d) Absorb digested food
Answer: a) It carries oxygen-rich blood Answer: b) Carry deoxygenated blood
instead of oxygen-poor blood from the body to the heart

62. What is the importance of blood 67. How is blood pressure measured?
circulation? a) Using a thermometer
a) It transports oxygen and nutrients to b) Using a stethoscope
cells c) Using a sphygmomanometer
b) It removes waste products like carbon d) Using an ECG machine
dioxide Answer: c) Using a sphygmomanometer
c) It helps maintain body temperature
d) All of the above 68. What happens if blood pressure is too
Answer: d) All of the above high (hypertension)?
a) The heart stops beating
63. Which blood component helps in b) It can damage arteries and increase the
immunity? risk of heart attack
 c) The oxygen content of blood decreases a) Circulating oxygen
d) White blood cells increase b) Transporting nutrients
Answer: b) It can damage arteries and c) Removing excess fluids and fighting
increase the risk of heart attack infections
d) Controlling blood pressure
69. How does blood clotting help in case of Answer: c) Removing excess fluids and
injury? fighting infections
a) It increases blood pressure
b) It prevents excessive blood loss 74. What happens if hemoglobin levels are
c) It helps in digestion too low?
d) It increases blood circulation a) Anemia (low oxygen supply to cells)
Answer: b) It prevents excessive blood b) Increase in blood clotting
loss c) Increase in blood pressure
d) Decrease in heart rate
70. Why is the heart called a muscular Answer: a) Anemia (low oxygen supply to
pump? cells)
a) It pumps blood throughout the body
continuously 75. Why do capillaries have a large surface
b) It filters the blood area?
c) It controls digestion a) To increase blood pressure
d) It stores oxygen b) To allow efficient exchange of oxygen,
Answer: a) It pumps blood throughout the nutrients, and waste
body continuously c) To pump blood to the heart
d) To transport blood at high speed
71. What is the significance of plasma in Answer: b) To allow efficient exchange of
blood circulation? oxygen, nutrients, and waste
a) It transports nutrients, hormones, and
waste
b) It increases blood clotting
c) It produces red blood cells

🔹 High-Order Thinking MCQs (Q76 to

d) It transports oxygen
Answer: a) It transports nutrients,
hormones, and waste Q98) from Transportation in Human
Beings
72. Which part of the brain controls
heartbeat and blood pressure? 76. Why is the left ventricle more muscular
a) Cerebrum than the right ventricle?
b) Cerebellum a) It pumps blood to the lungs
c) Medulla oblongata b) It has to pump blood to the entire body
d) Hypothalamus under high pressure
Answer: c) Medulla oblongata c) It does not pump blood at all
d) It has thinner walls than the right
73. What is the main function of the ventricle
lymphatic system?
 Answer: b) It has to pump blood to the b) Veins have thinner walls than arteries
entire body under high pressure c) Arteries have valves, while veins do not
d) The lungs control arterial blood
77. A person has a blockage in their pressure
coronary arteries. What would be the most Answer: a) Arteries receive blood directly
immediate consequence? from the heart, while veins collect blood
a) High blood pressure from capillaries
b) Lack of oxygen supply to heart muscles
c) Decrease in white blood cells 81. Why do athletes have a lower resting
d) Increased blood clotting heart rate than non-athletes?
Answer: b) Lack of oxygen supply to heart a) Their heart pumps more blood per beat,
muscles requiring fewer beats per minute
b) Their blood pressure is naturally higher
78. If the pulmonary artery is blocked, what c) Their arteries are wider
would happen? d) They have a smaller heart size
a) Oxygenated blood would not reach the Answer: a) Their heart pumps more blood
lungs per beat, requiring fewer beats per minute
b) The heart would stop immediately
c) Deoxygenated blood would not reach 82. Why does standing for long hours
the lungs for oxygenation sometimes cause swelling in the feet?
d) The person would develop high blood a) Increased oxygen supply to the feet
pressure b) Blood pools in the veins due to gravity
Answer: c) Deoxygenated blood would not and weak circulation
reach the lungs for oxygenation c) Decreased blood pressure in the legs
d) The arteries expand, causing swelling
79. Why do veins appear blue under the Answer: b) Blood pools in the veins due to
skin even though blood is red? gravity and weak circulation
a) The blood in veins is actually blue
b) The veins contain deoxygenated blood, 83. What would happen if platelets were
which appears blue under the skin due to absent in the blood?
light absorption a) The person would have reduced
c) The skin changes the color of the blood oxygen transport
d) Veins contain a special pigment that b) Blood would not clot properly, leading
makes them blue to excessive bleeding
Answer: b) The veins contain c) Blood circulation would stop
deoxygenated blood, which appears blue d) White blood cell count would increase
under the skin due to light absorption Answer: b) Blood would not clot properly,
leading to excessive bleeding
80. Why does blood flow in arteries under
high pressure but in veins under low 84. If a person receives a blood transfusion
pressure? of the wrong blood type, what would
a) Arteries receive blood directly from the happen?
heart, while veins collect blood from a) Nothing would happen
capillaries
 b) The person’s blood would clot d) More carbon dioxide would be
abnormally, causing organ failure absorbed
c) Their red blood cells would increase Answer: b) Oxygen and nutrients would
d) Their white blood cells would decrease not reach the cells, leading to organ failure
Answer: b) The person’s blood would clot
abnormally, causing organ failure 89. Why is it dangerous to cut a major
artery rather than a vein?
85. What happens if a valve in the heart a) Arteries carry more blood than veins
fails to close properly? b) Blood flows under high pressure in
a) Blood will leak backward, reducing arteries, leading to rapid blood loss
circulation efficiency c) Arteries contain clotting factors
b) The heart will stop beating d) Arteries are larger in size
c) The lungs will receive excess blood Answer: b) Blood flows under high
d) The veins will collapse pressure in arteries, leading to rapid blood
Answer: a) Blood will leak backward, loss
reducing circulation efficiency
90. What happens when carbon monoxide
86. Why do people at high altitudes often enters the bloodstream?
experience shortness of breath? a) It binds with hemoglobin more strongly
a) The air contains less oxygen, reducing than oxygen, reducing oxygen supply
oxygen supply to the body b) It increases oxygen transport
b) The heart beats too slowly c) It helps in blood clotting
c) The lungs collapse due to pressure d) It strengthens red blood cells
d) Carbon dioxide levels increase in the Answer: a) It binds with hemoglobin more
body strongly than oxygen, reducing oxygen
Answer: a) The air contains less oxygen, supply
reducing oxygen supply to the body
91. How does deep breathing improve
87. Why does blood pressure increase blood circulation?
during exercise? a) It increases the amount of oxygen in
a) The heart beats faster to supply more the blood
oxygen to muscles b) It slows the heartbeat
b) The arteries become wider c) It removes all the CO₂ from the blood
c) The veins contract d) It thickens the blood
d) The white blood cell count increases Answer: a) It increases the amount of
Answer: a) The heart beats faster to oxygen in the blood
supply more oxygen to muscles
92. How does dehydration affect blood
88. What would happen if all capillaries in pressure?
the body constricted at the same time? a) It increases blood pressure
a) Blood pressure would drop significantly b) It decreases blood pressure by
b) Oxygen and nutrients would not reach reducing blood volume
the cells, leading to organ failure c) It has no effect on blood pressure
c) Blood flow to the brain would increase
 d) It thickens the blood but does not Answer: a) It causes no immediate
change pressure symptoms but damages arteries over time
Answer: b) It decreases blood pressure by
reducing blood volume 97. Which organ is most affected by
long-term high blood pressure?
93. Why do people feel dizzy after donating a) Liver
blood? b) Heart
a) Their blood sugar levels increase c) Stomach
b) Their blood volume temporarily d) Lungs
decreases, reducing oxygen supply to the Answer: b) Heart
brain
c) Their heartbeat stops temporarily 98. How does smoking affect blood
d) Their white blood cell count drops circulation?
Answer: b) Their blood volume temporarily a) It reduces oxygen supply by increasing
decreases, reducing oxygen supply to the carbon monoxide in the blood
brain b) It improves circulation
c) It increases white blood cell production
94. Why does a cut on the skin heal faster d) It prevents clot formation
if blood circulation is good? Answer: a) It reduces oxygen supply by
a) White blood cells reach the wound increasing carbon monoxide in the blood
faster
b) Platelets form clots faster

🔹
c) Oxygen and nutrients needed for
healing are supplied faster Two-Mark Questions from Section
d) All of the above 6.4.1: Transportation in Human Beings
Answer: d) All of the above
Q1. Why is the human heart called a
95. Why is an artificial pacemaker double circulation system?
implanted in some people? Answer:
a) To increase oxygen absorption The human heart follows double circulation
b) To regulate abnormal heartbeats because blood passes through the heart
c) To thin the blood twice in one complete cycle:
d) To pump blood directly 1. Pulmonary circulation – Blood flows from
Answer: b) To regulate abnormal the heart to the lungs and back.
heartbeats 2. Systemic circulation – Blood flows from
the heart to the rest of the body and back.
96. Why is hypertension called the "silent This ensures complete separation of
killer"? oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
a) It causes no immediate symptoms but
damages arteries over time
b) It stops the heartbeat suddenly
c) It makes blood acidic Q2. What is the function of valves in the
d) It reduces oxygen in the body heart?
Answer:
Valves in the heart prevent the backflow of and waste between blood and body cells
blood, ensuring unidirectional flow. The four through diffusion.
main valves are:
1. Tricuspid valve – Between right atrium
and right ventricle.
2. Bicuspid (Mitral) valve – Between left Q6. What is the function of the pulmonary
atrium and left ventricle. artery and pulmonary vein?
3. Pulmonary valve – Between right Answer:
ventricle and pulmonary artery. 1. Pulmonary artery – Carries deoxygenated
4. Aortic valve – Between left ventricle and blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for
aorta. oxygenation.
2. Pulmonary vein – Carries oxygenated
blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Q3. What is the role of hemoglobin in the

circulatory system?
Answer: Q7. What happens if the coronary arteries
Hemoglobin is a red pigment in red blood get blocked?
cells (RBCs) that: Answer:
1. Transports oxygen from the lungs to body Blockage in coronary arteries reduces
tissues. oxygen supply to the heart muscles, leading
2. Carries carbon dioxide from body tissues to:
to the lungs for exhalation. 1. Angina (chest pain) due to reduced
oxygen supply.
2. Heart attack (myocardial infarction) if the
blood supply is completely blocked.
Q4. Differentiate between arteries and
veins.
Answer:
Q8. What are the main components of
| blood and their functions?
Answer:
1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) – Carry oxygen
using hemoglobin.
2. White Blood Cells (WBCs) – Fight
infections.
3. Platelets – Help in blood clotting.
4. Plasma – Transports nutrients,
hormones, and waste.
Q5. Why do capillaries have thin walls?
Answer:
Capillaries have thin, one-cell-thick walls to
allow easy exchange of gases, nutrients, Q9. What is the difference between systolic
and diastolic blood pressure?
Answer: 2. Maintains circulation through double
1. Systolic pressure – Maximum pressure in circulation:
arteries when the heart contracts (normal: - Pulmonary Circulation – Blood moves
120 mmHg). between the heart and lungs.
2. Diastolic pressure – Minimum pressure in - Systemic Circulation – Blood moves
arteries when the heart relaxes (normal: 80 between the heart and the rest of the body.
mmHg). 3. Prevents backflow of blood through
valves.

📌 NCERT Line:
Q10. Why is hypertension called a "silent "The walls of the chambers of the heart are
killer"? made of muscles which contract and relax
Answer: rhythmically."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.10 – Human Heart

Hypertension (high blood pressure) is called
a silent killer because:
1. It does not show symptoms initially, but Diagram.
2. It gradually damages arteries, heart,
kidneys, and brain, increasing the risk of
stroke or heart attack.
Q2. Describe the process of double
circulation in humans with a diagram.

📌
Answer:

🔹
Double Circulation: The blood passes
Five-Mark Questions from Section through the heart twice in one complete
6.4.1: Transportation in Human Beings cycle.

Q1. Explain the structure and function of 📌 Steps in Double Circulation:

the human heart with a labeled diagram. 1. Pulmonary Circulation:

📌
Answer: - The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated
Structure of the Heart: blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
- The heart is a four-chambered muscular - In the lungs, oxygenation occurs.
organ located in the chest cavity. - Oxygenated blood returns to the left
- It consists of: atrium via the pulmonary vein.
1. Right Atrium – Receives deoxygenated
blood from the body. 2. Systemic Circulation:
2. Right Ventricle – Pumps deoxygenated - The left ventricle pumps oxygenated
blood to the lungs. blood to the body through the aorta.
3. Left Atrium – Receives oxygenated - Deoxygenated blood returns to the right
blood from the lungs. atrium via the vena cava.

📌 NCERT Line:
4. Left Ventricle – Pumps oxygenated
blood to the body.

📌 Function of the Heart:

"The separation of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood allows a more efficient
1. Pumps blood throughout the body. supply of oxygen to the body."
📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.11 – Double
2. Some CO₂ binds with hemoglobin, but
most dissolves in plasma as bicarbonate
Circulation. ions.
3. Blood carries CO₂ back to the lungs,
where it is exhaled.

Q3. What are blood vessels? Explain the 📌 NCERT Line:

difference between arteries, veins, and "Oxygen is transported by hemoglobin in the
capillaries. blood, and carbon dioxide is mainly

📌
Answer: transported in dissolved form."

📌 Figure: Diagram of oxygen and CO₂

Blood vessels are tube-like structures
that transport blood throughout the body.

📌 Types of Blood Vessels:

transport.

|
Q5. Explain the structure and function of
blood.

📌
Answer:
Components of Blood and Their
📌 NCERT Line: Functions:
"Arteries have thick, elastic walls to
withstand high pressure."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.12 – Types of

Blood Vessels. |📌 NCERT Line:
"Blood is a fluid connective tissue that
transports substances like digested food,
oxygen, and waste materials."
Q4. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide
transported in the blood? 📌 Figure: Diagram of blood components.
📌
Answer:
Transport of Oxygen:
1. Oxygen enters the lungs during
inhalation. Q6. What is blood pressure? How is it
2. It binds with hemoglobin in red blood measured?
cells, forming oxyhemoglobin.
📌
Answer:
3. Oxygen-rich blood is transported to body Blood Pressure: The force exerted by
tissues, where it is released for cellular blood on artery walls.
respiration.

📌 Transport of Carbon Dioxide: 📌 Measurement:

1. Systolic Pressure – Pressure when the
1. CO₂ produced by cells diffuses into the heart contracts (normal: 120 mmHg).
blood.
2. Diastolic Pressure – Pressure when the 4. The clot prevents excessive bleeding.

📌 NCERT Line:
heart relaxes (normal: 80 mmHg).
3. Measured using a sphygmomanometer.

📌 NCERT Line:
"Platelets help in clotting of blood at the site
of injury."

📌 Figure: Diagram of blood clotting.

"Blood pressure is measured using an
instrument called the sphygmomanometer."

📌 Figure: Diagram of blood pressure

measurement.
Q9. What happens when coronary arteries
get blocked?

📌
Answer:
Q7. What are the causes and effects of Effects of Coronary Artery Blockage:
hypertension (high blood pressure)? 1. Reduced oxygen supply to the heart

📌
Answer: muscles.
Causes: 2. Chest pain (angina) due to lack of
1. Unhealthy diet (high salt/fat intake). oxygen.
2. Lack of exercise. 3. Heart attack (myocardial infarction) if
3. Stress and anxiety. blockage is severe.
4. Smoking and alcohol. 4. Tissue death due to lack of blood supply.

📌 Effects: 📌 NCERT Line:

1. Increased risk of heart attack and stroke. "Coronary artery blockage can lead to heart
2. Damage to arteries and organs. attack due to reduced oxygen supply."

📌 Figure: Diagram of coronary artery

3. Kidney failure.

📌 NCERT Line: blockage.

"High blood pressure can lead to damage of
the heart and blood vessels."

📌 Figure: Diagram showing effects of Q10. Why is the lymphatic system

hypertension. important in circulation?

📌
Answer:
Functions of the Lymphatic System:
1. Removes excess fluid from tissues.
Q8. How do platelets help in blood clotting? 2. Transports white blood cells for immunity.

📌
Answer: 3. Absorbs fats from the intestines.
Blood Clotting Process: 4. Filters harmful substances through lymph
1. When a blood vessel is injured, platelets nodes.

📌 NCERT Line:
stick to the damaged area.
2. Platelets release clotting factors.
3. Fibrin threads form a mesh, trapping red
blood cells.
"The lymphatic system plays an important
role in the immune system and fluid 5. What is the process by which water
balance." evaporates from plant leaves?

📌 Figure: Diagram of the lymphatic

a) Photosynthesis
b) Transpiration
system. c) Respiration
d) Absorption
Answer: b) Transpiration

🔹 MCQs from Section 6.4.2:

6. Which plant structure absorbs water from
the soil?
Transportation in Plants a) Leaves
b) Root hairs
1. What is the primary tissue responsible c) Xylem vessels
for transporting water in plants? d) Stomata
a) Phloem Answer: b) Root hairs
b) Xylem
c) Epidermis 7. The movement of food in plants occurs
d) Parenchyma through which process?
Answer: b) Xylem a) Transpiration
b) Translocation
2. Which process helps in the upward c) Diffusion
movement of water in plants? d) Osmosis
a) Transpiration pull Answer: b) Translocation
b) Diffusion
c) Photosynthesis 8. What type of transport occurs in xylem?
d) Respiration a) Active transport
Answer: a) Transpiration pull b) Passive transport
c) Both active and passive transport
3. Which structure in plants regulates the d) No transport occurs
loss of water? Answer: b) Passive transport
a) Xylem vessels
b) Phloem 9. What force helps in the movement of
c) Stomata water in xylem?
d) Cortex a) Capillary action
Answer: c) Stomata b) Transpiration pull
c) Root pressure
4. What is the main function of phloem in d) All of the above
plants? Answer: d) All of the above
a) Transport water
b) Transport minerals 10. Which theory explains the upward
c) Transport food movement of water in plants?
d) Provide mechanical support a) Pressure Flow Hypothesis
Answer: c) Transport food b) Cohesion-Tension Theory
 c) Cell Theory
d) Diffusion Theory 16. What is the function of sieve tubes in
Answer: b) Cohesion-Tension Theory plants?
a) Transport water
11. What role do companion cells play in b) Transport minerals
phloem? c) Transport sugars and nutrients
a) Store starch d) Store starch
b) Provide energy for translocation Answer: c) Transport sugars and nutrients
c) Transport minerals
d) Help in transpiration 17. The loss of water in liquid form from
Answer: b) Provide energy for plants is called:
translocation a) Transpiration
b) Guttation
12. Which of the following is NOT a factor c) Respiration
affecting transpiration? d) Photosynthesis
a) Temperature Answer: b) Guttation
b) Wind speed
c) Light intensity 18. What is the main source of energy for
d) Soil color translocation in plants?
Answer: d) Soil color a) ATP
b) Light energy
13. How do minerals enter the roots from c) Oxygen
the soil? d) Starch
a) Osmosis Answer: a) ATP
b) Active transport
c) Diffusion 19. In which direction does translocation
d) Translocation occur in phloem?
Answer: b) Active transport a) Only upwards
b) Only downwards
14. Which of the following is an advantage c) Both upwards and downwards
of transpiration? d) No movement occurs
a) Causes wilting Answer: c) Both upwards and downwards
b) Helps in water absorption
c) Increases loss of water 20. How does the xylem maintain
d) Reduces photosynthesis continuous water flow?
Answer: b) Helps in water absorption a) By creating a vacuum
b) Through transpiration pull and cohesion
15. What happens if transpiration is too c) By using ATP
high in plants? d) By opening stomata
a) More photosynthesis occurs Answer: b) Through transpiration pull and
b) The plant wilts cohesion
c) The plant absorbs more carbon dioxide
d) Water uptake stops 21. What is the role of the casparian strip in
Answer: b) The plant wilts roots?
 🔹 Two-Mark Questions from Section
a) Controls mineral entry into xylem
b) Helps in respiration
c) Stores nutrients 6.4.2: Transportation in Plants
d) Enhances photosynthesis
Answer: a) Controls mineral entry into Q1. What are the two types of transport
xylem systems in plants?
Answer:
22. What happens when guard cells lose The two types of transport systems in plants
water? are:
a) Stomata open 1. Xylem – Transports water and minerals
b) Stomata close from roots to leaves.
c) More transpiration occurs 2. Phloem – Transports food (sugars and
d) The plant absorbs more minerals nutrients) from leaves to other parts of the
Answer: b) Stomata close plant.

23. What is the driving force for

translocation in phloem?
a) Pressure flow Q2. What is transpiration? How does it help
b) Gravity plants?
c) Root pressure Answer:
d) Cohesion Transpiration is the process by which plants
Answer: a) Pressure flow lose water in the form of vapor through
stomata. It helps in:
24. Which of the following prevents excess 1. Cooling the plant by releasing excess
water loss from plants? water.
a) Stomatal opening 2. Creating a transpiration pull, which aids in
b) Leaf curling the upward movement of water.
c) Increased transpiration
d) More xylem formation
Answer: b) Leaf curling
Q3. How do root hairs help in water
25. Why is translocation important for absorption?
plants? Answer:
a) It supplies water to roots Root hairs:
b) It helps distribute nutrients from leaves 1. Increase the surface area for more water
to other parts absorption.
c) It absorbs minerals from the soil 2. Absorb water from the soil through
d) It prevents water loss osmosis.
Answer: b) It helps distribute nutrients
from leaves to other parts

Q4. What is translocation, and why is it

important?
Answer:
Translocation is the movement of food 1. Initial movement of water from roots to
(sugars) from leaves to different parts of the the stem.
plant through phloem. It is important 2. Supporting transpiration pull for water
because: movement.
1. It distributes nutrients for growth and
storage.
2. It supplies energy to non-photosynthetic
parts like roots and flowers. Q8. What is the function of stomata in
transpiration and gas exchange?
Answer:
1. Transpiration – Stomata allow water
Q5. What factors affect the rate of vapor to escape from leaves.
transpiration? 2. Gas Exchange – Stomata help in the
Answer: exchange of oxygen (O₂) and carbon
The rate of transpiration is affected by: dioxide (CO₂) during photosynthesis and
1. Temperature – Higher temperature respiration.
increases transpiration.
2. Humidity – More humidity decreases
transpiration.
3. Wind speed – Faster wind increases Q9. What is the difference between active
transpiration. and passive transport in plants?
4. Light intensity – More light opens Answer:
stomata, increasing transpiration.

Q6. How does the structure of xylem help

in water transport?
Answer:
Xylem is made of dead, hollow, tube-like
vessels that:
1. Form continuous channels for water
movement.
2. Have thick walls to withstand water Q10. Why do leaves wilt when a plant lacks
pressure. water?
Answer:
When a plant lacks water:
1. Transpiration continues but water
Q7. What is root pressure, and how does it absorption decreases.
help in water transport? 2. Cells lose turgidity, and stomata close,
Answer: causing wilting.
Root pressure is the upward force
generated by roots to push water into the
xylem. It helps in:
 - Transpiration is the evaporation of water

🔹 Five-Mark Questions from Section

from aerial parts of plants, mainly through
stomata.

📌 Significance of Transpiration:
6.4.2: Transportation in Plants

Q1. Explain the role of xylem and phloem in 1. Creates Transpiration Pull – Helps in the
plants. upward movement of water.

📌
Answer: 2. Cools the Plant – Prevents overheating.
Xylem – Water Transport System 3. Maintains Water Balance – Regulates
- Xylem transports water and minerals from excess water.
roots to different parts of the plant. 4. Enhances Nutrient Transport – Moves
- The movement is unidirectional (only minerals with water.

📌 NCERT Line:
upwards).
- Mechanisms involved:
1. Root pressure – Pushes water up. "Transpiration helps in the absorption and
2. Capillary action – Water rises due to upward movement of water and minerals."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.14 – Transpiration

cohesion and adhesion.
3. Transpiration pull – Loss of water from
leaves pulls water upwards. Process.

📌 Phloem – Food Transport System

- Phloem transports sugars (food) produced
during photosynthesis to other parts of the Q3. What is translocation? Explain the
plant. Pressure Flow Hypothesis.

📌
- The movement is bidirectional (upward Answer:
and downward). Translocation – Movement of Food in
- Mechanism involved: Phloem
1. Pressure Flow Hypothesis – Sugars - The process of transporting food (sugars)
move due to pressure differences created from leaves to other parts of the plant.
by active transport. - Occurs through phloem in a bidirectional

📌 NCERT Line:
manner.

"Plants have two different types of 📌 Pressure Flow Hypothesis:

conducting tissues – xylem and phloem." 1. Sugar Loading – Sucrose is actively

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.13 – Structure of

loaded into phloem at source (leaves).
2. Water Absorption – Increases pressure in
Xylem and Phloem. phloem.
3. Flow to Sink – Sugar moves to roots,
fruits, or storage organs.
4. Sugar Unloading – Sucrose is removed
Q2. Describe the process of transpiration for use.

📌 NCERT Line:
and its significance.

📌
Answer:
Transpiration – Loss of Water as Vapor
"The translocation of food takes place in the 4. Light Intensity – More light opens
phloem with the help of energy from ATP." stomata, increasing transpiration.

📌 Figure: Diagram of Pressure Flow

5. Soil Water Availability – Less water in soil
reduces transpiration.

📌 NCERT Line:
Hypothesis.

"The rate of transpiration is affected by

temperature, humidity, wind, and light."

📌 Figure: Graph of Factors Affecting

Q4. Explain the role of root hairs in water
absorption.

📌
Answer: Transpiration.
Structure & Function of Root Hairs:
- Root hairs increase surface area for
efficient absorption.
- Water is absorbed by osmosis from the Q6. How does water move through xylem?
soil. Explain cohesion-tension theory.

📌 Mechanism of Water Absorption: 📌

Answer:
Cohesion-Tension Theory – How Water
1. Osmosis – Water moves from soil (high Moves in Xylem
water concentration) to root hairs (low water 1. Cohesion – Water molecules stick
concentration). together.
2. Active Transport – Minerals enter root 2. Adhesion – Water sticks to xylem walls.
cells using ATP. 3. Transpiration Pull – Water loss creates
3. Creates Root Pressure – Pushes water suction that pulls water upwards.
into the xylem for upward transport. 4. Root Pressure – Pushes water from

📌 NCERT Line:
roots.

"Root hairs provide a large surface area for 📌 NCERT Line:

water absorption." "The upward movement of water in xylem

📌 Figure: Diagram of Root Hair Absorption.

occurs due to transpiration pull."

📌 Figure: Diagram of Cohesion-Tension

Theory.

Q5. What are the factors affecting

transpiration?

📌
Answer: Q7. Explain how stomata help in
Factors Influencing Transpiration: transpiration and gas exchange.

📌
1. Temperature – Higher temperature Answer:
increases transpiration. Functions of Stomata:
2. Humidity – High humidity reduces 1. Transpiration – Controls water loss by
transpiration. opening and closing.
3. Wind Speed – Higher wind speed 2. Gas Exchange – Allows CO₂ entry for
increases transpiration. photosynthesis.
 📌 Differences Between Guttation &
📌 Mechanism of Stomatal Opening & Transpiration:
Closing:
- Open in light – Water enters guard cells, |
making them turgid.
- Close in darkness – Water leaves guard
cells, making them flaccid.

📌 NCERT Line: 📌 NCERT Line:

"Stomata regulate transpiration and gas "Guttation occurs through hydathodes when
exchange in plants." root pressure is high."

📌 Figure: Stomatal Opening & Closing 📌 Figure: Diagram of Guttation.

Diagram.

Q10. Why is transpiration called a

Q8. How are minerals transported in necessary evil?
plants?
📌
Answer:

📌
Answer: Advantages of Transpiration:
Mineral Transport in Plants: 1. Transpiration Pull – Helps in water
1. Absorbed by Root Hairs – Through active movement.
transport. 2. Cooling Effect – Prevents overheating.
2. Carried in Xylem – With water through 3. Nutrient Transport – Assists in mineral
transpiration pull. movement.
3. Distributed to Tissues – Used in
metabolism. 📌 Disadvantages of Transpiration:
📌 NCERT Line: 1. Water Loss – Leads to wilting.
2. Stomatal Closure – Reduces
"Plants absorb minerals actively and photosynthesis.
transport them through xylem."

📌 Figure: Diagram of Mineral Transport. 📌 NCERT Line:

"Transpiration is essential but also leads to
water loss, making it a necessary evil."

Q9. What is guttation, and how is it different

📌 Figure: Diagram of Transpiration
Process.
from transpiration?

📌
Answer: -
Guttation – Loss of Liquid Water
- Occurs at leaf edges due to root pressure
at night.
🔹 MCQs from Section 6.5.1: Excretion
in Human Beings
 a) Renal vein
1. What is excretion? b) Renal artery
a) Process of respiration c) Aorta
b) Removal of metabolic waste from the d) Pulmonary vein
body Answer: b) Renal artery
c) Breakdown of food
d) Circulation of blood 7. Which structure in the nephron collects
Answer: b) Removal of metabolic waste the filtered substances?
from the body a) Loop of Henle
b) Bowman’s capsule
2. Which organ is primarily responsible for c) Collecting duct
excretion in humans? d) Ureter
a) Lungs Answer: b) Bowman’s capsule
b) Kidneys
c) Liver 8. What is the function of the Loop of
d) Skin Henle?
Answer: b) Kidneys a) Ultrafiltration
b) Reabsorption of water and salts
3. What is the main excretory product in c) Collecting urine
humans? d) Secretion of bile
a) Ammonia Answer: b) Reabsorption of water and
b) Urea salts
c) Uric acid
d) Carbon dioxide 9. Which hormone regulates water balance
Answer: b) Urea in the kidneys?
a) Insulin
4. What is the structural and functional unit b) ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
of the kidney? c) Glucagon
a) Alveolus d) Thyroxine
b) Nephron Answer: b) ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
c) Glomerulus
d) Bowman’s capsule 10. What is the function of the renal vein?
Answer: b) Nephron a) Carries filtered blood away from the
kidneys
5. Where does ultrafiltration occur in the b) Brings oxygenated blood to the kidneys
nephron? c) Produces urea
a) Loop of Henle d) Stores urine
b) Glomerulus Answer: a) Carries filtered blood away
c) Collecting duct from the kidneys
d) Ureter
Answer: b) Glomerulus 11. Where is urine stored before excretion?
a) Kidney
6. Which blood vessel carries oxygenated b) Ureter
blood to the kidneys? c) Bladder
 d) Urethra 17. Which of the following is NOT a
Answer: c) Bladder function of the kidney?
a) Filtration of blood
12. What is the role of the ureter? b) Regulation of water balance
a) Carries urine from kidney to bladder c) Digestion of proteins
b) Filters blood d) Removal of metabolic waste
c) Produces urea Answer: c) Digestion of proteins
d) Reabsorbs water
Answer: a) Carries urine from kidney to 18. What happens when a person suffers
bladder from kidney failure?
a) Blood pressure increases
13. What is the final passage for urine to b) Urea accumulates in the blood
leave the body? c) Oxygen levels drop
a) Ureter d) Digestion stops
b) Bladder Answer: b) Urea accumulates in the blood
c) Urethra
d) Nephron 19. Which process in the nephron involves
Answer: c) Urethra the movement of useful substances back
into the blood?
14. Which nitrogenous waste is most toxic a) Filtration
to the body? b) Reabsorption
a) Urea c) Secretion
b) Ammonia d) Excretion
c) Uric acid Answer: b) Reabsorption
d) Creatinine
Answer: b) Ammonia 20. How does the liver help in excretion?
a) Removes carbon dioxide
15. Which organ removes carbon dioxide b) Converts ammonia into urea
from the body? c) Filters urea from blood
a) Kidneys d) Produces sweat
b) Lungs Answer: b) Converts ammonia into urea
c) Liver
d) Skin 21. Which component of urine is normally
Answer: b) Lungs found in the highest quantity?
a) Urea
16. What is dialysis used for? b) Water
a) Treating lung diseases c) Glucose
b) Filtering blood in case of kidney failure d) Salts
c) Removing excess bile Answer: b) Water
d) Producing urine
Answer: b) Filtering blood in case of 22. Why do people with kidney failure
kidney failure require dialysis?
a) To remove excess blood
b) To filter waste from blood
 c) To reduce body temperature 1. It prevents the accumulation of toxic
d) To store urine substances like urea and carbon dioxide.
Answer: b) To filter waste from blood 2. It helps maintain water and salt balance
in the body.
23. Which excretory product is least soluble
in water?
a) Urea
b) Ammonia Q2. What is the role of the kidneys in
c) Uric acid excretion?
d) Carbon dioxide Answer:
Answer: c) Uric acid The kidneys:
1. Filter waste products like urea, salts, and
24. What is the main function of the excess water from the blood.
excretory system? 2. Maintain fluid balance and regulate blood
a) Maintain body temperature pressure.
b) Remove metabolic wastes and balance
water
c) Control digestion
d) Pump blood Q3. Name the structural and functional unit
Answer: b) Remove metabolic wastes and of the kidney. What is its function?
balance water Answer:
The nephron is the structural and functional
25. What happens when ADH (Antidiuretic unit of the kidney. It:
Hormone) levels are low? 1. Filters blood to remove waste.
a) More urine is produced 2. Reabsorbs useful substances like water
b) Less urine is produced and glucose.
c) The blood becomes thicker
d) The kidneys stop filtering
Answer: a) More urine is produced
Q4. What is the function of the glomerulus
in the nephron?
Answer:
The glomerulus is a network of capillaries in
the nephron that:

🔹 Two-Mark Questions from Section

1. Performs ultrafiltration, removing waste
and excess substances from blood.
6.5.1: Excretion in Human Beings 2. Sends the filtrate into Bowman’s capsule
for further processing.
Q1. What is excretion, and why is it
important?
Answer:
Excretion is the process of removing Q5. What is dialysis, and when is it
metabolic waste from the body. It is needed?
important because: Answer:
Dialysis is a medical process that artificially 2. It helps in temperature regulation and
removes waste from the blood when the removal of waste.
kidneys fail. It is needed when:
1. Kidneys stop functioning properly, leading
to toxin buildup.
2. There is severe kidney disease or Q10. What happens if ADH (Antidiuretic
damage. Hormone) levels decrease?
Answer:
1. More urine is produced because the
kidneys reabsorb less water.
Q6. How is urea formed in the human 2. This can lead to dehydration and frequent
body? urination.
Answer:
1. Urea is formed in the liver as a
by-product of protein metabolism.
2. The liver converts toxic ammonia into

🔹 Five-Mark Questions from Section

urea, which is then excreted by the kidneys.

6.5.1: Excretion in Human Beings

Q7. What is the difference between ureter Q1. Explain the structure and function of
and urethra? the human excretory system with a labeled
Answer: diagram.

📌
Answer:
| Structure of the Human Excretory
System:
The excretory system consists of:
1. Kidneys – Filter blood and produce urine.
Q8. What is the function of the urinary 2. Ureters – Carry urine from kidneys to
bladder? bladder.
Answer: 3. Urinary Bladder – Stores urine
The urinary bladder: temporarily.
1. Stores urine until excretion. 4. Urethra – Releases urine outside the
2. Expels urine through the urethra when body.
full.
📌 Functions:
1. Filtration of blood to remove waste.
2. Regulation of water and salts in the body.
Q9. What role does the skin play in 3. Elimination of nitrogenous waste (urea).
excretion? 4. Maintenance of pH balance.
Answer:
1. The skin excretes sweat, which contains
water, salts, and small amounts of urea.
📌 NCERT Line:
"The human excretory system removes Q3. Describe the process of dialysis and
waste materials and helps maintain water when it is needed.

📌
balance." Answer:

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.16 – Structure of

What is Dialysis?
Dialysis is an artificial method to remove
the Human Excretory System. waste and excess water from the blood
when the kidneys fail.

📌 Types of Dialysis:
Q2. What is the structure of a nephron? 1. Hemodialysis – Blood is filtered using a
Describe its role in urine formation. machine.

📌
Answer: 2. Peritoneal Dialysis – Uses the body’s
Structure of a Nephron: peritoneal membrane to remove waste.

📌 When is Dialysis Needed?

A nephron consists of:
1. Glomerulus – Filters blood.
2. Bowman’s Capsule – Collects filtrate. 1. Kidney failure or chronic kidney disease.
3. Proximal Tubule – Reabsorbs nutrients 2. High levels of waste (urea, creatinine) in
and water. blood.
4. Loop of Henle – Maintains salt 3. Severe loss of kidney function.

📌 NCERT Line:
concentration.
5. Distal Tubule – Adjusts ion balance.
6. Collecting Duct – Transports urine to "Patients with kidney failure undergo
ureter. dialysis to remove waste products from the

📌 Steps in Urine Formation:

blood."

1. Ultrafiltration – Blood is filtered in the 📌 Figure: Diagram of Dialysis Machine.

glomerulus.
2. Reabsorption – Essential nutrients and
water are reabsorbed.
3. Secretion – Waste substances are added Q4. What is the role of the liver in
to filtrate. excretion?

📌
4. Excretion – Urine is collected in the Answer:
bladder. Functions of the Liver in Excretion:

📌 NCERT Line:
1. Converts ammonia into urea (less toxic).
2. Breaks down old red blood cells, forming
"Nephrons are the structural and functional bile pigments.
units of the kidney." 3. Detoxifies harmful substances like

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.17 – Structure of a

alcohol and drugs.
4. Helps in fat metabolism and waste
Nephron. elimination.

📌 NCERT Line:
"The liver plays a crucial role in converting
harmful substances into less toxic forms."
📌 Figure: Diagram of the Liver and its
3. Maintains blood pH.

Functions. 📌 NCERT Line:

"Urine helps in removing harmful
substances and maintaining body balance."

Q5. Explain the role of ADH (Antidiuretic 📌 Figure: Diagram of Urine Formation.
Hormone) in water balance.

📌
Answer:
Role of ADH:
1. Regulates water reabsorption in kidneys. Q7. Explain the role of the skin in excretion.

📌
2. Increases water retention when the body Answer:
is dehydrated. Functions of Skin in Excretion:
3. Prevents excessive urine production. 1. Sweat Glands – Excrete water, salts, and

📌 Effects of ADH Imbalance:

urea.
2. Regulates body temperature through
1. Low ADH → Excessive urine output sweating.
(Diabetes insipidus). 3. Removes small amounts of toxins from
2. High ADH → Reduced urine output, the body.

📌 NCERT Line:
water retention.

📌 NCERT Line: "The skin helps in excretion by removing

"ADH controls the amount of water salts and water through sweat."

📌 Figure: Diagram of Sweat Glands.

reabsorbed by the kidneys."

📌 Figure: Diagram of ADH Action in

Kidneys.

Q8. How does the urinary system maintain

blood pressure?

📌
Q6. What is the composition of urine? How Answer:
does it help in maintaining homeostasis? Regulation of Blood Pressure by

📌
Answer: Kidneys:
Composition of Urine: 1. Controls blood volume by regulating
1. Water (95%) – Helps remove waste. water levels.
2. Urea (2.5%) – Eliminates nitrogenous 2. Releases renin enzyme, which helps in
waste. vasoconstriction.
3. Salts (2%) – Sodium, potassium, calcium. 3. Balances salt concentration, which
4. Other Wastes (0.5%) – Toxins, hormones, affects blood pressure.

📌 NCERT Line:
and drugs.

📌 Role in Homeostasis: "The kidneys play a vital role in controlling

1. Regulates water and ion balance. blood pressure by adjusting fluid levels."
2. Removes toxic waste.
📌 Figure: Diagram of Kidney Function in 🔹 MCQs from Section 6.5.2: Excretion
BP Regulation. in Plants

1. How do plants primarily remove gaseous

waste?
Q9. What is the difference between a) Through roots
excretion and egestion? b) Through leaves via stomata
Answer: c) Through flowers
d) Through fruits
Answer: b) Through leaves via stomata

2. Which of the following is NOT an

📌 NCERT Line:
excretory product of plants?
a) Oxygen
"Excretion is different from egestion, as it b) Urea
removes metabolic waste rather than c) Carbon dioxide
undigested food." d) Water vapor

📌 Figure: Comparison Table of Excretion

Answer: b) Urea

vs. Egestion. 3. What is the main waste product of

photosynthesis?
a) Carbon dioxide
b) Oxygen
Q10. How do the lungs help in excretion? c) Nitrogen

📌
Answer: d) Ammonia
Role of Lungs in Excretion: Answer: b) Oxygen
1. Exhale carbon dioxide, a waste product
of respiration. 4. How do plants excrete excess water?
2. Remove water vapor, helping in fluid a) Through xylem
balance. b) Through phloem
3. Maintain pH balance by regulating CO₂ c) By transpiration via stomata
levels. d) By absorbing it in roots

📌 NCERT Line:
Answer: c) By transpiration via stomata

"The lungs remove carbon dioxide and 5. What is guttation?

water vapor, which are by-products of a) Loss of water in vapor form
cellular respiration." b) Loss of water in liquid form

📌 Figure: Diagram of Gas Exchange in

c) Loss of carbon dioxide
d) Loss of oxygen
Lungs. Answer: b) Loss of water in liquid form

6. Through which structure does guttation

occur?
a) Stomata
 b) Lenticels b) Bark and leaves
c) Hydathodes c) Fruits
d) Phloem d) Seeds
Answer: c) Hydathodes Answer: b) Bark and leaves

7. How do plants get rid of excess salts? 12. Which waste product is responsible for
a) Through transpiration the bitter taste of some plant leaves?
b) By storing them in leaves and shedding a) Oxygen
them b) Tannins
c) By converting them into oxygen c) Ammonia
d) By sending them to flowers d) Salts
Answer: b) By storing them in leaves and Answer: b) Tannins
shedding them
13. How do desert plants conserve water
8. Which plant excretes waste in the form while excreting waste?
of resins and gums? a) By storing waste in large leaves
a) Mango b) By converting nitrogenous waste into
b) Neem crystals
c) Pine c) By excreting liquid waste
d) Cactus d) By absorbing waste back into roots
Answer: c) Pine Answer: b) By converting nitrogenous
waste into crystals
9. What is the purpose of resins and gums
in plants? 14. Why do some plants store waste in
a) To store food vacuoles?
b) To excrete waste and protect from a) To reuse them for photosynthesis
injury b) To avoid toxicity and prevent cell
c) To absorb water damage
d) To help in transpiration c) To increase transpiration
Answer: b) To excrete waste and protect d) To attract pollinators
from injury Answer: b) To avoid toxicity and prevent
cell damage
10. What is the role of lenticels in plants?
a) Excretion of solid waste 15. Which plant excretes latex as a waste
b) Exchange of gases and removal of product?
excess gases a) Pine
c) Absorption of minerals b) Rubber tree
d) Transport of nutrients c) Rose
Answer: b) Exchange of gases and d) Sunflower
removal of excess gases Answer: b) Rubber tree

11. In which part of the plant are tannins 16. What is the function of alkaloids in
stored? plants?
a) Roots a) To store carbohydrates
 b) To protect against herbivores and c) Latex
pathogens d) Oxygen
c) To enhance photosynthesis Answer: b) Tannins
d) To attract insects for pollination
Answer: b) To protect against herbivores 22. How do plants remove excess oxygen?
and pathogens a) Through transpiration
b) Through stomata by diffusion
17. Which of the following is an example of c) Through roots
an alkaloid? d) By converting it into carbon dioxide
a) Oxygen Answer: b) Through stomata by diffusion
b) Caffeine
c) Water 23. How do plants remove nitrogenous
d) Glucose waste?
Answer: b) Caffeine a) By converting it into proteins
b) By storing it in vacuoles
18. How do aquatic plants remove waste? c) By releasing it through leaves
a) By storing them in flowers d) By converting it into crystals
b) By releasing them into surrounding Answer: d) By converting it into crystals
water
c) By converting them into gas 24. Why do some plants excrete oil?
d) By storing them in fruits a) To store energy
Answer: b) By releasing them into b) To attract pollinators and protect from
surrounding water pests
c) To increase transpiration
19. What is the excretory waste of plants d) To remove excess oxygen
that is used in medicine? Answer: b) To attract pollinators and
a) Oxygen protect from pests
b) Alkaloids
c) Water 25. What is the role of anthocyanins in
d) Carbon dioxide plant excretion?
Answer: b) Alkaloids a) Give color to flowers and protect from
UV rays
20. What happens to the waste products b) Help in transpiration
stored in old xylem tissues? c) Transport food
a) They dissolve in water d) Store water
b) They harden and form wood Answer: a) Give color to flowers and
c) They move to the leaves protect from UV rays
d) They are used for photosynthesis
Answer: b) They harden and form wood

21. What is the excretory waste stored in

mango leaves?
a) Alkaloids
b) Tannins
 🔹 Two-Mark Questions from Section
6.5.2: Excretion in Plants
Q5. How do desert plants excrete
Q1. What is excretion in plants? nitrogenous waste?
Answer: Answer:
Excretion in plants is the process of Desert plants convert nitrogenous waste
removing waste materials produced during into crystals and store them in vacuoles to
metabolic activities, such as oxygen, carbon avoid water loss and toxicity.
dioxide, excess water, resins, and alkaloids.

Q6. What are alkaloids? Give one example.

Q2. How do plants remove gaseous waste? Answer:
Answer: Alkaloids are toxic, nitrogen-containing
Plants remove gaseous waste through: compounds produced by plants to protect
1. Stomata (on leaves) – Oxygen (O₂) from against herbivores.
photosynthesis and carbon dioxide (CO₂) Example: Caffeine (found in tea and coffee
from respiration are released. plants).
2. Lenticels (on stems) – Help in the
exchange of gases.

Q7. What is the role of resins and gums in

plant excretion?
Q3. What is transpiration, and how does it Answer:
help in excretion? Resins and gums are waste products stored
Answer: in plant tissues. They help by:
Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from 1. Sealing wounds to prevent infection.
plants through stomata. It helps in excretion 2. Protecting the plant from pests and
by: pathogens.
1. Removing excess water from the plant.
2. Cooling the plant and maintaining water
balance.
Q8. What are tannins, and where are they
stored in plants?
Answer:
Q4. What is guttation? How is it different Tannins are bitter chemical compounds
from transpiration? stored in bark and leaves to:
Answer: 1. Protect plants from herbivores.
Guttation is the loss of water in liquid form 2. Help in wound healing.
through hydathodes in leaves, usually at
night.
- Difference: Guttation occurs in liquid form,
while transpiration occurs in vapor form. Q9. How do aquatic plants excrete waste?
Answer:
Aquatic plants excrete waste by: - Resins & Gums (stored in old xylem).
1. Releasing oxygen and carbon dioxide - Latex (e.g., rubber tree).

📌 4. Removal of Toxic Salts

directly into the water.
2. Removing excess salts through diffusion.
- Stored in leaves and removed when
leaves fall.

Q10. Why do some plants excrete oils and 📌 5. Excretion into the Environment
latex? - Aquatic plants release waste directly into
Answer: the surrounding water.

📌 NCERT Line:
Some plants excrete oils and latex to:
1. Repel herbivores and insects.
2. Heal wounds and protect against "Plants use different strategies for excreting
pathogens. the waste materials produced during their
life processes."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.18 – Different

Excretion Methods in Plants.

🔹 Five-Mark Questions from Section

6.5.2: Excretion in Plants Q2. What is transpiration? Describe its
significance in plant excretion.

📌
Q1. Explain the different methods by which Answer:
plants remove waste products. Definition:
Answer: Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from
Plants remove waste through the following the leaves of plants through stomata.

📌 Significance in Excretion:
methods:

📌 1. Gaseous Waste Removal 1. Removes excess water from the plant.

- Stomata (Leaves) – Oxygen from 2. Maintains the temperature of the plant.
photosynthesis and CO₂ from respiration are 3. Creates transpiration pull, helping in the
released. upward movement of water.
- Lenticels (Stems) – Help in the exchange 4. Aids in mineral transport from roots to
of gases. leaves.

📌 2. Excretion of Excess Water 📌 NCERT Line:

- Transpiration – Loss of water vapor "Transpiration helps in the upward
through stomata. movement of water and in the removal of
- Guttation – Loss of water in liquid form excess water."

📌 Figure: NCERT Fig 6.19 – Process of

through hydathodes at night.

📌 3. Storage of Wastes in Plant Parts Transpiration.

- Tannins (stored in bark and leaves).
 "Plants store waste in different parts like
leaves, bark, and old xylem tissues."

📌 Figure: Diagram of Waste Storage in

Q3. What is guttation? How is it different
from transpiration?

📌
Answer: Plants.
Definition:
Guttation is the process by which plants
lose water in liquid form through special
openings called hydathodes, usually at night Q5. How do aquatic plants excrete waste?

📌
or early morning. Answer:

📌 Difference Between Guttation and

Excretion in Aquatic Plants:
1. Direct Diffusion into Water – Oxygen,
Transpiration: carbon dioxide, and other wastes are
released into the surrounding water.
2. No Need for Water Conservation – Unlike
terrestrial plants, aquatic plants do not
require transpiration for cooling.
3. Salt Balance Regulation – Excess salts
📌 NCERT Line: are released through root cells.
4. Use of Specialized Cells – Some aquatic
"Guttation is the loss of water in liquid form
plants use aerenchyma (air-filled spaces) to
through hydathodes."
regulate gas exchange.
📌 Figure: Diagram of Guttation Process. 📌 NCERT Line:
"Aquatic plants remove waste by diffusion
directly into water."
Q4. Explain how plants excrete solid and
toxic waste products.
📌 Figure: Diagram of Waste Removal in
Aquatic Plants.
📌
Answer:
Methods of Excreting Solid & Toxic
Waste in Plants:
1. Storage in Dead Tissues – Wastes like
Q6. What are resins and gums? How do
resins, tannins, and gums are stored in old
they help in plant excretion?
xylem.

📌
Answer:
2. Leaf Shedding – Toxic substances are
Definition:
stored in leaves, which fall off during
Resins and gums are sticky substances
autumn.
produced by plants to excrete metabolic
3. Deposition in Bark – Some wastes
waste.
accumulate in bark, which later peels off.
4. Crystallization – Some plants form
calcium oxalate crystals to store waste.
📌 Functions:
1. Help in wound healing by covering
📌 NCERT Line: damaged areas.
2. Prevent microbial infections in injured
parts.
3. Protect against herbivores by forming a Q8. How do plants get rid of excess salts?

📌
bitter layer. Answer:
4. Act as a waste storage method in old Methods of Salt Removal in Plants:
xylem tissues. 1. Stored in Vacuoles – Excess salts are

📌 NCERT Line:
stored in plant cells to prevent toxicity.
2. Leaf Shedding – Some plants store salts
"Resins and gums are excretory products in leaves, which are later shed.
stored in old xylem tissues." 3. Salt Glands in Halophytes – Plants in

📌 Figure: Diagram of Resin Production in

saline environments excrete salt through
specialized glands.

📌 NCERT Line:
Pine Trees.

"Halophytes excrete excess salt through

special glands."

📌 Figure: Diagram of Salt Glands in

Q7. What are alkaloids? Give examples of
their role in plant excretion.

📌
Answer: Halophytes.
Definition:
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing
compounds that serve as excretory waste in
plants and also function as chemical Q9. Explain the role of the vacuole in plant
defenses. excretion.

📌 Functions: 📌
Answer:
Role of Vacuole in Excretion:
1. Protection from herbivores (e.g., nicotine 1. Stores toxic waste to keep the cytoplasm
in tobacco). safe.
2. Used in medicine (e.g., quinine from 2. Maintains cell turgor pressure by
cinchona for malaria). regulating water balance.
3. Acts as a metabolic waste product that 3. Holds pigments and alkaloids that act as
cannot be reused. chemical defenses.

📌 Examples:
4. Stores excess salts and minerals before
excretion.

📌 NCERT Line:
- Caffeine – Found in coffee plants.
- Morphine – From opium poppy.

📌 NCERT Line:
"The vacuole helps in waste storage and
maintaining water balance in plant cells."

📌 Figure: Diagram of Vacuole Functions.

"Alkaloids are waste products that also help
plants defend against herbivores."

📌 Figure: Diagram of Alkaloid Storage in

Plants.
 Q10. How do desert plants conserve water
while excreting waste?

📌
Answer:
Adaptations of Desert Plants for
Excretion:
1. Convert waste into crystals – Avoids
water loss (e.g., calcium oxalate).
2. Store waste in leaves – Shed leaves to
remove toxic substances.
3. Reduce transpiration – Thick cuticles and
fewer stomata prevent water loss.

📌 NCERT Line:
"Desert plants store waste in vacuoles and
convert them into less toxic forms."

📌 Figure: Diagram of Desert Plant

Adaptations.