Introduction to computing

introduction
• The term 'Internet' is derived from two words
—interconnection and networks.
• Also referred to as 'the Net',
• Internet is a worldwide system of computer
networks, that is, a network of networks,
which allows the participants (users) to share
information.
 Introduction
• It consists of thousands of separately
administered networks of various sizes and
types.

• Each of these networks comprises tens of

thousands of computers.
 evolution
• The foundation of Internet was laid in 1969 by
the Department of Defense (DOD) of United
States of America. They wanted to create a
computer network that could continue to
function in the event of a disaster such as a
nuclear war
• That network was known as ARPANET (Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network), which linked
US scientific and academic researchers.
• It was the forerunner of today's Internet.
 BASIC INTERNET TERMS

• World Wide Web (WWW)

• The World Wide Web (abbreviated as the Web
or WWW) is a collection of linked documents
or pages, stored on millions of computers and
distributed across the world.
 BASIC INTERNET TERMS

• Website
• A website is a set of related web pages (linked
through hypertext links), published by an
organization or an individual.

• Uniform Resource Locator

• Each web page has a unique address, called a
URL that identifies its location on the Internet.
 BASIC INTERNET TERMS

• Internet Service Provider

• An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an
organization that connects its subscribers'
computer using modem to the Internet.
 GETTING CONNECTED TO INTERNET
(What you would need)
• The Computer
• Modem
• A modem (i.e. modulator-demodulator) is a
hardware, which converts digital data into
analog signals (i.e. modulation) that can be
sent over an analog telephone line and
convert the analog signal back into digital data
(i.e. demodulation).
 GETTING CONNECTED TO INTERNET
(What you would need)
• Internet Connection
– Dial-up
– A dial-up connection is the access method that
uses telephone lines to connect to the Internet.
 GETTING CONNECTED TO INTERNET
(What you would need)
• Internet Connection
– ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network )
– ISDN involves the digitization of telephone
network so that voice, graphics, text and other
data can be provided to users from a single
terminal over existing telephone wiring.
GETTING CONNECTED TO INTERNET
(What you would need)
– Cable Modem
– A cable modem connects the user to the Internet
through a cable television line.

– DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

– provided through an existing phone line, but it
works differently than regular analog modem dial-
up access. DSL operates over normal telephone
lines and it can be used simultaneously with the
telephone.
 GETTING CONNECTED TO INTERNET
(What you would need)
• Broadband
• (No universally agreed definition of broadband)
• Broadband means “fast” fast internet access
• Also means faster than what l had yesterday
• How to measure speed?
• Throughput = bandwidth
• How many 1s and 0s I can send in one second
• This type of access is good for remote locations,
where ISDN, cable or DSL are not available.
 Internet Software

• To connect to the Internet, a computer requires mainly

three different kinds of software.

• TCP/IP
– is the basic communication protocol of the Internet
• Dialer Software
– This software is provided by the ISP to instruct the modem to
dial the phone number and to identify the user's machine to the
access provider's system for access to the network

• Browser
– allows the user to view the information available on the World
Wide Web
 INTERNET APPLICATIONS

• Electronic Mail
– Electronic mail (e-mail) is a fast, easy and inexpensive
way of communicating with other Internet users
around the world
• File Transfer Protocol
– The file transfer protocol FTP is a set of rules that
enables a user to transfer files from one system to
another
• Telnet
– The term 'telnet' is derived from 'telecommunications
and network' and is a protocol that allows a user to
log on to a remote computer
 INTERNET APPLICATIONS

• Chatting and Instant Messaging

– Chat programs allow users on the Internet to communicate
with each other by typing in real time. They are sometimes
included as a feature of a website, where the users can log
into chat rooms to exchange comments and information
about the topics addressed on the site
• Video Conferencing
– Video conferencing uses the same technology as IRC, but
also provides sound and video pictures
• Commerce through Internet
– Today, business is taking place through electronic
telecommunication media. Nowadays, various
organizations offer the facility of shopping online.
 Services Summary
• Communication (e-mail, chat, telephony, video
communication, social media)
• Commerce (buy
• Entertainment (music,games, videos on demand, Live
TV)
• File sharing (FTP): download and upload
• Navigation (in conjunction with GPS)
• Publishing (Books, journals, newspapers, magazines,
movies)
• Research and learning
• Searching for information
 ELECTRONIC MAIL: AN
INTRODUCTION
• Electronic mail can be defined as the process
of exchanging messages electronically, via a
communications network, using the computer.
• To use e-mail, one must have access to the
Internet and an e-mail account. An e-mail
account is a service that allows the user to
send and receive e- mails through the
Internet.
 ELECTRONIC MAIL: AN
INTRODUCTION
• Generally, there are two parts of an e-mail
address: the logon identity and the identity of
the e-mail server. These are separated by the
symbol @
 How E-mail Works

• To send e-mail, one needs a connection to the

Internet and access to a mail server, which
forwards the mail.
• The standard protocol used for sending e- mail
is called SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).
• It works in conjunction with POP (Post Office
Protocol) and IMAP (Internet Mail Access
Protocol) servers.
 How E-mail Works

• When an e-mail is sent to a person, who has

an e-mail address like
[email protected], it is broken
down into two parts: someonelse (the
recipient's account name) and
theirdomain.com (the recipient's domain
name)
• (sender, subject, cc, bcc, reply, reply to all,
archive)
 Advantages & Disadvantages
• Cheap • Knowledge of how to
• Send and receive from use
anywhere • Not secure for sending
• Its fast confidential documents
• Keep record of • Information overload
communication • Spam
• Send with attachments • Misunderstanding
because its less
personal
• Spread viruses
 Email Etiquette
• principles of behaviour that one should use
when writing or answering email messages
– Clear subject
– Reply to e-mails that you receive
– Proofread messages
– Do not shout (Writing in capital letters)
 Netiquette

• Communicating online, whether by e-mail, chat rooms

or message boards, is informal, quick and easy.
However, there are certain unsaid rules that one
should follow.
– Never do anything online that you would not do in real
life(Be yourself)
– Good discussion should always be welcomed, but do not
waste other's time with useless queries
– Do not use all upper case letters because using all caps
equates to yelling
– Respect other people's privacy and copyrights
– When someone makes a mistake, whether it is a spelling
error, an unnecessarily long answer, be kind about it
 Some useful websites
• https://libgen.is/
• www.bookboon.com
• www.coursera.org
• www.ebay.co.uk
• www.amazon.com
 SEARCHING THE WEB

• The Internet provides access to a wealth of

information on countless topics contributed
by people throughout the world.
• A search engine searches a database of
Internet files collected by a computer program
called a wanderer, crawler or spider
 SEARCHING THE WEB

• A search Engine allows the user to enter

keywords relating to particular topics and
retrieve information about the Internet sites
containing those keywords.
Components of a Search Engine
– Spider: Program that traverses the Web from link
to link, identifying and reading pages.
– Indexing Software: Program that analyses web
pages that are downloaded by spiders.
– Database: Warehouse of the web pages
downloaded and processed.
– Search Engine Mechanism: Software that enables
the users to query the index and that usually
returns results in relevancy ranked order.
 DATA OVER INTERNET

• The data, in terms of Internet, primarily

comprises the hypertext documents containing
links that connects to other documents or files.
• These documents may even include animations
and multimedia components.
• Depending upon how information is displayed in
the browser, the displayed data can be classified
into two categories
– static component and
– dynamic component.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of the
Internet
• Abundant information • Internet Addiction
• Affordable Disorder
communication • Cyber crime
platform • Social alienation
• Variety of online • False information
services (commerce, e- • unproductivity
learning….
 INTERNET AND VIRUSES

• Virus (stands for Vital Information Resources

Under Seize) is a program or small code of
segment, which is written with a malicious
intent.
• It has the capability to attach itself to existing
programs or files and infect them as well as
replicate itself without the user's knowledge
or permission.
 INTERNET AND VIRUSES

• There are many kinds of viruses. The level of

destructiveness of viruses varies widely. Some
viruses display pictures or messages on the
screen periodically. Others erase or destroy
programs and data.
– Boot Sector Virus
– File Infecting Virus
– Stealth Virus
– Polymorphic Virus
– Trojan horse
 Ill-effects of Viruses

• Corrupting the data

• Increasing the file size
• Formatting the hard disk
• Slowing down the system
• Manipulating the directory contents
• Renaming all files with different names
REMEDY
• Using Antivirus Software