Lesson 03
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dreamyLesson 03
Uploaded by
dreamyLesson 03
Network Media
W.C.Deshapriya
Introduction
● Proper selection of cabling is key to efficient network operation.
● Copper cable is used in almost every LAN
● Optical fiber is the most frequently used medium for the longer,
high bandwidth, point-to-point transmissions required on LAN
backbones and on WANs.
Copper Media
● Coaxial Cable
● Longer distance
● Coaxial cable more expensive to install
Advantages of Coaxial Cables
• Excellent noise protection
• Signals can travel longer distances at higher speeds,
e.g. 1 to 2 Gbps for 1 Km cable
• Can be used for both analog and digital signals
• Inexpensive as compared to fiber optic cables
• Easy to install and maintain
Twisted pair cable
• when two or more wires are lying together, they can interfere with
each other’s signals.
• To reduce this electromagnetic interference, pair of copper wires are
twisted together in helical shape like a DNA molecule.
• Such twisted copper wires are called twisted pair.
• There are two type of cable as STP and UTP.
Shielded twisted-pair cable (STP)
Unshielded twisted-pair cable (UTP)
● Easy to install and less expensive
● Type of connection: Straight through, Crossover, Rollover
Unshielded twisted-pair cable (UTP)
● Commonly used types of UTP cabling are as follows:
• Category 1—Used for telephone communications (2 cables)
• Category 2—Capable of transmitting data at speeds up to 4
megabits per second (Mbps).
• Category 3—Used in 10BASE-T networks. ...
• Category 4—Used in Token Ring networks. ...
• Category 5—Can transmit data at speeds up to 100 Mbps.
• Category 6—Can transmit data at speeds up to 1000 Mbps.
Cable connecting method
Crossover Rollover
Straight through
Ethernet Media
● Straight-through
● Switch to router
● Switch to PC or server
● Hub to PC or server
● Crossover
● Switch to switch
● Switch to hub
● Hub to hub
● Router to router
● PC to PC
● Router to PC
● Rollover
● A terminal and a console port
Cable connecting method
Optical Media
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_kA8EpCUQo
Optical Media
● Every fiber-optic cable used for networking consists of two
fibers encased in separate sheaths.
● One fiber carries transmitted data from device A to device B.
● The second fiber carries data from device B to device A.
● This provides a full-duplex communication link.
Optical Media
● Subscriber Connector (SC
connector) - Multimode fiber
● Straight Tip (ST) connector -
Single-mode fiber
● Connectors are attached to the fiber ends so that the
fibers can be connected to the ports on the transmitter
and receiver.
Cable Testing
● All media require testing to determine the quality.
● Attenuation (signal deterioration) and noise (signal interference)
cause problems in networks because the data is not recognizable
when it is received.
● Proper attachment of cable connectors and proper cable installation
are important.
● Cable Testing Standard
● Wire map
● Return loss
● Propagation delay
● Cable length
● Delay skew
Media Types Symbol
Ethernet cabling
Ethernet cabling standard
LAN Physical Layer Implementation
Ethernet< fast Ethernet< Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet Media
● Ethernet is the most widely used LAN technology.
● An Ethernet speed of 10 Mbps can be used at the user level to provide
good performance.
● Fast Ethernet can be used to connect enterprise servers.
Ethernet Media
Ethernet Media
Ethernet Media
Wireless Media
● A wireless network may consist of as two devices:
● Access Point
● Wireless NIC
Wireless Media
● Access Point
● Central hub for WLAN
● Equipped with antennae and provide
wireless connectivity over a specified
area referred to as a cell.
● The maximum range will be 150 feet
(45 metres) indoors and 300 feet (91
metres) in open areas
Wireless Media
● Wireless NIC
• Wireless network NIC cards consist of a
small antenna integrated onto the card,
Wireless Media
● Wireless Connectivity
● When a client is activated within the WLAN, it will start "listening"
for a compatible device with which to "associate".
● A probe request is sent from the wireless node seeking to join the
network.
● The probe request will contain the Service Set Identifier (SSID) of
the network it wishes to join.
● When an AP with the same SSID is found, the AP will issue a probe
response.
● The authentication and association steps are completed.
Wireless Media
● Authentication Process
● Open System
● The SSID must match.
● Shared Key
● Requires the use of Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
Protocol
● Nodes attempting to access the network through the
AP must have a matching key.
Wireless networks
● Wireless networks use radio Frequency (RF), laser, infrared
(IR), satellite or microwaves to carry signals from one
computer to another without a permanent cable connection.
● A wireless network can be created with much less cabling than
other networks.
● In LAN design, no more than four repeaters can be used between
hosts on a LAN. This rule is used to limit latency added to frame travel
by each.
● Hub use to changes the network topology from a linear bus, where
each device plugs directly into the wire, to a star.
● Bridge break up a large LAN into smaller, more easily managed
segments.
● Switch alleviates congestion in Ethernet LANs by reducing the traffic
and increasing the bandwidth.
Peer-To-Peer
● Networked computers act as equal partners, or peers. As peers,
each computer can take on the client function or the server
function.
Client/Server
● Network services are located on a dedicated computer called a
server. The server responds to the requests of clients.
● The server is a central computer that is continuously available to
respond to requests from clients
WAN Physical Layer
WAN Serial Connection
Cabling the WAN
● Routers are responsible for routing data packets from source to
destination within the LAN, and for providing connectivity to the
WAN.
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