STATISTICS and

PROBABILITY 11
3rd Quarter
Week 6

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Division of Surigao del Sur
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 Competencies:
1. Finds the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean.
2. Defines the sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal
population when the variance is: (a) known; (b) unknown

Objectives: At the end of the week, you shall have

a. listed all possible samples of size 𝑛 drawn from population;
b. computed the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of
means; and
c. reflected the importance of the lesson in real life.

Learner’s Tasks

Lesson Overview
In the previous week, you learned that gathering data for research from
a large group of population does not only involve a great deal of time but is
costly and impractical as well. To avoid these, researchers resort to sampling
techniques.
There are different sets of possible samples that can be drawn from a
population. This week, you will learn a kind of distribution, the sampling
distribution of the mean. Sampling distribution of the mean shows all possible
samples in a given population, together with their mean. You will describe the
distribution of the sample mean by computing its mean and variance.
Let us start by recalling some definition and formula we will use in this
learning activity sheet.

Definition of Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

Sampling distribution of the sample means is a frequency distribution using

the computed sample mean from all the possible random samples of a particular
sample size taken from the given population.

Sampling distribution of the means describes the probability of the mean of all
sets of samples with the same sample size n. One random sample of size n maybe
used to conclude for the population.

Finding the Mean of the Sampling Distribution of the Means

To find the mean μ𝑥 of the sampling distribution of the means, use the
following formula:

Σx̄
μ𝑥 = 𝑛
where x̄ is the sample mean
𝑛 is the total number of observations

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 Finding the Variance of the Sampling Distribution of the Means
The variance of the sampling distribution of the mean is given by
2
= Σ ( x̄− 𝜇)
σ2 x̄
𝑛

where x̄ is the sample mean

𝜇 is the population mean
𝑛 is the total number of observations or possible samples

Now, let us learn to describe the sampling distribution of the sample mean by
computing its mean and variance.

Example 1: (with replacement)

Consider the population consisting of the values 2,5,7, and 8.

a. Compute the population mean and variance.

b. List all the possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn from the population.
c. Find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the mean.
d. Compare the population mean and the mean of the sampling distribution of the
mean.
e. Compare the variance of the sampling distribution of means and the population
variance.

Solution:
a. To find the population mean, just find the sum of all four values 2, 5, 7, 8 and divide
Σx
the sum by the population size 𝑁 = 4. Use the formula μ = . 𝑁
To find the population variance, find the sum of the squared deviations of each
value from the population mean 𝜇 = 5.5, then divide the sum of the squared
2
= Σ ( 𝑥− μ) .
deviations by the population size 4. Use the formula σ2
𝑁
To find the population standard deviation, extract the square root of the
Σ ( 𝑥− μ)2
population variance that is, σ = √ 𝑁
.

The computations are shown on the table below.

Observation x x-μ (x − μ)
2

1 2 -3.5 12.25
2 5 -0.5 0.25
3 7 1.5 2.25
4 8 2.5 6.25
Σx 22 2
μ= 𝑁 = = Σ ( 𝑥− μ)
4 σ2
𝑁
= 5.5 = 21 = 5.25
4

2
 Σx 22
Population Mean = μ = = = 5.5
𝑁 4

2
Population Variance σ2 = Σ ( 𝑥− μ) = 21 = 5.25
𝑁 4

Σ ( 𝑥− μ)2
Population Standard Deviation = σ = √ 𝑁
= 2.29

b. All possible samples of size 2 which can be drawn with replacement from the
given population are listed in the second column of the table below.

Observation Sample x̄ x̄ - μ (x̄ − μ)2

1 (2,2) 2.0 -3.5 12.25
2 (2,5) 3.5 -2 4
3 (2,7) 4.5 -1 1
4 (2,8) 5.0 -0.5 0.25
5 (5,2) 3.5 -2 4
6 (5,5) 5.0 -0.5 0.25
7 (5,7) 6.0 0.5 0.25
8 (5,8) 6.5 1 1
9 (7,2) 4.5 -1 1
10 (7,5) 6.0 0.5 0.25
11 (7,7) 7.0 1.5 2.25
12 (7,8) 7.5 2 4
13 (8,2) 5.0 -0.5 0.25
14 (8,5) 6.5 1 1.00
15 (8,7) 7.5 2 4.00
16 (8,8) 8.0 2.5 6.25
2
= Σ ( x̄− μ)
Σx̄ 88
σ2 x̄
𝑛
μx̄ = 𝑛
=
16
= 5.5 = 42 =
2.625
16

Steps in accomplishing the table above.

1. The first column are the number of observations from a sample of size 2, which is
n = 16.
2. The second column are all possible samples of size 2 taken from the population with
replacement.
3. To find the values in the third column, add the values in the second column and
divide it by 2.
4. To find μx̄ , add the values in the third column and divide it by the number of
samples of size 2 which is 16.
5. To find x̄ - μ in the fourth column, subtract μ from each value of x̄ in the third
column.
2
6. To find , (x̄ − μ) in the fifth column, square each value of x̄ − μ.
7. To compute for the variance σ2 x̄ , add the values of (x̄ − μ)2 and divide it by the
number of samples of size 2.

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 Σx̄ 88
c. The mean of the sampling distribution of means is μx̄ = = = 5.5
𝑛 16

2
= Σ ( x̄− μ) = 42 =
The variance of the sampling distribution of means is σ2 x̄ 2.625
𝑛 16

Σ ( x̄ − μ)2
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is σx̄ = √
𝑛
=
√2.6252 = 1.62

d. The population mean is equal to the mean of the sampling distribution of means.

μ = μx̄ = 5.5

e. The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the population

variance divided by the size n of the samples, that is,
2
= σ = 5,25
σ2 x̄ = 2.625
2 2

Take Note

For normal population with known variance, the sampling distribution of

the sample means are normally distributed for any sample size.

If the population variance is unknown, samples of size n can still be drawn

from the population, and the mean of the sampling distribution of the means
can still be determined. The population mean can then be estimated and it will
be equal to the mean of the sampling distribution of means.

This will be discussed further in the next lesson.

Example 2: Without Replacement

A population consists of three number (2, 4, 6). Consider all possible samples of size 2
which can be drawn without replacement from the population.

a. Compute the population mean and variance.

b. List all the possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn from the population.
c. Find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the mean.
d. Compare the population mean and the mean of the sampling distribution of the
mean.

4
Solution:

a. The population mean and variance are computed below

Observation x x-μ (x − μ)
2

1 2 -2 4
2 4 0 0
3 6 2 4
Σx 12 2
μ= 𝑁 = = Σ ( 𝑥− μ)
3 σ2
𝑁
= 4 8
= = 2.67
3

Σx 12
Population Mean = μ = = = 4
𝑁 3

2
Population Variance σ2 = Σ ( 𝑥− μ) = =
8
= 2.67
𝑁 3

Σ ( 𝑥− μ)2
Population Standard Deviation = σ = √ 𝑁
= 1.63

b. List all the possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn from the population

All possible samples of size 2 which can be drawn without replacement from the
given population are listed in the second column of the table below. To find the
number of samples of size n use the formula NCn , where N is the population size and
n is the sample size.

Observation Sample x̄ x̄ - μ (x̄ − μ)2

1 (2,4) 3 -1 1
2 (2,6) 4 0 0
3 (4,6) 5 1 1
2
= Σ ( x̄ − μ)
Σx̄ 12
σ2 x̄
𝑛
μx̄ = 𝑛
=
3
=2 =
0.67
=4 3

Σx̄ 12
c. The mean of the sampling distribution of means is μx̄ = = = 4.
𝑛 3

2
= Σ ( x̄− μ) =2 =
The variance of the sampling distribution of means is σ2 x̄ 0.67.
𝑛 3

Σ ( x̄ − μ)2
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is σx̄ = √
𝑛
=
√0.67 = 0.82

d. The population mean is equal to the mean of the sampling distribution of means.

μ = μx̄ = 4

5
Answer the following activities. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.

Activity 1. Consider the population consisting of the values 2, 3, and 5. List all
possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn from a population

a. with replacement.

b. without replacement

Activity 2. Consider a population of four values (3, 4, 8, and 9).

a. Compute the population mean and variance
b. List all the possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn from the population
(with replacement)
c. Find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the mean.
d. Compare the population mean and the mean of the sampling distribution
of the mean.
e. Compare the variance of the sampling distribution of means and the
population variance.

Activity 3. Answer the following:

Give 3 real life situations where sampling is illustrated.

Formative Test

Let us see how far you have learned about our lesson. Consider the problem below
and answer the questions that follow. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

For items 1 – 3. Consider a population consisting of five measurements 2, 3, 6, 5, and 7

of sample size 2 without replacement.

1. What is the mean of the population?

A. 3.44 B. 4.60 C. 4.92 D. 5.20

2. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means?

A. 3.44 B. 4.60 C. 4.92 D. 5.20

3. What is the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?

A. 0.89 B. 1.29 C. 2.20 D. 3.90

4. Which of the following statements is true?

A. The mean of the population is equal to the mean of the sampling

distribution of the means.
B. The variance of the population is less than the variance of the
sample mean.
C. The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population variance.
D. The variance of the sample mean is twice the variance of the
sampling distribution.

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 5. Which of the following statements is true?
A. The sampling distribution of the sample means will approach a
normal distribution as long as the sample size n is sufficiently large.
B. For normal population with known variance, the sampling distribution
of the sample means are not normally distributed for any sample
size.
C. If the population variance is unknown, samples of size n cannot be
drawn from the population.
D. The population mean can never be equal to the mean of the
sampling distribution of means.

Answer Key

Activity 1.
a. With replacement : (2,2), (2,3) (2,5), (3,2), (3,3),(3,5), (5,2), (5,3), (5,5)
b. Without replacement: (2,3), (2, 5) (3,5)

Activity 2
Σx 24
a. μ = = = 6
𝑁 4

2
σ2 = Σ ( 𝑥− μ) = 26 = 6.5
𝑁 4

b. (3,3), (3,4), (3,8), (3,9), (4,3), (4,4), (4,8), (4,9),

(8,3), (8,4), (8,8), (8,9), (9,3), (9,4), (9,8), (9,9)

Σx̄ 96
c. μx̄ = = 16 = 6
𝑛

2
= Σ ( x̄− μx̄ ) = 52 =
σ2 x̄ 3.25
𝑛 16

d. The population mean is equal to the mean of the sampling

distribution of means.

μ = μx̄ = 6
e. The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population variance divided by the size n of the samples, that is,
σ2 6.5
σ2 x̄ = 2 = 2 = 3.25

Activity 3
Answers may vary.

(Possible answer) You cook a viand like adobo and you get a portion of it to
know its taste.

References

Mercado, Jesus P., et.al. (2016). Next Century Mathematics, Statistics and Probability, pp. 19 -
41, Quezon Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

PIVOT 4A Learner’s Material. Statistics and Probability. First Edition. Department of

Education - Region 4A CALABARZON