MACHINE DESIGN & CAD 1

LABORATORY MANUAL

UET

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE (CITY CAMPUS)

ENGR. MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

(BSc. Mechatronics & Control Engineering, UET Lahore)
(MSc. Mechatronics & Control Engineering, UET Lahore)
Submitted by:
Name =
Registration No =

Submitted to:

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Preface

In most of the engineering institutions, the laboratory course forms an integral form of the
basic course in Machine Design & CAD 1 at undergraduate level. The software to be used in
the laboratory is AutoCAD 2015. The lab sessions to be performed in a laboratory should
ideally be designed in such a way as to reinforce the understanding of the basic principles as
well as help the students to visualize the various machines and objects in industrial
applications.
This lab manual of AutoCAD® 2015, offers a complete guide for students who want to enter
the interesting world of computer-aided drafting using AutoCAD. This manual covers all
aspects of the AutoCAD program’s 2D tools, from the basic concepts to the most powerful
tools used in design and engineering.
The objective of this manual is to familiarize the students with topics and tasks, carefully
grouped to lead students logically through the AutoCAD command set, with the level of
difficulty increasing steadily as skills are acquired through experience and practice. It is
intended to make this manual self-contained in all respects, so that it can be used as a
laboratory manual. In all the lab sessions, the relevant theory and general guidelines for the
procedure to be followed have been given.
It is suggested that the students should complete the assigned task in the laboratory itself. The
practices provided at the end of each experiment will reinforce the student’s understanding of
the subject and also help them to prepare for viva-voce exams.

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General Instructions to Students
The following instructions should be strictly followed by the students in the Machine Design &
Computer Aided Design & Drafting Laboratory

 The purpose of this laboratory is to reinforce and enhance your understanding of

AutoCAD® 2015. The experiments here are designed to demonstrate the applications of
Machine Design to provide a more intuitive and physical understanding of the theory.
This laboratory exercise also provides practice in making engineering judgments,
estimates and assessing the reliability of your measurements, skills which are very important
in all engineering disciplines.
 Read the lab manual and any background material needed before you come to the lab. You
must be prepared for your experiments before coming to the lab. In many cases you
may have to go back to your Machine Design textbooks to review the principles dealt with in
the lab sessions.
 All the students are expected to complete their laboratory work.
 The students must save their files in the location specified by the Lab in Charge
 Breakage amount will be collected from the student(s) for causing damage to the systems due
to wrong operation or carelessness
 Computer System must be handled with care and the students must switch it on and off in the
presence of Lab Technician only
 Actively participate in class and don’t hesitate to ask questions. Utilize the teaching
assistants. You should be well prepared before coming to the laboratory, unannounced
questions may be asked at any time during the lab.
 Carelessness in personal conduct or in handling equipment may result in serious injury to the
individual or the equipment. Always be on the alert for strange sounds.
 Students must follow the proper dress code inside the laboratory.
 Calculator and drawing accessories are mandatory.
 Make your workplace clean before leaving the laboratory. Maintain silence, order and
discipline inside the lab.
 Cell phones are not allowed inside the laboratory.
 Any injury no matter how small must be reported to the instructor immediately.
 Wish you a nice lab session in this lab

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface.......................................................................................................................................ii
General Instructions to Students...........................................................................................iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................1
List of Experiments..................................................................................................................3
1 LAB SESSION 1...............................................................................................................4
1.1 Learning Objective:.....................................................................................................4
1.2 Apparatus.....................................................................................................................4
1.3 Introduction:................................................................................................................4
1.4 Instructions:.................................................................................................................4
1.5 DRAW TOOLBAR.....................................................................................................8
1.5.1 Line:.....................................................................................................................8
1.5.2 Polyline:.............................................................................................................10
1.5.3 CIRCLE..............................................................................................................14
1.5.4 ARC:..................................................................................................................17
1.5.5 Rectangle............................................................................................................21
1.5.6 POLYGON.........................................................................................................23
1.5.7 Ellipse:................................................................................................................24
1.5.8 Hatch:.................................................................................................................28
1.5.9 Gradient:.............................................................................................................29
1.5.10 Boundary:...........................................................................................................29
1.5.11 Donut:.................................................................................................................30
2 LAB SESSION 2.............................................................................................................32
2.1 Learning Objective:...................................................................................................32
2.2 Apparatus...................................................................................................................32
2.3 Introduction:..............................................................................................................32
2.4 Instructions:...............................................................................................................32
2.5 MODIFY TOOLBAR...............................................................................................33
2.5.1 MOVE................................................................................................................33
2.5.2 ROTATE............................................................................................................34
2.5.3 ERASE...............................................................................................................35
2.5.4 COPY.................................................................................................................35
2.5.5 SCALE...............................................................................................................38
2.5.6 ALIGN...............................................................................................................39

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2.5.7 OFFSET.............................................................................................................40
2.5.8 MIRROR............................................................................................................42
2.5.9 STRETCH..........................................................................................................44
2.5.10 LENGTHEN......................................................................................................45
2.5.11 BREAK..............................................................................................................48
2.5.12 TRIM..................................................................................................................49
2.5.13 EXTEND............................................................................................................53
2.5.14 EXPLODE..........................................................................................................56
3 LAB SESSION 3.............................................................................................................60
3.1 Learning Objective:...................................................................................................60
3.2 Apparatus...................................................................................................................60
3.3 Introduction:..............................................................................................................60
3.4 Instructions:...............................................................................................................60
3.5 Advanced Editing Commands...................................................................................61
3.5.1 FILLET..............................................................................................................61
3.5.2 CHAMFER........................................................................................................65
3.5.3 ARRAY..............................................................................................................68
3.5.4 PEDIT................................................................................................................71
4 LAB SESSION 4.............................................................................................................73
4.1 Learning Objective:...................................................................................................73
4.2 Apparatus...................................................................................................................73
4.3 Introduction:..............................................................................................................73
4.4 Instructions:...............................................................................................................73
4.5 Layout Managing Tools............................................................................................73
4.5.1 Dimension..........................................................................................................73
4.5.2 LAYER..............................................................................................................77

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List of Experiments

Experiment No. Description

Introduction to AutoCAD and learn the usage of Draw Tools like Polylines,
Lab Session 1 Polygons, Circles, Arcs, lines, Splines, Donuts, Ellipse, etc. and construct
different geometrical shapes
To construct a geometry using basic modify Tools like Erase, Copy, Move,
Lab Session 2 Rotate, Scale, Align, Offset, Mirror, Stretch, Lengthen, Break, Trim,
Extend, etc
Develop geometry of planar machine parts by using Advanced Editing
Lab Session 3 Commands like Fillet, Chamfer, Array, Pedit, etc.
Draw the orthographic views of 3D machine parts and organizing your work
Lab Session 4 by dimensioning, managing with layers and creating blocks in AutoCAD

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1 LAB SESSION 1
Introduction to AutoCAD and Learn the usage of Draw Tools like Polylines, Polygons,
Circles, Arcs, lines, Splines, Donuts, Ellipse, etc. and construct different geometrical shapes

1.1 Learning Objective:

At the end of this study, the student will be able to use draw tools like Polylines, Polygons,
Circles, Arcs, lines, Splines, Donuts, Ellipse, etc. and construct different geometrical shapes.

1.2 Apparatus
In order to complete the demonstration, we need a number of pieces of equipment.

 Auto CAD Software

 Intel core i3 or above
 Compatible Microsoft Windows
 Mouse or other pointing device
 CD-ROM drive

1.3 Introduction:
This lab manual will introduce students to the CAD software, AutoCAD 2015, which will be
used for generating engineering drawings throughout this course. A brief overview of the
software will be followed by introduction and practicing of some basic commands. This
initial lab manual one of the most important manuals of this course because of the fact that
the layout, and the environment of AutoCAD will be described here. Failing to understand
the basics of the software will pose major problems for the students in future. It is once again
emphasized that students should go through this manual carefully and understand each and
every command or instruction presented herein.

1.4 Instructions:

1. Open AutoCAD 2015 by double clicking on its icon situated somewhere on

the desktop.

2. Change the view to AutoCAD Classis by choosing the appropriate option from the
menu at the Quick Access Toolbar.

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3. The following figure shows the workspace. Workspace is the area where a user can
work.

The workspace is nothing but an XY Cartesian Plane. X-Axis (shown in Red) is the
horizontal axis while Y-axis (shown in Green) is the vertical axis. Any location on
this plane may accessed using XY coordinates of that location.

4. The following figure shows the command history (grey) and command input line
(white) where the user may see the previous commands and enter various news
commands through a keyboard. This command line can be used to access various
tools, settings, preferences etc.

5. Before starting any work certain settings should be checked and modified if
necessary. The settings include the Coordinate Entry Settings, Units to be used, Grid
size, Object Snaps etc.

a. Coordinate Entry Settings: AutoCAD allows the user to enter coordinates in

two different ways. Absolute Coordinates are the coordinates relative to the
WCS (World Coordinate System). The origin of the WCS is always located at
the intersection of X- (Red) and Y-axis (Green). While when entering
Incremental Coordinates the origin is always the last used point. Before
moving on please change the Coordinate Entry setting by following the steps
lists.
Go to settings (Drafting Settings) as shown in the following figure.

Now in the Drafting Settings, go to Dynamic Input Tab and then click settings
under the Pointer Input section.

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Make sure the settings are as shown in the following figure in the Pointer
Input Settings.

b. Units: User can select from a variety of units to be used in his/her engineering
drawing which he/she is going to produce using AutoCAD. In the Format
menu, click Units to open ‘Drawing Units’ window.

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In the sections of Length and Angle, user can select the type of units and
precision, while from the section of the Insertion Scale appropriate units may
be selected.
c. Grid Size: The size of the grid shown in the workspace may be changed as per
need. For this go to Drafting Settings and under the tab of Snap and Grid, a
user may change grid spacing under the Grid Spacing section.

d. Object Snap: Object snap options are very useful when working on drawing.
These options are in fact aids for the user so that he/she can access certain
points instantly. For example if the user want to access the end-point of a
certain line and want the new line to start from this point, then he/she has to
know exact coordinates of the point otherwise it won’t be possible for him/her
to select exactly the required point. Object snap here helps the user by
highlighting and attaching the cursor with the end-point if ‘end-point snap’ in
turned on. User may turn on and off various snaps available from the tab of
Object Snap in the drafting settings.

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Along with the option of turning snaps on/off a symbol is also presented that
will be shown when the cursor has been snapped to a particular object.

6. Once aforementioned settings have been understood, the user can now start drawing.
This lab manual will include the introduction and use of the most basic commands
that are used frequently when working with AutoCAD. Various drawing tools are
available in the ‘Draw’ Toolbar 

1.5 DRAW TOOLBAR

1.5.1 Line:

The most basic tool is the Line Tool. User can activate this tool by clicking on its icon in the
‘Draw’ Toolbar, or by selecting it from the ‘Draw’ menu or by entering alphabet ‘l’ (ell) in
the command line and pressing spacebar. Create a series of contiguous line segments.
Each segment is a line object that can be edited separately.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Draw panel > Line.

Menu: Draw > Line.
With LINE, you can create a series of contiguous line segments. Each segment is a line object
that can be edited separately.

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The following prompts are displayed.

Specify first point

Sets the starting point for the line. Click a point location. With object
snaps or grid snap turned on, the points will be placed precisely.
You can also enter coordinates. If instead, you press Enter at the
prompt, a new line starts from the endpoint of the most recently
created line, polyline, or arc. If the most recently created object is
an arc, its endpoint defines the starting point of the line. The line is
tangent to the arc.
Specify next point
Specifies the endpoint of the line segment. You can also use polar
and object snap tracking together with direct distance entry.

Close
Connects the first and last segments.

Undo

Removes the most recent segment of a line sequence.

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1.5.2 Polyline:

Creates a 2D polyline, a single object that is composed of line and arc segments.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Draw panel > Polyline.

Menu: Draw > Polyline.

The following prompts are displayed.

Specify start point

Sets the starting point for the polyline.
 A temporary plus-shaped marker displays at the first point.
 Pressing Enter starts a new polyline from the last endpoint specified in creating a
polyline, line, or arc.
Specify next point
 If you specify a second point, you create straight segments.
 If you enter a (for Arc), you create arc segments.
Prompts Common to Line and Arc Segments
Close
Connects the first and last segments to create a closed polyline.
Halfwidth
Specifies the width from the center of a wide segment to an edge.

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Width
Specifies the width of the next segment.

Some things to keep in mind when defining the half-width or width of a polyline.

 The starting width becomes the default ending width.

 The ending width becomes the uniform width for all subsequent segments until
you change the width again.
 The starting and ending points of wide line segments are at the centerline of the
segment.

 Typically, the intersections of adjacent wide polyline segments are beveled.

 No beveling is performed for nontangent arc segments, very acute angles, or when
a dot-dash linetype is used.
Undo
Removes the most recently added segment.

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Line-Only Prompts
Arc
Begins creating arc segments tangent to the previous segment.
Length
Creates a segment of a specified length at the same angle as the previous segment. If
the previous segment is an arc, the new line segment is tangent to that arc segment.

Arc-Only Prompts
Endpoint of arc
Completes an arc segment. The arc segment is tangent to the previous segment of the
polyline.
Angle
Specifies the included angle of the arc segment from the start point.

Entering a positive number creates counterclockwise arc segments. Entering a

negative number creates clockwise arc segments.

Center
Specifies an arc segment based on its center point.
Note: For the Center option of the PLINE command, enter ce; for the Center object
snap, enter cen or center.

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Direction
Specifies the tangent for the arc segment.

 (2) Tangent direction from the start point of the arc. Specifies a point that
establishes a tangency of the curve to the start point. The arc curves away from
the vector between the start point and the tangent point.
 (3) Endpoint of the arc. Specifies the endpoint of the arc segment.
Tip: Press Ctrl to draw in a clockwise direction.
Line
Switches from drawing arc segments to drawing straight segments.
Radius
Specifies the radius of the arc segment.
Second pt
Specifies the second point and endpoint of a three-point arc.

Linetype Pattern

The PLINEGEN system variable controls how linetype patterns generate around the vertices
of a 2D polyline.

 0. Generates linetypes that start and end with a dash at each vertex of the polyline
 1. Generates linetypes in an uninterrupted pattern through the vertices of the polyline

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Note: Changing this value does not affect existing polylines. Change the Linetype Generation
setting on the Properties palette to update existing polylines.

1.5.3 CIRCLE
This command is used to draw a Circle.

Access Methods
Type CIRCLE and press enter or C and press enter at “COMMAND:” prompt

Toolset: Drafting tab > Draw panel > Circle drop-down .

Menu: Draw > Circle.

The following prompts are displayed.

Center Point

Creates a circle based on a center point and a radius or diameter value.

Radius

Enter a value, or specify a point.

For example:

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Diameter

Enter a value, or specify a second point.

For example:

3P (Three Points)

Creates a circle based on three points on the circumference.

For example:

Tan, Tan, Tan

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Creates a circle tangent to three objects.

For example:

2P (Two Points)

Creates a circle based on two endpoints of the diameter.

For example:

TTR (Tangent, Tangent, Radius)

Creates a circle with a specified radius and tangent to two objects.

Sometimes more than one circle matches the specified criteria. The program draws the circle
of the specified radius whose tangent points are closest to the selected points.

For example:

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1.5.4 ARC:
This tool will allow you to create arcs all the way up to 360 degrees
Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Draw panel > Arc drop-down.

Menu: Draw > Arc.

To create an arc, you can specify combinations of center, endpoint, start point, radius, angle,
chord length, and direction values. Arcs are drawn in a counterclockwise direction by default.
Hold down the Ctrl key as you drag to draw in a clockwise direction.

The following prompts are displayed.

Start point

Draws an arc using three specified points on the arc's circumference. The first point is the
start point (1).

Second point
Specify the second point (2) is a point on the circumference of the arc.
End point
Specify the final point (3) on the arc.

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You can specify a three-point arc either clockwise or counterclockwise.

Center
Specify the second point (2) is the center of the circle of which the arc is a part.

End point

Using the center point (2), draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to
an endpoint that falls on an imaginary ray drawn from the center point through the
third point (3).

The arc does not necessarily pass through this third point, as shown in the illustration.

The distance between the start point and the center determines the radius. The
endpoint is determined by a line from the center that passes through the third point.

Angle

The distance between the start point and the center determines the radius. The other
end of the arc is determined by specifying an included angle that uses the center of the
arc as the vertex.

If the angle is negative, a clockwise arc is drawn.

Chord length

Draws either a minor or a major arc based on the distance of a straight line between
the start point and endpoint.

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If the chord length is positive, the minor arc is drawn counterclockwise from the start
point. If the chord length is negative, the major arc is drawn counterclockwise.

End
Specify the second point (2) is the endpoint of the arc.
Center point

Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to an endpoint that falls on an
imaginary ray drawn from the center point (3) through the second point specified (2).

Angle

Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to an endpoint (2), with a
specified included angle. Specify the second point (2) is the endpoint of the arc. If the
angle is negative, a clockwise arc is drawn.

Direction

Begins the arc tangent to a specified direction. It creates any arc, major or minor,
clockwise or counterclockwise, beginning with the start point (1), and ending at an
endpoint (2). The direction is determined from the start point.

Radius

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Draws the minor arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to the endpoint (2). If
the radius is negative, the major arc is drawn.

Center

Starts by specifying the center of the circle of which the arc is a part.

Start point
Specify start point of arc.

End point

Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (2) to an endpoint that falls on an
imaginary ray drawn from the center point (1) through a specified point (3).

Angle

Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (2) using a center point (1) with a
specified included angle. If the angle is negative, a clockwise arc is drawn.

Chord length

Draws either a minor or a major arc based on the distance of a straight line between
the start point and endpoint.

If the chord length is positive, the minor arc is drawn counterclockwise from the start
point. If the chord length is negative, the major arc is drawn counterclockwise.
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Tangent to last line, arc, or polyline

Immediately after you create a line or an arc, you can start an arc that is tangent at an
endpoint by starting the ARC command and pressing ENTER at the Specify Start Point
prompt. You need to specify only the endpoint of the arc.

End point of arc

Specify a point (1).

1.5.5 Rectangle

Creates a rectangular polyline.

Access Methods

Toolset: Drafting tab > Draw panel > Rectangle .

Menu: Draw > Rectangle.

Creates a rectangular polyline from the specified the rectangle parameters (length, width,
rotation) and type of corners (fillet, chamfer, or square).

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The following prompts are displayed.

Current settings: Rotation = 0

Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Specify a point or

enter an option

First Corner Point

Specifies a corner point of the rectangle.

Other Corner Point

Creates a rectangle using the specified points as diagonally opposite corners.

Area

Creates a rectangle using the area and either a length or a width. If the Chamfer or
Fillet option is active, the area includes the effect of the chamfers or fillets on the
corners of the rectangle.

Dimensions

Creates a rectangle using length and width values.

Rotation

Creates a rectangle at a specified rotation angle.

Chamfer

Sets the chamfer distances for the rectangle.

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Elevation

Specifies the elevation of the rectangle.

Fillet

Specifies the fillet radius of the rectangle.

Thickness

Specifies the thickness of the rectangle.

Width

Specifies the polyline width of the rectangle to be drawn.

1.5.6 POLYGON

Creates an equilateral closed polyline.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Draw panel > Rectangle drop-down > Polygon.

Menu: Draw > Polygon.

You specify the number of sides of the polygon and whether it is inscribed or
circumscribed.

The following prompts are displayed.

Number of sides

Specifies the number of sides in the polygon (3-1024).

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Center of polygon

Specifies the location of the center of the polygon and whether the new object is
inscribed or circumscribed.

Inscribed in circle

Specifies the radius of a circle on which all vertices of the polygon lie.

Specifying the radius with your pointing device determines the rotation and
size of the polygon. Specifying the radius with a value draws the bottom edge
of the polygon at the current snap rotation angle.

Circumscribed about circle

Specifies the distance from the center of the polygon to the midpoints of the
edges of the polygon.

Specifying the radius with your pointing device determines the rotation and
size of the polygon. Specifying the radius with a value draws the bottom edge
of the polygon at the current snap rotation angle.

Edge

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Defines a polygon by specifying the endpoints of the first edge.

1.5.7 Ellipse:

Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Draw panel > Ellipse drop-down.

Menu: Draw > Ellipse.

The first two points of the ellipse determine the location and length of the first axis. The third
point determines the distance between the center of the ellipse and the end point of the second
axis.

The following prompts are displayed.

Axis Endpoint

Defines the first axis by its two endpoints. The angle of the first axis determines the angle of
the ellipse. The first axis can define either the major or the minor axis of the ellipse.

Distance to Other Axis

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Defines the second axis using the distance from the midpoint of the first axis to the
endpoint of the second axis (3).

Rotation

Creates the ellipse by appearing to rotate a circle about the first axis.

Move the crosshairs around the center of the ellipse and click. If you enter a value, the
higher the value, the greater the eccentricity of the ellipse. Entering 0 defines a
circular ellipse.

Arc

Creates an elliptical arc.

The angle of the first axis determines the angle of the elliptical arc. The first axis can define
either the major or the minor axis depending on its size.

The first two points of the elliptical arc determine the location and length of the first axis. The
third point determines the distance between the center of the elliptical arc and the endpoint of
the second axis. The fourth and fifth points are the start and end angles.

Axis Endpoint

Defines the start point of the first axis.

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Rotation

Defines the major to minor axis ratio of the ellipse by rotating a circle about the first
axis. The higher the value from 0 through 89.4 degrees, the greater the ratio of minor
to major axis. Values between 89.4 degrees and 90.6 degrees are invalid because the
ellipse would otherwise appear as a straight line. Multiples of these angle values result
in a mirrored effect every 90 degrees.

Start Angle

Defines the first endpoint of the elliptical arc. The Start Angle option also changes
Parameter mode to Angle mode. The mode controls how the ellipse is calculated.

Parameter (specialized option)

Requires angular input, but creates the elliptical arc using the following parametric
vector equation for the angle of each endpoint:

p(angle) = c + a * cos(angle) + b * sin(angle)

where c is the center of the ellipse and a and b are the negative lengths of its major
and minor axes, respectively.

 End Parameter: Defines the end angle of the elliptical arc by using a parametric
vector equation. The Start Parameter option toggles from Angle mode to
Parameter mode. The mode controls how the ellipse is calculated.
 Angle: Defines the end angle of the elliptical arc. The Angle option toggles from
Parameter mode to Angle mode. The mode controls how the ellipse is calculated.
 Included Angle: Defines an included angle beginning at the start angle.

Center

Creates an ellipse using a center point, the endpoint of the first axis, and the length of the
second axis. You can specify the distances by clicking a location at the desired distance or by
entering a value for the length.

Distance to Other Axis

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Defines the second axis as the distance from the center of the ellipse, or midpoint of
the first axis, to the point you specify.

Rotation

Creates the ellipse by appearing to rotate a circle about the first axis.

Move the crosshairs around the center of the ellipse and click. If you enter a value, the
higher the value, the greater the eccentricity of the ellipse. Entering 0 defines a circle.

Isocircle

Creates an isometric circle in the current isometric drawing plane.

Note: The Isocircle option is available only when ISODRAFT is set to an isoplane, or the
Style option of SNAP is set to Isometric.

Radius

Creates an isometric representation of a circle using a radius you specify.

Diameter

Creates an isometric representation of a circle using a diameter you specify.

1.5.8 Hatch:

Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern, solid fill, or gradient fill.

Access Methods

Button

Toolbar: Drafting tool set Closed Shapes tool group Hatch

Menu: Draw Hatch

Summary

The Hatch visor or Hatch and Gradient dialog box is displayed.

If you enter -hatch at the Command prompt, options are displayed.

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Note: To prevent the creation of an enormous number of hatch lines, the maximum number of
hatch lines created in a single hatch operation is limited. This limit prevents memory and
performance problems. However, you can change the maximum number of hatch lines with
the HPMAXLINES system variable.

Choose from several methods to specify the boundaries of a hatch.

 Specify a point in an area that is enclosed by objects.

 Select objects that enclose an area.
 Specify boundary points using the -HATCH Draw option.

1.5.9 Gradient:

Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a gradient fill.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Hatch panel > Gradient.

Menu: Draw > Gradient.

The Gradient visor or Hatch and Gradient dialog box is displayed. If you prefer using the
Hatch and Gradient dialog box, set the HPDLGMODE system variable to 1.

A gradient fill creates a smooth transition between one or two colors.

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1.5.10Boundary:

Creates a region or a polyline from an enclosed area.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Hatch panel > Boundary.

Menu: Draw > Boundary.

The Boundary Creation dialog box is displayed.

If you enter -boundary at the Command prompt, options are displayed.

Each point that you specify identifies the surrounding objects and creates a separate region or
polyline.

1.5.11Donut:

Creates a filled circle or a wide ring.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Draw panel > Donut.

Note: Hidden by default. Click to display the icon on the tool set panel.

Menu: Draw > Donut.

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A donut consists of two arc polylines that are joined end-to-end to create a circular shape.
The width of the polylines is determined by the specified inside and outside diameters. If you
specify an inside diameter of 0, the donut is a filled circle.

The following prompts are displayed.

Inside Diameter

Specifies the inside diameter of the donut as shown.

Outside Diameter

Specifies the outside diameter of the donut.

Center of Donut

Specifies the location of the donut based on its center point. A donut is drawn at each
point specified until you press Enter to end the command.

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2 LAB SESSION 2
To construct a geometry using basic modify Tools like Erase, Copy, Move, Rotate, Scale,
Align, Offset, Mirror, Stretch, Lengthen, Break, Trim, Extend, etc

2.1 Learning Objective:

At the end of this study, the student will be able to construct a geometry using basic modify
Tools like Erase, Copy, Move, Rotate, Scale, Align, Offset, Mirror, Stretch, Lengthen, Break,
Trim, Extend.

2.2 Apparatus
In order to complete the demonstration, we need a equipment.

 Auto CAD Software

 Intel core i3 or above
 Compatible Microsoft Windows
 Mouse or other pointing device
 CD-ROM drive

2.3 Introduction:
This lab manual will introduce students to some basic modifying commands which will aid
the user to generate some complex geometric shape and engineering drawing. Students shall
learn to use basic modifying commands to create complex geometric shapes and generate
their first orthographic projection of a simple engineering part using first-angle projection
method.

2.4 Instructions:

1. Open AutoCAD 2015 by double clicking on its icon situated somewhere on the
desktop.
2. Change the view to AutoCAD Classis by choosing the appropriate option from the menu
at the Quick Access Toolbar.
3. Ortho Lines: Activate the Line tool and press F8 or click the ‘Ortho Mode’ button in the
status bar.

Now line tool can only draw orthogonal lines, i.e. vertical and horizontal. This mode is
activated when the user wants to work with orthogonal lines only. Normally this mode is
used with the movement of cursor and entering only the length of the line to be drawn.
For example, specify a starting point for a line and then move the cursor towards the
positive x-direction from this point and enter only the length of the line to be drawn. A
perfect horizontal line would be drawn of the given length. From this point onwards move
the cursor in positive y-direction and enter the length of the line to be drawn. A perfect
vertical line will be drawn of the specified length.

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2.5 MODIFY TOOLBAR

2.5.1 MOVE

Moves objects a specified distance in a specified direction.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Move.

Menu: Modify > Move.

Use coordinates, grid snaps, object snaps, and other tools to move objects with
precision.

The following prompts are displayed.

Select objects
Specifies which objects to move.
Base point
Specifies the start point for the move.
Second point
In combination with the first point, specifies a vector that indicates how far,
and in what direction, the selected objects are moved.

If you press Enter to accept the Use first point as displacement value, the first
point is interpreted as a relative X,Y,Z displacement. For example, if you
specify 2,3 for the base point and press Enter at the next prompt, the objects
move 2 units in the X direction and 3 units in the Y direction from their current
position.

Displacement

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Specifies a relative distance and direction.

The two points you specify define a vector that indicates how far from the
original the copied objects are to be placed and in what direction.

2.5.2 ROTATE

Rotates objects around a base point.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Rotate.

Menu: Modify > Rotate.

You can rotate selected objects around a base point to an absolute angle.

The following prompts are displayed.

Select objects
Use an object selection method and press Enter when you finish.
Specify base point
Specify a point.
Specify rotation angle
Enter an angle, specify a point, enter c , or enter r.
 Rotation Angle. Determines how far an object rotates around
the base point. The axis of rotation passes through the specified
base point and is parallel to the Z axis of the current UCS.
 Copy. Creates a copy of the selected objects for rotation.
 Reference. Rotates objects from a specified angle to a new,
absolute angle. When you rotate a viewport object, the borders
of the viewport remain parallel to the edges of the drawing area.

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2.5.3 ERASE

Removes objects from a drawing.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Erase.

Menu: Modify > Erase.

You can erase selected objects from the drawing. This method does not move
objects to the Clipboard, where they can then be pasted to another location.

If you are working with 3D objects, you can also erase subobjects such as faces,
meshes, and vertices.

Instead of selecting objects to erase, you can enter an option, such as L to erase the
last object drawn, p to erase the previous selection set, or ALL to erase all objects.
You can also enter ? to get a list of all options.

2.5.4 COPY

Copies objects a specified distance in a specified direction.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Copy.

Menu: Modify > Copy.

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With the COPYMODE system variable, you can control whether multiple copies are
created automatically.

The following prompts are displayed.

Select objects: Use an object selection method and press Enter when you finish

Specify base point or [Displacement/mOde/Multiple] <Displacement>: Specify a

base point or enter an option

Specify second point or [Array] <use first point as displacement>: Specify a second
point or enter an option

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Displacement

Specifies a relative distance and direction using coordinates.

The two points you specify define a vector that indicates how far from the original the
copied objects are to be placed and in what direction.

If you press Enter at the Specify Second Point prompt, the first point is interpreted as
a relative X,Y,Z displacement. For example, if you specify 2,3 for the base point and
press Enter at the next prompt, the objects are copied 2 units in the X direction and 3
units in the Y direction from their current location.

Mode

Controls whether the command repeats automatically (COPYMODE system

variable).

Single

Creates a single copy of selected objects and ends the command.

Multiple

Overrides the Single mode setting. The COPY command is set to repeat
automatically for the duration of the command.

Array

Arranges a specified number of copies in a linear array.

Number of Items to Array

Specifies the number of items in the array, including the original selection set.

Second Point

Determines a distance and direction for the array relative to the base point. By
default, the first copy in the array is positioned at the specified displacement.
The remaining copies are positioned in a linear array beyond that point using
the same incremental displacement.

Fit

Positions the final copy in the array at the specified displacement. The other
copies are fit in a linear array between the original selection set and the final
copy.

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Fit

Redefines the array to use the specified displacement as the location of the last copy
rather than the first copy, fitting the other copies between the original selection set
and the final copy.

2.5.5 SCALE

Enlarges or reduces selected objects, keeping the proportions of the object the same
after scaling.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Scale.

Menu: Modify > Scale.

To scale an object, specify a base point and a scale factor. The base point acts as
the center of the scaling operation and remains stationary. A scale factor greater
than 1 enlarges the object. A scale factor between 0 and 1 shrinks the object.

The following prompts are displayed.

Select objects
Specifies which objects you want to resize.
Base point
Specify a base point for the scale operation.

The base point you specify identifies the point that remains in the same
location as the selected objects change size (and thus move away from the
stationary base point).

Note: When you use the SCALE command with annotative objects, the
position or location of the object is scaled relative to the base point of the
scale operation, but the size of the object is not changed.

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Scale Factor

Multiplies the dimensions of the selected objects by the specified scale. A

scale factor greater than 1 enlarges the objects. A scale factor between 0 and
1 shrinks the objects. You can also drag the cursor to make the object larger
or smaller.

Copy

Creates a copy of the selected objects for scaling.

Reference

Scales the selected objects based on a reference length and a specified new
length.

2.5.6 ALIGN

Aligns objects with other objects in 2D and 3D.

Access Methods

Tool Sets: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Align.

Note: Hidden by default. Click to display the icon on the tool set panel.

Menu: Modify > 3D Operations > Align.

Either one, two, or three pairs of source points and definition points can be specified
to move, rotate, or tilt the selected objects, aligning them with points on another
object.

The following prompts are displayed.

Select objects
Select the objects to align and press Enter.

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The next series of prompts asks for source and destination points. The
number of point pairs that you specify determines the results.

First source point, First destination point

When you select only one source point and destination point pair, the selected
objects move in 2D or 3D from the source point (1) to the destination point (2).

First and Second source and destination points

When you select two point pairs, you can move, rotate, and scale the selected
objects to align with other objects.

The first set of source and destination points defines the base point for the
alignment (1, 2). The second set of points defines the angle of rotation (3, 4).

After you enter the second set of points, you are prompted to scale the object.
The distance between the first and second destination points (2, 4) is used as
the reference length to which the object is scaled. Scaling is available only
when you are aligning objects using two point pairs.

Note: If you use two source and destination points to perform a 3D alignment
on non-perpendicular working planes, you get unpredictable results.

2.5.7 OFFSET

Creates concentric circles, parallel lines, and parallel curves.

Access Methods

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Tool Set: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Offset.

Menu: Modify > Offset.

You can offset an object at a specified distance or through a point. After you offset
objects, you can trim and extend them as an efficient method to create drawings
containing many parallel lines and curves.

The OFFSET command repeats for convenience. To exit the command, press Enter.

The following prompts are displayed.

Offset Distance

Creates an object at a specified distance from an existing object.

Exit

Exits the OFFSET command.

Multiple

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Enters the Multiple offset mode, which repeats the offset operation using the
current offset distance.

Undo

Reverses the previous offset.

Through

Creates an object passing through a specified point.

Note: For best results when you offset a polyline with corners, specify the through
point near the midpoint of a line segment, not near a corner.

 Exit
 Multiple
 Undo
Erase

Erases the source object after it is offset.

Layer

Determines whether offset objects are created on the current layer or on the layer of
the source object.

2.5.8 MIRROR

Creates a mirrored copy of selected objects.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Mirror.

Menu: Modify > Mirror.

You can create objects that represent half of a drawing, select them, and mirror them
across a specified line to create the other half.

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Note: By default, when you mirror a text object, the direction of the text is not
changed. Set the MIRRTEXT system variable to 1 if you do want the text to be
reversed.

The following prompts are displayed.

Select objects

Use an object selection method to select the objects to be mirrored. Press

Enter to finish.

Specify first point, second point of mirror line

The two specified points become the endpoints of a line about which the
selected objects are mirrored. For mirroring in 3D, this line defines a mirroring
plane perpendicular to the XY plane of the user coordinate system (UCS)
containing the mirror line.

Erase source objects

Determines whether the original objects are erased or retained after mirroring
them.

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2.5.9 STRETCH

Stretches objects crossed by a selection window or polygon.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Stretch.

Menu: Modify > Stretch.

Objects that are partially enclosed by a crossing window are stretched. Objects that
are completely enclosed within the crossing window, or that are selected individually,
are moved rather than stretched. Some types of objects such as circles, ellipses, and
blocks, cannot be stretched.

The following prompts are displayed.

Select objects

Specifies the portion of the object that you want to stretch. Use the cpolygon option
or the crossing object selection method. Press Enter when the selection is complete.

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STRETCH moves only the vertices and endpoints that lie inside the crossing
selection, leaving those outside unchanged. STRETCH does not modify 3D solids,
polyline width, tangent, or curve-fitting information.

Base Point

Specifies the base point from which the offset for the stretch is calculated. This base
point can be outside the area being stretched.

Second point
Specifies a second point that defines the distance and direction of
the stretch. The distance and direction of this point from the base
point defines how far the and in what direction the selected portions
of the object will be stretched.

Use first point as displacement

Specifies that the stretch distance and direction will be based on the
distance and direction of the base point you specified from the 0,0,0
coordinates in the drawing.

Displacement
Specifies the relative distance and direction of the stretch.
 To set a displacement based on the relative distance from the current
location, enter distances in X,Y, Z format. For example, enter 5,4,0 to
stretch the selection to a point that is 5 units along the X axis and 4
units along the Y axis from the original point.
 To set the displacement based on the distance and direction from the
0,0,0 coordinates in the drawing, click a location in the drawing area.
For example, click a point at 1,2,0 to stretch the selection to a point
that is 1 unit along the X axis and 2 units along the Y axis from its
current location.

2.5.10LENGTHEN

Changes the length of objects and the included angle of arcs.

Access Methods

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Tool Sets: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Lengthen.

Note: Hidden by default. Click to display the icon on the tool set panel.

Menu: Modify > Lengthen.

You can specify changes as a percentage, an increment, or as a final length or

angle. LENGTHEN is an alternative to using TRIM or EXTEND.

The following prompts are displayed.

Object Selection

Displays the length and, where applicable, the included angle of the object.

LENGTHEN does not affect closed objects. The extrusion direction of the selected
object need not be parallel to the Z axis of the current user coordinate system (UCS).

Delta

Changes the length of an object by a specified increment, measured from the

endpoint that is closest to the selection point. Delta also changes the angle of an arc
by a specified increment, measured from the endpoint that is closest to the selection
point. A positive value extends the object; a negative value trims it.

Delta Length

Changes the length of the object by the specified increment.

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Angle

Changes the included angle of the selected arc by the specified angle.

Percent

Sets the length of an object by a specified percentage of its total length.

Total

Sets the length of a selected object by specifying the total absolute length from the
fixed endpoint. Total also sets the included angle of a selected arc by a specified
total angle.

Total Length

Lengthens the object to the specified value from the endpoint that is closest to
the selection point.

Angle

Sets the included angle of the selected arc.

Dynamic

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Turns on Dynamic Dragging mode. You change the length of a selected object by
dragging one of its endpoints. The other end remains fixed.

2.5.11BREAK

Breaks the selected object between two points.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Break drop-down > Break.

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Break drop-down > Break at Point.

Menu: Modify > Break.

You can create a gap between two specified points on an object, breaking it into two
objects. If the points are off of an object, they are automatically projected on to the
object. BREAK is often used to create space for a block or text.

The prompts that are displayed depend on how you select the object. If you select
the object by using your pointing device, the program both selects the object and
treats the selection point as the first break point. At the next prompt, you can
continue by specifying the second point or by overriding the first point.

First point

Overrides the original first point where you selected the object with a new
point that you specify.

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Second point
Specifies a second point. The portion of the object is erased between the two
points that you specify. If the second point is not on the object, the nearest
point on the object is selected; therefore, to break off one end of a line, arc, or
polyline, specify the second point beyond the end to be removed.

To split an object in two without erasing a portion, enter the same point for both the
first and second points. You can do this by entering @ to specify the second point.

Lines, arcs, circles, polylines, ellipses, splines, donuts, and several other object
types can be split into two objects or have one end removed.

The program converts a circle to an arc by removing a piece of the circle starting
counterclockwise from the first to the second point.

You can also break selected objects at a single point with the Break at Point tool.

Valid objects include lines, open polylines, and arcs. Closed objects such as circles
cannot be broken at a single point.

2.5.12TRIM

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Trims objects to meet the edges of other objects.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Trim.

Menu: Modify > Trim.

To trim objects, select the boundaries and press Enter. Then select the objects that
you want to trim. To use all objects as boundaries, press Enter at the first Select
Objects prompt.

The following prompts are displayed.

Select cutting edges

Specifies one or more objects to be used as a boundary for the trim. TRIM projects
the cutting edges and the objects to be trimmed onto the XY plane of the current
user coordinate system (UCS).

Note: To select cutting edges that include blocks, you can use only the single
selection, Crossing, Fence, and Select All options.
Select objects
Specifies objects individually.
Select all
Specifies that all objects in the drawing can be used as a trim
boundary.

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Object to Trim

Specifies the object to trim. If more than one trim result is possible, the location of
the first selection point determines the result.

Shift-Select to Extend

Extends the selected objects rather than trimming them. This option provides an
easy method to switch between trimming and extending.

Fence

Selects all objects that cross the selection fence. The selection fence is a series of
temporary line segments that you specify with two or more fence points. The
selection fence does not form a closed loop.

Crossing

Selects objects within and crossing a rectangular area defined by two points.

Note: Some crossing selections of objects to be trimmed are ambiguous. TRIM

resolves the selection by following along the rectangular crossing window in a
clockwise direction from the first point to the first object encountered.

Project

Specifies the projection method used when trimming objects.

None

Specifies no projection. The command trims only objects that intersect with
the cutting edge in 3D space.

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UCS

Specifies projection onto the XY plane of the current UCS. The command
trims objects that do not intersect with the cutting edge in 3D space.

View

Specifies projection along the current view direction. The command trims
objects that intersect the boundary in the current view.

Edge

Determines whether an object is trimmed at another object's extrapolated edge or

only to an object that intersects it in 3D space.

Extend

Extends the cutting edge along its natural path to intersect an object in 3D
space.

No Extend

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Specifies that the object is trimmed only at a cutting edge that intersects it in
3D space.

Note: When trimming hatches, do not set Edge to Extend. If you do, gaps in the trim
boundaries will not be bridged when trimming hatches, even when the gap tolerance
is set to a correct value.

Erase

Deletes selected objects. This option provides a convenient method to erase

unneeded objects without leaving the TRIM command.

2.5.13EXTEND

Extends objects to meet the edges of other objects.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Extend.

Menu: Modify > Extend.

To extend objects, first select the boundaries. Then press Enter and select the
objects that you want to extend. To use all objects as boundaries, press Enter at the
first Select Objects prompt.

The following prompts are displayed.

Current settings: Projection = current, Edge = current

Select boundary edges...

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Select objects or <select all>: Select one or more objects and press Enter, or
press Enter to select all displayed objects

Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or

[Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/Undo]: Select objects to extend, or hold
down SHIFT and select an object to trim, or enter an option

Boundary Object Selection

Uses the selected objects to define the boundary edges to which you want to extend
an object.

Object to Extend

Specifies the objects to extend. Press Enter to end the command.

Shift-Select to Trim

Trims the selected objects to the nearest boundary rather than extending them. This
is an easy method to switch between trimming and extending.

Fence

Selects all objects that cross the selection fence. The selection fence is a series of
temporary line segments that you specify with two or more fence points. The
selection fence does not form a closed loop.

Crossing

Selects objects within and crossing a rectangular area defined by two points.

Note: Some crossing selections of objects to be extended are ambiguous. EXTEND

resolves the selection by following along the rectangular crossing window in a
clockwise direction from the first point to the first object encountered.

Project

Specifies the projection method used when extending objects.

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None

Specifies no projection. Only objects that intersect with the boundary edge in
3D space are extended.

UCS

Specifies projection onto the XY plane of the current user coordinate system
(UCS). Objects that do not intersect with the boundary objects in 3D space
are extended.

View

Specifies projection along the current view direction.

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Edge

Extends the object to another object's implied edge, or only to an object that actually
intersects it in 3D space.

Extend

Extends the boundary object along its natural path to intersect another object
or its implied edge in 3D space.

No Extend

Specifies that the object is to extend only to a boundary object that actually
intersects it in 3D space.

Undo

Reverses the most recent changes made by EXTEND.

2.5.14EXPLODE

Breaks a compound object into its component objects.

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Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Explode.

Menu: Modify > Explode.

Explodes a compound object when you want to modify its components separately.
Objects that can be exploded include blocks, polylines, and regions, among others.

The color, linetype, and lineweight of any exploded object might change. Other
results differ depending on the type of compound object you're exploding. See the
following list of objects that can be exploded and the results for each.

To explode objects and change their properties at the same time, use XPLODE.

Note: If you're using a script or an ObjectARX ® function, you can explode only one
object at a time. (Not applicable to AutoCAD LT.)

Here are the results of EXPLODE for each of the following types of objects:

2D Polyline

Discards any associated width or tangent information. For wide polylines, the
resulting lines and arcs are placed along the center of the polyline.

3D Polyline

Explodes into line segments. Any linetype assigned to the 3D polyline is

applied to each resulting line segment.

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3D Solid

Explodes planar faces into regions.

Nonplanar faces explode into surfaces. (Not applicable to AutoCAD LT.)

Annotative Objects

Explodes the current scale representation into its constituent parts which are
no longer annotative. Other scale representations are removed.

Arc

If within a nonuniformly scaled block, explodes into elliptical arcs.

Array

Explodes an associative array into copies of the original objects.

Block

Removes one grouping level at a time. If a block contains a polyline or a

nested block, exploding the block exposes the polyline or nested block object,
which must then be exploded to expose its individual objects.

Blocks with equal X, Y, and Z scales explode into their component objects.
Blocks with unequal X, Y, and Z scales (nonuniformly scaled blocks) might
explode into unexpected objects.

When nonuniformly scaled blocks contain objects that cannot be exploded,

they are collected into an anonymous block (named with a “*E” prefix) and
referenced with the nonuniform scaling. If all the objects in such a block
cannot be exploded, the selected block reference will not be exploded. Body,
3D Solid, and Region entities in a nonuniformly scaled block cannot be
exploded. (Not available in AutoCAD LT.)

Exploding a block that contains attributes deletes the attribute values and
redisplays the attribute definitions.

Blocks inserted with external references (xrefs) and their dependent blocks
cannot be exploded.

Blocks inserted with MINSERT cannot be exploded. (MINSERT is not

available in AutoCAD LT.)

Body

Explodes into a single-surface body (nonplanar surfaces), regions, or curves.

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Circle

If within a nonuniformly scaled block, explodes into ellipses.

Leaders

Explodes into lines, splines, solids (arrow heads), block inserts (arrow heads,
annotation blocks), multiline text, or tolerance objects, depending on the
leader.

Mesh Objects

Explodes each face into a separate 3D face object. Color and materials
assignments are retained. (Not available in AutoCAD LT.)

Multiline Text

Explodes into text objects.

Multiline

Explodes into lines and arcs.

Polyface Mesh

Explodes one-vertex meshes into a point object. Two-vertex meshes explode

into a line. Three-vertex meshes explode into 3D faces.

Region

Explodes into lines, arcs, or splines.

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3 LAB SESSION 3
Develop geometry of planar machine parts by using Advanced Editing Commands like Fillet,
Chamfer, Array, Splinedit, Pedit, etc.

3.1 Learning Objective:

At the end of this study, the student will be able to develop geometry of planar machine parts
by using Advanced Editing Commands like Fillet, Chamfer, Array, Splinedit, Pedit, etc

3.2 Apparatus
In order to complete the demonstration, we need a equipment.

 Auto CAD Software

 Intel core i3 or above
 Compatible Microsoft Windows
 Mouse or other pointing device
 CD-ROM drive

3.3 Introduction:
By now students have learned almost all basic ‘draw’ and ‘modify’ tools. This lab session
will test their learning through a simple test in which students should be able to draw
different views of the given engineering part. Later on few advanced editing commands will
be introduced and practiced.

3.4 Instructions:

1. Open AutoCAD 2015 by double clicking on its icon situated somewhere on the
desktop.
2. Change the view to AutoCAD Classis by choosing the appropriate option from the menu
at the Quick Access Toolbar.
3. Properties Toolbar:

This toolbar offers different options for changing the outlook of the lines drawn on the
workspace. For the time we will learn to change the ‘Line Type’ only.
The second drop-down menu gives the option to change the ‘Line Type’. Drop it down
and click ‘other…’ to open the ‘Line Type’ options. Or you can select ‘Line Type’ from
the ‘Format Menu’ to open the options. Following the option window.

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Click on the ‘Load’ button to open another window from which you can load/reload
various available line types. Select HIDDEN line type and press enter to load it.

Now in order to draw a hidden line select HIDDEN line type from the drop down menu in
the Properties toolbar Line Type menu. If you want to change the line type of any already
drawn object then select the object and select HIDDEN from the Line Type menu.

3.5 Advanced Editing Commands

3.5.1 FILLET

Rounds and fillets the edges of objects.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Fillet drop-down > Fillet.

Menu: Modify > Fillet.

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A round or fillet is

 an arc that is created tangent between two 2D objects.

 a curved transition between two surfaces or adjacent faces on a 3D
solid.

In this example, an arc is created tangent to the selected lines, which are trimmed to
meet the endpoints of the arc.

Create 2D Fillets

A round or fillet can be created between two objects of the same or different object
types: 2D polylines, arcs, circles, ellipses, elliptical arcs, lines, rays, splines, and
xlines.

If the two selected objects are on the same layer, the arc defined is created on that
layer. Otherwise, the arc is created on the current layer. The layer affects object
properties including color and linetype.

The following prompts are displayed when creating a 2D fillet.

First Object

Select the first of two objects or the first line segment of a 2D polyline to define the
fillet.

Second object or shift-select to apply corner

Select the second object or line segment of a 2D polyline to define the fillet.

You can also hold down the Shift key before selecting the second object or
line segment of a 2D polyline to extend or trim the selected objects to form a
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sharp corner. While Shift is held down, a temporary value of zero is assigned
to the current fillet radius value.

If the selected objects are straight line segments of a 2D polyline, the line
segments can be adjacent to each other or separated by one other segment.
When the selected segments are separated by a segment, the segment that
separates them is removed and replaced with the fillet.

The direction and length of the arc created is determined by the points picked
to select the objects. Always select an object closest to where you want the
endpoints of the fillet to be drawn.

When a circle is selected, the circle is not trimmed; the fillet drawn meets the
circle smoothly.

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Note: Adding a fillet or round to a hatch boundary that was defined

with individual objects results in the removal of hatch associativity.
If the hatch boundary was defined from a polyline, associativity is
maintained.

Undo

Reverses the previous action in the command.

Polyline

Inserts a fillet at each vertex of a 2D polyline where two straight line segments meet.
The fillets become new segments of the polyline, unless the Trim option is set to No
Trim.

Select 2D polyline

Select the 2D polyline to insert fillets at each vertex.

If an arc segment separates two straight line segments, the arc segment is
removed and replaced with the fillet.

Note: Line segments that are too short to accommodate the fillet
radius are not modified.

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Radius

Sets the radius for subsequent fillets; changing this value does not affect existing
fillets.

Note: A radius value of zero can be used to create a sharp corner. Filleting two lines,
rays, xlines, or line segments of a 2D polyline with a radius of zero extends or trims
the objects so they intersect.

Trim

Controls whether the selected objects are trimmed to meet the endpoints of the fillet.

 Trim. Selected objects or line segments are trimmed to meet the

endpoints of the fillet.
 No Trim. Selected objects or line segments are not trimmed before
the fillet is added.

The current value is stored in the TRIMMODE system variable.

Multiple

Allows for the rounding of more than one set of objects.

3.5.2 CHAMFER

Bevels or chamfers the edges of two 2D objects or the adjacent faces of a 3D solid.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Fillet drop-down > Chamfer.

Menu: Modify > Chamfer.

A bevel or chamfer is

 an angled line that meets the endpoints of two straight 2D objects.

 a sloped transition between two surfaces or adjacent faces on a 3D
solid.

The distances and angles that you specify are applied in the order that you select the
objects.

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Create 2D Chamfer

A bevel or chamfer can be defined by selecting two objects of the same or different
object types: lines, polylines, rays, and xlines.

If the two selected objects are on the same layer, the line defined is created on that
layer. Otherwise, the line is created on the current layer. The layer affects object
properties including color and linetype.

The following prompts are displayed when creating a 2D chamfer.

First Line

Select the first of two objects or the first line segment of a 2D polyline to define the
chamfer.

Second line or shift-select to apply corner

Select the second object or line segment of a 2D polyline to define the

chamfer.

You can also hold down the Shift key before selecting the second object or
line segment of a 2D polyline to extend or trim the selected objects to form a
sharp corner. While Shift is held down, a temporary value of zero is assigned
to the current chamfer distance and angle values.

If the selected objects are straight line segments of a 2D polyline, the line
segments can be adjacent to each other or separated by one other segment.
When the selected segments are separated by a segment, the segment that
separates them is removed and replaced with the chamfer.

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Note: Adding a chamfer or bevel to a hatch boundary that was

defined with individual objects results in the removal of hatch
associativity. If the hatch boundary was defined from a polyline,
associativity is maintained.

Undo

Reverses the previous action in the command.

Polyline

Inserts a chamfer line at each vertex of a 2D polyline where two straight line
segments meet. The chamfer lines become new segments of the polyline, unless the
Trim option is set to No Trim.

Note: Line segments that are too short to accommodate the chamfer distance are
not modified.

Distance

Sets the chamfer distances from the intersecting points of the first and second
objects.

If both distances are set to zero, the selected objects or line segments are extended
or trimmed so they intersect.

Angle

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Sets the chamfer distance from the intersecting point of the selected objects and the
XY angle from the first object or line segment.

If both values are set to zero, the selected objects or line segments are extended or
trimmed so they intersect.

Trim

Controls whether the selected objects are trimmed to meet the endpoints of the
chamfer line.

 Trim. Selected objects or line segments are trimmed to meet the

endpoints of the chamfer line. If the selected objects or line segments
do not intersect with the chamfer line, they are extended or trimmed
before the chamfer line is added.
 No Trim. Selected objects or line segments are not trimmed before
the chamfer line is added.
Note: The current value is stored in the TRIMMODE system variable.
Method

Controls how the chamfer line is calculated from the intersecting point of the selected
objects or line segments.

 Distance. Chamfer line is defined by two distances.

 Angle. Chamfer line is defined by a distance and an angle.

The current value is stored in the CHAMMODE system variable.

Multiple

Allows for the beveling of more than one set of objects.

3.5.3 ARRAY

Maintains legacy command line behavior for creating nonassociative, 2D rectangular

or polar arrays.

List of Prompts

The following prompts are displayed.

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Select objects: Use an object selection method

Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <current>: Enter an option or press Enter

Rectangular

Creates an array of rows and columns of copies of the selected objects.

Enter the number of rows (---) <1>: Enter a nonzero integer or press Enter

Enter the number of columns (|||) <1>: Enter a nonzero integer or press Enter

If you specify one row, you must specify more than one column and vice versa.

The selected object, or cornerstone element, is assumed to be in the lower-left

corner, and generates the array up and to the right.

The specified distance between the rows and columns includes the corresponding
lengths of the object to be arrayed.

Enter the distance between rows or specify unit cell (---):

To add rows downward, specify a negative value for the distance between rows.
ARRAY skips the next prompt if you specify two points for the opposite corners of a
rectangle.

Specify the distance between columns (|||):

To add columns to the left, specify a negative value for the distance between
columns. Rectangular arrays are constructed along a baseline defined by the current
snap rotation. This angle is normally 0, so the rows and columns are orthogonal with
respect to the Xand Y drawing axes. The Rotate option of the SNAP command
changes the angle and creates a rotated array. The SNAPANG system variable
stores the snap rotation angle.

If you specify a large number of rows and columns for the array, it might take a while
to create the copies. By default, the maximum number of array elements that you
can generate in one command is 100,000. How you change this limit depends on the
product:

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 Most AutoCAD-based products: The limit is set by the MAXARRAY

setting in the registry. To reset the limit to 200,000, for example, enter
(setenv "MaxArray" "200000") at the Command prompt.
 AutoCAD LT: You can change the maximum number of array elements
by setting the MaxArray system registry variable using the SETENV
command.
Polar

Creates an array by copying the selected objects around a specified center point.

Specify center point of array or [Base]: Specify a point or enter b to specify a new
base point

Center Point

Creates an array defined by a center point.

Base

Specifies a new reference (base) point relative to the selected objects that will
remain at a constant distance from the center point of the array as the objects
are arrayed.

Enter the number of items in the array: Enter a positive integer or press Enter

If you enter a value for the number of items, you must specify either the angle to fill
or the angle between items. If you press Enter (and do not provide the number of
items), you must specify both.

Specify the angle to fill (+=ccw, -=cw) <360>: Enter a positive number for a
counterclockwise rotation or a negative number for a clockwise rotation

You can enter 0 for the angle to fill only if you specify the number of items.

If you specify an angle to fill without providing the number of items, or if you specify
the number of items and enter 0 as the angle to fill or press Enter, the following
prompt is displayed:

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Angle between items: Specify an angle

If you specified the number of items and entered 0 as the angle to fill or pressed
Enter, ARRAY prompts for a positive or negative number to indicate the direction of
the array:

Angle between items (+=ccw, -=cw): Enter a positive number for a counterclockwise
rotation or a negative number for a clockwise rotation

ARRAY determines the distance from the array's center point to a reference point on
the last object selected. Reference points include locations such as the center point
of a circle or arc, the insertion base point of a block, the start point of text, or the
endpoint of a line.

Rotate arrayed objects? <Y>: Enter y or n, or press Enter

In a polar array, the reference point of the last object in the selection set is used for
all objects. If you defined the selection set by using window or crossing selection, the
last object in the selection set is arbitrary. Removing an object from the selection set
and adding it back forces that object to be the last object selected. You can also
make the selection set into a block and replicate it.

Path
Evenly distributes copies of the selected object along a path or a portion of a path
(same as the ARRAYPATH command).

3.5.4 PEDIT

Edits polylines, objects to be joined to polylines, and related objects.

Access Methods

Tool Sets: Drafting tab > Modify panel > Polyline Edit.

Note: Hidden by default. Click to display the icon on the tool set panel.

Menu: Modify > Object > Polyline.

Common uses for PEDIT include joining 2D polylines, converting lines and arcs into
2D polylines, and converting polylines into curves that approximate B-splines (spline-
fit polylines).

Different prompts are displayed, depending on the type of object you select to edit.

If you select a line, arc, or spline, you are prompted to convert that object to a
polyline. Several system variables affect this conversion. The
PLINECONVERTMODE system variable determines whether the polylines are
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created with linear or arc segments. When the PEDITACCEPT system variable is set
to 1, this prompt is suppressed, and the selected object is automatically converted to
a polyline. The DELOBJ system variable determines whether the original geometry is
retained or removed.

The following prompts are displayed.

Select polyline
Specifies a single polyline to work on.
 Object selected is not a polyline. Do you want to turn it
into one? Displayed if the object you select is not a polyline.
Enter y to convert the object to a polyline or nto clear the
selection.
 Specify a precision. Displayed if you select a spline and are
converting it to a polyline. The precision value determines how
accurately the resulting polyline is fit to the source spline. Enter
an integer between 0 and 99.
Note: A high precision value might cause slower performance.
Multiple
Specifies that you want to select more than one object.
 Convert lines, arcs, and splines to polylines? Displayed if
any of the objects you select is a line, arc, or spline. Enter y to
convert the objects to a polyline or n to clear the selection.
 Specify a precision for spline conversion. Displayed if any of
the objects you select is a spline and you are converting them to
polylines. The precision value determines how accurately the
resulting polyline is fit to the source spline. Enter an integer
between 0 and 99. The entered precision value affects all splines
in the selection set.

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4 LAB SESSION 4
Draw the orthographic views of 3D machine parts and organizing your work
by dimensioning, managing with layers and creating blocks in AutoCAD

4.1 Learning Objective:

At the end of this study, the student will be able to draw the orthographic views of 3D
machine parts and organizing the work by dimensioning, managing with
layers and creating blocks in AutoCAD

4.2 Apparatus
In order to complete the demonstration, we need an equipment.

 Auto CAD Software

 Intel core i3 or above
 Compatible Microsoft Windows
 Mouse or other pointing device
 CD-ROM drive

4.3 Introduction:
In this lab session an important aspect of engineering drawing called ‘dimensioning’ will also
be taught to the students and they will learn to place dimensions on AutoCAD as well. The
lab manual will at the end introduce the concept of layering in AutoCAD to the students.
After this lab session, students shall be given various practice tasks and they will be
encouraged to practice as much as possible till the end of the semester.

4.4 Instructions:

1. Open AutoCAD 2015 by double clicking on its icon situated somewhere on the
desktop.
2. Change the view to AutoCAD Classis by choosing the appropriate option from the menu
at the Quick Access Toolbar.

4.5 Layout Managing Tools

4.5.1 Dimension

Creates multiple types of dimensions within a single command session.

Access Methods

Tool Set: Drafting tab > Dimension panel > Dimension.

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Menu: Dimension > Dimension.

When you hover over an object for dimensioning, the DIM command automatically
previews a suitable dimension type to use. Select objects, lines, or points to
dimension and click anywhere in the drawing area to draw the dimension.

The supported dimension types range from vertical, horizontal, aligned, and rotated
linear dimensions, to angular dimensions, to radius, diameter, jogged radius, and arc
length dimensions, to baseline and continued dimensions. If required, you can
change the dimension type using command line options.

The following prompts are displayed.

Select objects
Automatically selects an applicable dimension type for the objects
you select and displays the prompts corresponding to that
dimension type.

Selected
object
type Action

Arc Defaults the dimension type to radius dimensions.

Circle Defaults the dimension type to radius dimensions.

Line Defaults the dimension type to linear dimensions.

Dimension Displays options to modify the selected dimension.

Ellipse Defaults to options set for selecting a line.

First extension line origin

Creates a linear dimension when you select two points.
Angular
Creates an angular dimension showing the angle between three
points by or the angle between two lines (same as the DIMANGULAR
command).
 Vertex. Specifies the point to use as the vertex of the angle.
 Specify first side of angle. Specifies one of the lines that form
the angle.
 Specify second side of angle. Specifies the other line that
forms the angle.

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 Angular dimension location. Specifies where to place the

dimension arc line. Depending on the position of the dimension,
the quadrant for the dimension changes.
o Mtext. Displays the Text Editor contextual tab, which you can
use to edit the dimension text.
o Text. Customizes the dimension text at the Command prompt.
The generated dimension is displayed within angle brackets.
o Text angle. Specifies the angle of the dimension text.
o Undo. Returns to the previous prompt.
 Undo. Returns to the previous prompt.
Baseline
Creates a linear, angular, or ordinate dimension from the first
extension line of the previous or selected dimension (same as the
DIMBASELINE command).
Note: By default, the last created dimension is used as the base
dimension.
 First extension line origin. Specifies the first extension line of
the base dimension as the extension line origin for the baseline
dimension.
 Second extension line origin. Specifies the next edge or angle
to dimension.
 Feature Location. Uses the endpoint of the base dimension
(ordinate dimension) as the endpoint for the baseline dimension.
 Select. Prompts you select a linear, ordinate, or angular
dimension to use as the base for the baseline dimension.
 Offset. Specifies the offset distance from which the baseline
dimensions are created.
 Undo. Undoes the last baseline dimension created.
Continue
Creates a linear, angular, or ordinate dimension from the second
extension line of a selected dimension (same as the DIMCONTINUE
command).
 First extension line origin. Specifies the first extension line of
the base dimension as the extension line origin for the continued
dimension.
 Second extension line origin. Specifies the next edge or angle
to dimension.
 Feature location. Uses the endpoint of the base dimension
(ordinate dimension) as the endpoint for the continued
dimension.
 Select. Prompts you select a linear, ordinate, or angular
dimension to use as the base for the continued dimension.
 Undo. Undoes the last baseline dimension created.
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Ordinate
Creates an ordinate dimension (same as DIMORDINATE command).
 Feature location. Prompts for a point on a feature such as an
endpoint, intersection, or center of an object.
o Leader endpoint. Uses the difference between the feature
location and the leader endpoint to determine whether it is
an X or a Y ordinate dimension. If the difference in
the Y ordinate is greater, the dimension measures
the X ordinate. Otherwise, it measures the Y ordinate.
o Xdatum. Measures the X ordinate and determines the
orientation of the leader line and dimension text.
o Ydatum. Measures the Y ordinate and determines the
orientation of the leader line and dimension text.
o Mtext. Displays the Text Editor contextual tab, which you can
use to edit the dimension text.
o Text. Customizes the dimension text at the Command prompt.
The generated dimension is displayed within angle brackets.
o Angle. Specifies the angle of the dimension text.
o Undo. Returns to the previous prompt.
 Undo. Returns to the previous prompt.
Align
Aligns multiple parallel, concentric, or same datum dimensions to a
selected base dimension.
 Base dimension. Specifies a dimension to use as basis for the
dimensions alignment.
o Dimensions to align. Selects the dimensions to align to the
selected base dimension.
Distribute
Specifies the method on how to distribute a group of selected
isolated linear or ordinate dimensions.
 Equal. Equally distributes all selected dimensions. This method
requires a minimum of three dimension lines.
 Offset. Distributes all selected dimensions at a specified offset
distance.
Layer
Assigns new dimensions to the specified layer, overriding the
current layer. Enter Use Current or " . " to use the current layer.
(DIMLAYER system variable)
Undo
Reverses the last dimension operation.

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The following options are displayed when you place a dimension in such a way that it
overlaps an existing dimension.
Move away
Arranges the existing dimension and the newly inserted dimension
into a baseline dimension type.
Break up
Splits up the existing dimension into two dimensions, and arranges
those dimensions into a continued dimension type.
Replace
Deletes the existing dimension and replaces it with the one you
insert.
None
Inserts the new dimension on top of the existing dimension.

4.5.2 LAYER

Manages layers and layer properties.

Access Methods

Menu: Format > Layers.

Command entry: 'layer for transparent use

Summary

The Layers Palette is displayed.

If you enter -layer at the Command prompt, options are displayed.

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Use layers to control the visibility of objects and to assign properties such as color
and linetype. Objects on a layer normally assume the properties of that layer.
However, you can override any layer property of an object. For example, if an
object’s color property is set to BYLAYER, the object displays the color of that layer.
If the object’s color is set to Red, the object displays as red, regardless of the color
assigned to that layer.

Prepared by: Muhammad Moeen Sultan (Assistant Professor ME Dept., UET Lahore KSK) 78