REVIEWER

Readings in Philippine History

History Schools of Historiography Intentionalist
●​ The past exerts an endless fascination. Historicists ●​ The Intentionalist recognizes the roles
We are interested in our roots, or ●​ Was developed in the late 19th century. played by key individuals in history as
because we are interested in the way the ●​ It was pioneered by Von Ranke who they were influenced by their intentions
world around us has been shaped, or introduced a scientific approach in the and personalities thus, they acted on a
because we are intrigued by the use of primary sources in the particular circumstance which led to the
“otherness” of different people who lived reconstruction of the past. unfolding of history.
at different times. (Robespiere) ●​ Ranke believes that with the objective ●​ The intentions and personalities are
●​ Our knowledge of the past will always be study of the primary sources, history can viewed as a factor that results in historical
partial and incomplete be reconstructed as actually it happened. change.
●​ When we think about the past, we have ●​ Views that people can learn lessons from Hegelian
our own assumptions, attitudes and the past. This is because of their Free ●​ Hegel viewed history as a relentless
questions which are different from those Will, and their Free Will aided them to be advancement towards freedom.
people of the past in control of their own destinies. ●​ The Hegelian school of historiography
●​ Accounts of the past are always ●​ The Historicists as a school of recognizes that behind every historical
interpretative and always open to dispute historiography is complemented by change are intellectual movements and
and questions Positivism as a method of creating advancement of ideas.
●​ The discipline of history is both less than history. Marxist
the past and more than the past. ●​ The Positivists rely on the use of ●​ Karl Marx on the other hand made use of
●​ As an academic discipline, history is an sources for accurate and complete statistical data to emphasize that history
attempt to resolve these difficulties and to visualization of the past. They view the is influenced by exploitation and conflict
construct intellectually coherent accounts significant role of sources in the among social classes.
of the past which are consistent with the reconstruction of history. ●​ The Marxist as a school of historiography
evidence Accidentalist adheres to the idea that every historical
●​ It is possible to arrive at possible truth ●​ subscribes to the idea that behind every change happened due to economic
because histories are fact historical event are accidents which forces.
served as a driving force. Structuralist
●​ The focus is more on why the event ●​ The Structuralist on the other hand
happened. believes in the role of political and military
structures in shaping history.
REVIEWER
Readings in Philippine History
●​ This school of historiography emphasizes Filipino historians influenced by the West. ●​ It supports Nelson Mandela’s belief “If
that historical events happened due to Until a group of Filipino historians you talk to a man in a language he
the existing political and military developed a discourse called “Pantayong understands, that goes to his head. If you
structures. Pananaw”. As they explained, it is a talk to him in his language, that goes to
Annales communication-based theoretical his heart”.
●​ The Annales emphasizes social history, innovation coming out of the field of ●​ The Pantayong Pananaw is an evolution
and very long term trends, often using Philippine historiography from the “pangkami” or the “we-speaking
quantification and paying special ●​ Is roughly translated in English as “A to others” into “pantayo” or the
attention to geography and to the For-Us Perspective”. “we-speaking among ourselves.
intellectual world view of common people ●​ From the perspective of Pantayong ●​ The Bagong Kasaysayan uses a
or “mentality”. Pananaw, language is a controlling methodology grounded in the indigenous
●​ Little attention to political, diplomatic, or element in discourse. or native conception of history. It refers to
military history, or biographies of famous ●​ It is likewise seen as a corrective history as “salaysay na may saysay”. It
personalities. mechanism. focuses on drawing-out the meaning of
●​ Focuses on the idea of the history of ●​ The language is also considered as a tool “saysay” to extract its meaning, sense
ideologies, world views, and mental in the thinking process thereby resulting and relevance of events for a constituent
structures within a historical context. in the development of thought which in people.
Post-Modernist turn leads to the further development of
●​ In contrast to the Historicist, the language.
Post-Modernist was developed in the late ●​ If language becomes a barrier to thought,
20th century. As a school of the thinking process is impeded or
historiography, postmodernism is strongly retarded which could result in cultural
influenced by Foucault when he disputed stagnation.
that all sources are biased and ●​ The Pantayong Pananaw regard
incomplete therefore the past cannot be language barrier as a “Great Cultural
known. The post-modernist subscribe to Divide”.
the belief that all interpretations of history ●​ Posits that language could even hamper
are valid. the development of creative thinking,
Pantayong Pananaw analytic thinking, and abstract thinking
●​ Philippine History was written based on because it could influence memorization
the perspective of the West or written by thereby could limit the learner.