omer mokhtar

SEC:10 Contents:

Quick Review • Double (Polar)

• Triple
• Spherical Coordinates
• Line Integral (Applications)
• Green’s Theorem

0
Polar Form
Theorem 2.4: (Fubini’s theorem in polar form)
Suppose 𝑓(𝑥, 𝜃) is continues over the region 𝑅 = {(𝑟, 𝜃): 𝛼 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝛽 , and 𝑔1 (𝜃) ≤ 𝑟 ≤
𝑔2 (𝜃)}. Where 𝑟 ≥ 0 . Then the double integral of 𝑓 over 𝑅 is written as the iterated
integrals:
𝛽 𝑔2 (𝜃)
∬ 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃)𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑅 𝛼 𝑔1 (𝜃)

Name Polar equation

If 𝑎 = 1
• 𝑟=𝑎 • 𝑟 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃, • 𝑟 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃,
• −𝜋/2 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋/2 0≤𝜃≤𝜋
𝑟=𝑎
𝑎

Circles 𝑎

• 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃 • 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 cos 𝜃

Cardioids

• 𝑟 = 𝑎 sin 3𝜃 • 𝑟 = 𝑎 cos 3𝜃

Roses

1
Example 1:
𝒙𝟐
Evaluate ∬𝑹 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝑨 over the region enclosed by circles 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 and 𝒙𝟐 +
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗 in the first quadrant
Solution
2𝜋 3 2
𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝐼=∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
0 1 𝑟2
3
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 2𝜋 𝑟 2
= [𝜃 + ] [ ] = 4𝜋
2 2 0 2 1

1st quadrant:

𝐼
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑤 = =𝜋 #
4

Example 2:
Use double integration to find the area of loop the rose 𝒓 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜽
Solution
𝜋 𝜋
cos 3𝜃
6 3 6
𝐴 = 3∫ ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = ∫ [𝑟 2 ]cos
0
3𝜃
𝑑𝜃
−
𝜋
0 2 − 𝜋
6 6

𝜋 𝜋
3 6 3 sin 6𝜃 6
𝐴 = ∫ (1 + cos 6𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = [𝜃 + ]
4 −𝜋 4 6 −𝜋
6 6

𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = #
4

2
Example 3:
Use double integration to find the area of the region within both of the circles 𝒓 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 and 𝒓 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
Solution
𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
4 4
𝐴 = 2∫ ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = ∫ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 0 0

𝜋
1 sin 2𝜃 4 1 𝜋 1
𝐴 = [𝜃 − ] = ( − ) #
2 2 0 2 4 2

Example 4:
Use double integration to find the area of the region inside the cardioid 𝒓 = 𝟏 +
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 and outside the circle 𝒓 = 𝟏

Solution
𝜋
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
𝐴 = 2∫ ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
0 1
𝜋
2
= ∫ [(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 − 1]𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
1 sin2θ 2 𝜋
𝐴 = [ (𝜃 − ) − 2 cos 𝜃] = + 2
2 2 0 4

𝐴 = 2.785 #

3
Example 5:
Use double integration to find the volume of the solid bounded by cone 𝒛 =
√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 and the plane 𝒛 = 𝟒 in the first octant.
Solution

𝜋 𝜋 4
4
2 2𝑟3 2
𝜋 64 16
𝑉𝑜𝑙 = ∫ ∫ (4 − 𝑟)𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = ∫ [2𝑟 − ] 𝑑𝜃 = (32 − ) = 𝜋 #
0 0 0 3 0 2 3 3

4
Triple Integral
Example 6:
Find the volume of the solid bounded by the graphs of 𝑧 = 4 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 4,
𝑥 = 0, and 𝑧 = 0.

Solution

2 4−𝑦 2 4−𝑧 2 4−𝑦 2 2 4−𝑦2

𝑧2
𝑉𝑜𝑙 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (4 − 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [4𝑧 − ] 𝑑𝑦
−2 0 0 −2 0 −2 2 0

2 2
𝑦4
2
𝑦5 128
= ∫ [16 − 4𝑦 − 8 − + 4𝑦 2 ]𝑑𝑦 = [8𝑦 − ] =
−2 2 10 −2 5

Example 7:
Find the volume of the solid bounded by the surfaces 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 and
𝑧 = 8 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2

Solution

5
 8−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑉𝑜𝑙 = ∬ ∫ 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝐴 = ∬ (8 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴 = ∬ (8 − 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴
𝑅 𝑥 2 +3𝑦 2 𝑅 𝑅
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 8 ∬ (1 − ( + )) 𝑑𝐴 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = √2 , 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 2√2𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑟 4 2
2𝜋 1 1
2 )𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑟2 𝑟4
𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 16√2𝜋 ∫ ∫ (1 − 𝑟 = 32√2𝜋 [ − ] = 8𝜋 √2
0 0 2 4 0

Spherical Coordinates
Example 8:

Derive the evaluation formula for spherical coordinates

(𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜙) , [𝜌 ≥ 0, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋]

Solution
𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , 𝑧 = 𝜌 cos 𝜙 , 𝑟 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙

𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 , 𝑥 = 𝜌 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 , 𝑧 = 𝜌 cos 𝜙

cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 −𝜌 sin 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝜌 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙

𝐽 = | sin 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝜌 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 𝜌 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 |
cos 𝜙 0 −𝜌 sin 𝜙

= cos 𝜙 (−𝜌2 sin2 𝜃 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙 − 𝜌2 cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙) − 𝜌 sin 𝜙( 𝜌 cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙
+ 𝜌 sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙)

take
= −𝜌2 [sin 𝜙 cos2 𝜙 + sin3 𝜙] = −𝜌2 sin 𝜙 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 → |𝐽| = 𝜌2 sin 𝜙

6
Example 9:

By using the spherical coordinates, evaluate the triple integral ∭𝐸 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑉

where 𝐸 is the solid beneath the hemisphere 𝑧 = √1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 above xy-plane.

𝜋
0≤𝜙≤ , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, 0≤𝜌≤1
𝜋
2
2𝜋 1 1 𝜋
2 𝜌4 2𝜋
𝐼=∫ ∫ ∫ 𝜌. 𝜌 sin 𝜙 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜙𝑑𝜃 = [ ] [− cos 𝜙]02 [𝜃]2𝜋
2
0 = #
0 0 0 4 0 4

7
Line Integral (Applications)
Rule 3.4 (Mass and moments formulas):
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ⇒ 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡) , 𝑧(𝑡) = ℎ(𝑡), 𝑡0 , ≤ 𝑡
≤ 𝑡𝑓
𝑡
1-Arc Length: 𝑆[𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑐] = ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑡 𝑓 √𝑓̇ 2 + 𝑔̇ 2 + ℎ̇2 𝑑𝑡
0

𝑡
2-Mass: 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝜌 × 𝑆 = ∫𝐶 𝜌(𝑡)𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑡 𝑓 𝜌(𝑡)√𝑓̇ 2 + 𝑔̇ 2 + ℎ̇2 𝑑𝑡
0
3-First Moments of the coordinate planes⇒
𝑀𝑥𝑦 [𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑝𝑟𝑒. 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒] = ∫𝑧 𝜌 𝑑𝑠 , 𝑀𝑥𝑧 = ∫𝑦 𝜌 𝑑𝑠 ,
𝐶 𝐶

𝑀𝑦𝑧 = ∫𝑥 𝜌 𝑑𝑠
𝐶
4-Coordinates of Center of mass (𝒙̅, 𝒚
̅, 𝒛̅)
1 1 1
𝑧̅ = ∫𝑧 𝜌 𝑑𝑠 , 𝑦̅ = ∫𝑦 𝜌 𝑑𝑠 , 𝑥̅ = ∫𝑥 𝜌 𝑑𝑠
𝑚 𝐶 𝑚 𝐶 𝑚 𝐶
5-Moments of inertia bout axes
𝐼𝑥 = ∫(𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝜌 𝑑𝑠 , 𝐼𝑦 = ∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝜌 𝑑𝑠 , 𝐼𝑧 = ∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝜌 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶

Example 10:
Find the mass of a spring in the shape of helix defined parametrically by 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑡 ,
𝑦 = 𝑡, and 𝑧 = 2 sin 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 6𝜋, with density 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2𝑦

Solution
6π
mass = ∫ 𝜌 √𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2 + 𝑧̇ 2 𝑑𝑡
0
6𝜋
= ∫ (2𝑡)√4 sin2 𝑡 + 1 + 4 cos2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = √5[𝑡 2 ]6𝜋
0 = 36√5𝜋
2
0

8
Example 11:
A wire takes the shape of the semicircle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑦 ≥ 0. Find the center of mass
of the wire if the linear density at any point is proportional to its distance from the line
𝑦 = 1.
Solution
𝜌 ∝ (1 − 𝑦) = 𝑘(1 − 𝑦)
π
mass = k ∫ (1 − sin 𝑡)√𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2 𝑑𝑡
0
𝜋
= 𝑘 ∫ (1 − sin 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘[𝑡 + cos 𝑡]𝜋0 = 𝑘[𝜋 − 2]
0
𝑘 𝜋 −1
𝑥̅ = ∫ cos 𝑡 (1 − sin 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [(1 − sin 𝑡)2 ]𝜋0 = 0
𝑚 0 2𝜋 − 4
2 𝜋 𝜋
𝑘 𝜋 1 𝑡 1 2−2
𝑦̅ = ∫ sin 𝑡 (1 − sin 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [(− cos 𝑡 − + sin2 𝑡) ] =
𝑚 0 𝜋−2 2 4 0
𝜋−2

9
Green's Theorem
Theorem 1 (Green's theorem in tangential form):
Suppose that 𝐷 is a simply connected region in a plane enclosed by the piece-wise smooth
simple closed curve 𝐶(counter clockwise or positively oriented). If 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦), and
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
, are continuous on 𝐷,then.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

∮ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∮⟨𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)⟩. ⟨𝑑𝑥, 𝑑𝑦⟩ = ∬ (𝑄𝑥 − 𝑃𝑦 )𝑑𝐴 = ∬ (𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ )𝑑𝐴
𝑅 𝑅

Example 12:
Verify the green’s theorem for the circulation of the field:

𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑖̂ + 𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑗 ̂
Along the curve Is independent of path then evaluate it if 𝐶 is boundary of the region
enclosed by 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = −𝑥
Solution

1st Method: By using Green’s Theorem

𝑃 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦, 𝑄 = 𝑥 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑃𝑦 = 1, 𝑄𝑥
= 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑄𝑥 − 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑦 2 − 1
0 −𝑦
∮ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ ∫ (𝑦 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
−1 𝑦 2

0 0
= − ∫ (𝑦 2 − 1)(𝑦 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ (𝑦 4 + 𝑦 3 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
−1 −1
5 4 3 2 0
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 1 1 1 1 7
= −[ + − − ] =− + + − =−
5 4 3 2 −1 5 4 3 2 60
nd
2 Method: By using Line integral
∮ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∫ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑟⃗
𝑐1 𝑐2
𝟐 𝟐
On 𝑪𝟏 : 𝒚 = 𝒕, 𝒙 = 𝒕 ⇒ 𝒓(𝒕) = ⟨𝒕 , 𝒕⟩

−1 −1
𝑡6 2 3 𝑡5 8
𝐼1 = ∫ + 𝑡, 𝑡 ⟨𝑡 4 4 ⟩. ⟨2𝑡,
1⟩𝑑𝑡 = [ + 𝑡 + ] = −
0 3 3 5 0 15
On 𝑪𝟐 : 𝒚 = 𝒕, 𝒙 = −𝒕 ⇒ 𝒓(𝒕) = ⟨−𝒕, 𝒕⟩

−1 0
𝑡3 𝑡2 𝑡4 5
𝐼1 = ∫ ⟨𝑡 2 3 ⟩. ⟨−1,1⟩𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑡, −𝑡 = [− − − ] =
0 3 2 4 −1 12
7
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = −
60

10
Example 13: Evaluate the line integral

∮(𝑒 𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (8𝑥 2 + sin 𝑦)𝑑𝑦

𝑐
Where 𝐶 is the positive-oriented boundary of the region bounded by the circles of radii
1 and 3, centered at the origin, and lying in the 1st quadrant.
Solution
𝑃 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦, 𝑄 = 8𝑥 2 + sin 𝑦,

𝜕 𝜕
|𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦| = 𝑄𝑥 − 𝑃𝑦 = 16𝑥 − 6𝑥 = 10𝑥
𝑃 𝑄
𝜋 3
3 𝜋
2 𝑟3
⃗ 2 2
∮𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = ∫ ∫ 10 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 10[sin 𝜃]0 . [ ]
𝑐 0 1 3 1
260
=
3

Example 14:
Find the work done by the force field 𝐹⃗ = (−16𝑦 + sin 𝑥 2 )𝑖̂ + (4𝑒 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 )𝑗̂ acting in
clockwise direction along the curve 𝐶 which is the boundary of the region enclosed by
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑥, and 𝑦 = −𝑥.
Solution
𝑃 = −16𝑦 + sin 𝑥 2 , 𝑄 = 4𝑒 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 ,

𝜕 𝜕
|𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦| = 𝑄𝑥 − 𝑃𝑦 = 6𝑥 + 16
𝑃 𝑄
3𝜋/4 1
∮𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑟 = ∫ ∫ (6 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 16) 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑐 𝜋/4 0
= 4𝜋
In C.W:
= −4𝜋 #

11
 Theorem 2 (Green's theorem in normal form):
Suppose that 𝐷 is a simply connected region in a plane enclosed by the piecewise smooth
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
simple closed curve 𝐶. If 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦), and 𝜕𝑥 , 𝜕𝑦 are continuous on 𝐷,then.
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
∮𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = ∬ ( + ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∬ div(𝐹⃗ ) 𝑑𝐴
𝑐 𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝐷
Remember:
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
∮⟨𝑃, 𝑄⟩. ⟨𝑑𝑦, −𝑑𝑥⟩ = ∬ ( + ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∬ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐹⃗ ) 𝑑𝐴
𝑐 𝐷 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝐷

Example 15:
Find the outward flux of the field 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ across the square bounded by the
lines 𝑥 = ±1, and 𝑦 = ±1.
Solution
div(𝐹⃗ ) = 1 + 2𝑦 → Outward Flux
1 1
= ∫ ∫ (1 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
−1 −1
= [𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ]1−1 [𝑥]1−1 = 2 × 2 = 4

Using line integral to find the area:

1
Let 𝐴⃗ = 2 ⟨−𝑦, 𝑥⟩ 𝑜𝑟 𝐴⃗ = ⟨1, 𝑥⟩, Or 𝐴⃗ = ⟨−𝑦, 1⟩

1
𝐴 = ∮𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∮𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∮𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∬ 𝑑𝐴
2 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝐷

Example 16:
𝑥2 𝑦2
Use line integral to find the area of region enclosed by the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 where
𝑎 > 0 and 𝑏 > 0.
Solution
2𝜋 2𝜋
⃗⃗ = ⟨1, 𝑥⟩, 𝐴 ∫
A ⟨1, 𝑎 cos 𝑡⟩⟨−𝑎 sint 𝑡 , 𝑏 cos 𝑡⟩𝑑𝑡 = ∫ [−𝑎 s𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑏 cos2 𝑡]𝑑𝑡
0 0
2𝜋
𝑎𝑏 sin 2𝑡
= [𝑎 cos 𝑡 + [𝑡 + ]] = 𝑎𝑏 𝜋
2 2
0

12