GRADE 9 | SCIENCE

Unit 10

Introduction to
Carbon
Compounds

Prepared By:

AUSTRICK M. TEJADA, LPT

SCIENCE INSTRUCTOR
 Carbon is referred to as the element of life. It is the foundation of all biological
molecules such as the three main nutrients–carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. In
addition to this, carbon is also the backbone element of substances such as petroleum,
plastics, perfumes, detergents, and vitamins. Almost all substances we use in our
everyday lives are made up of carbon.
Carbon is not the most abundant element in Earth’s crust, yet it is prevalent as
components of a wide array of compounds such as carbonates, fossil fuels and in
living organisms. It has four valence electrons which it usually shares to other
nonmetals to form a variety of compounds. It forms single bonds with hydrogen to
produce methane (CH 4 ) , the primary fuel in liquefied petroleum gas. It can form
double bonds with oxygen such as that in carbon dioxide, or triple bond with sulfide
such as that in carbon sulfide. It can link up with other carbon atoms in chains and
ring structures such as those in diamonds or graphenes. This ability of carbon to
react with itself and a lot of other nonmetals in various ways has resulted to a
diversity of carbon-based compounds called organic compounds. The branch of
chemistry that studies organic compounds is known as organic chemistry .

Organic compounds are different from most compounds you have already studied.
Most ionic compounds such as table salt (NaCl), muriatic acid (HCl) and washing
soda (Na 2 CO 3 ) are called inorganic compounds . Inorganic compounds have high
melting and boiling points and are generally soluble in water. Organic compounds, on
the other hand, have low melting and boiling points and are generally soluble in less
polar solvents. These differences in properties arise from the differences in the type of
their chemical bonds.

But what makes organic compounds special? What properties of carbon allow the
formation of a variety of organic compounds? In this unit, you will learn why carbon
is the element of life, and how it manages to produce a lot of organic compounds.
You will also encounter some of the organic compounds you use in many of your
activities.

Essential Questions

At the end of this unit, you should be able to answer the following questions.

● Why can carbon form many different organic compounds?

● How are these carbon compounds classified?
● What are the general properties of organic compounds?

Review

● Covalent bonding is a type of chemical bonding that is formed by the sharing

of electrons between two atoms.
● A covalent bond is formed between nonmetals . It can be formed between
atoms of the same element or atoms of different elements.
● Atoms involved in covalent bonding can form a single, double, or triple
covalent bond to achieve the octet configuration.
○ In a single bond , one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms.

○ In a double bond, two pairs of electrons are shared between two

atoms.
○ In a triple bond, three pairs of electrons are shared between two
atoms.
● Polarity refers to the distribution of electrons in a chemical bond. There are
two types of covalent bonds based on polarity: nonpolar covalent bonds and
polar covalent bonds .
● Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards its own
density cloud.
● Nonpolar covalent bonds are covalent bonds between two atoms that have a
minor difference in electronegativity (from 0.0 to 0.4). It usually occurs
between two similar nonmetals in a bond.
 ● Polar covalent bonds are covalent bonds between two different atoms that
have a significant difference in electronegativity but not too large to be
considered ionic (from 0.4 to 1.7).
Lesson 10.1: The Carbon Atom and Its
Bonds
Objectives
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● explain how the structure of the carbon atom affects the types of bonds it
forms;
● describe and give examples of isomers; and
● describe and give examples of allotropes of carbons.

Almost all the important substances essential to everyday life involve the carbon
atom. From the protein used in cellular processes, to the gas used to fill car tanks
and the mefenamic acid used as painkillers, carbon serves to be the main element in
this set of organic compounds. What gives carbon the ability to bond in a variety
of ways and form a diverse group of compounds?

Warm-Up
Carbon! Carbon! Carbon everywhere!
The ability of carbon to produce a diverse group of compounds lies in its properties.
Let us start listing down the properties of carbon by answering the following
questions.

1. Carbon is a group 14 element. What is its valence electron configuration?

__________________________________________________________________________
_
2. In the space provided below, draw the Lewis electron-dot formula for carbon.

3. If carbon is made to react with nonmetals, such as N, O or F, how will it

satisfy octet?
____________________________________________________________________
____________

_____________________________________________________________________
___________ Suppose carbon is made to react with N, O and F. Given below
are the chemical names for each covalent compound. Draw their Lewis
structures on each spaces provided.
 Reacts with Chemical Name Lewis Structure

F carbon tetrafluoride

O carbon dioxide

N carbon nitride

Learn about It

Characteristics of the Carbon Atom

In examining the element carbon, it is important to take note of its atomic structure.

Fig. 1. The atomic structure of carbon.

Based on its atomic structure, carbon has the electron configuration of 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p

2
, giving it a total of four valence electrons. This number of valence electrons makes
it difficult for the carbon atom to gain or lose electrons. Thus, to achieve the octet
configuration, carbon shares its electrons and forms covalent bonds with other
nonmetals.

Also recall from Unit 8 that the orbitals of non-metals can actually undergo
hybridization, or the process of mixing orbitals in order to provide more bonding
opportunities for the atom. If carbon uses its pre-hybridized orbitals for bonding, the
maximum bond that it can have will be two. This is because there are only two
unpaired electrons in the p -orbitals which are readily available for bonding (see
Figure 2). Once the s and p orbitals undergo hybridization, the electrons will all
become unpaired and will be distributed to the new orbitals (called sp 3 orbitals ).
Because of this, carbon can now accommodate a maximum of four bonds. This type
of hybridization is also responsible for the single bonds formed by carbon to another
carbon atom, and the most basic form of hybridization.

Fig. 2. The formation of sp 3

hybridized orbitals.

Carbon can also form two more complex types of hybridization called sp 2 and sp
orbitals . The former is responsible for C=C bonds, while the latter helps out in the
formation of C≡C bonds. Below are the representations of the carbon compounds in
different bond formations.

Fig. 3. The different bonds formed by carbon.

Aside from the types of bonds that they can form, carbon atoms also have the ability to
create linear, branched , and cyclic structures.
 Fig. 4. The different structures formed by carbon.

While carbon typically bonds with another carbon atom and hydrogen, it can also
form covalent bonds with a wide range of other nonmetals such as oxygen, sulfur,
nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Fig. 5. Examples of other elements that can bond with carbon.

Another factor that makes carbon a very diverse element is its relatively small size.
This property enables carbon atoms to be linked closely together. As a result, strong
covalent bonds are formed.

The strong covalent bonds allow the formation of long chains of carbon as can be
seen in biological molecules such as fats and sugars. Figure 6 shows an example of
a compound that consists of a long carbon chain.

Fig. 6. Carbon can form very long chains like those found in lipids

Isomerism in Carbon Compounds

The ability of carbon to form four bonds also allows a compound to exist in many
forms called isomers . These compounds have the same molecular formula, but with
different arrangements of atoms. Isomers have three types: constitutional,
configurational, and conformational.

Constitutional isomers differ in their skeletal formulas. Let us take a look at

pentane, a five carbon organic compound, as an example. It can exist as a straight
chain pentane but can also have branched isomers such as isopentane and neopentane.
Pentane and its isomers all have the molecular formula C 5 H 12 .
 Fig. 7. The structural isomers of pentane.

Configurational isomers, on the other hand, have the same molecular and structural
formulas but different three-dimensional structures. This is a result of the four bonds of
carbon which are directed to the four corners of a tetrahedron.

Consider the compound dibromoethylene, which has the molecular formula

C 2 H 2 Br 2 . It can have two different three-dimensional structures. A cis- isomer
shows two similar groups (in this compound’s case, a bromine group, -Br). on the
same side of the molecule, while a trans - isomerism shows similar groups located on
the opposite sides.

Fig. 8. The configurational isomers of dibromoethylene .

The last type of isomerism is called conformational isomerism . These isomers

differ in their shapes due to the rotation of C–C single bonds. An example of
conformational isomer is ethane. The single bonds between two carbon atoms can be
rotated, which changes the orientations of the hydrogen atoms with respect to one
another.
Fig. 9. The rotational isomers of ethane: (a) The staggered conformation of ethane;
(b) the eclipsed conformation of ethane

Shown in Figure 9 is the ball-and-stick model of ethane. In this model, the atoms
are represented as balls while the bonds are represented as sticks. Focus on the
second carbon (labelled 2) of ethane;the structure of ethane in Figure 9a shows the
staggered conformation. In this conformation, the hydrogen atoms of the second
carbon are oriented in between the hydrogen atoms of the first carbon. Meanwhile,
the structure of ethane in Figure 9b shows the eclipsed conformation. In this
conformation, the hydrogen atoms of the second carbon are oriented parallel to the
hydrogen atoms of the first carbon. To clearly see the difference between the two
conformations, one can look closer at the axis where the carbons 1 and 2 are
located.

Allotropes of Carbon
The unique properties of carbon give rise to the formation of its allotropes.
Allotropes refer to the different forms of carbon. The three common allotropes of
carbon are diamond, graphite, and fullerene.

Diamond
In diamond, each carbon atom covalently bonds with four other carbon atoms, which
also bonds to four other carbon atoms. This results in the formation of a three-
dimensional structure formed by strong covalent bonds. Diamonds are hard and have
high melting and boiling points.
 Fig. 10. (a) Diamond crystal; (b) Chains of carbon-carbon bonds arranged in crystalline
formation.

Graphite
In graphite, each carbon atom covalently bonds with three other carbon atoms, which
also bonds to three other carbon atoms. This results in the formation of a continuous
layer of hexagons. Graphites are soft and slippery. They have high melting and boiling
points, and are good conductors of electricity.

Fig. 11. Structure of graphite.

Fullerene
Fullerenes are made from carbon atoms that are linked together to make hollow balls
or tubes of carbon. An example of a fullerene is the Buckminster fullerene . This is
also known as “buckyballs”. They are spherical in shape and they have the formula C
60 .

Fig. 12. Structure of a buckyball. Buckyballs are spherical in shape.

Another example of fullerenes are nanotubes . These are tube fullerenes that are
known for their strength and electrical conductivity. Just like graphite, fullerenes are
composed of a sheet of links of hexagonal rings. However, fullerenes also have
pentagonal rings which prevent them from having a planar structure.

Fig. 13. Structure of a nanotube. Nanotubes are used as reinforcement in tennis rackets.
 ● To achieve octet, carbon shares its electrons and forms covalent bonds with
other nonmetals.
● Hybridization is the process of mixing orbitals in order to provide more
bonding opportunities for the atom. In a carbon atom, four sp 3 hybrid orbitals
are produced to make four covalent bonds.
● Carbon atoms also has the ability to create linear, branched, and cyclic
structures.
● Isomers are compounds which have the same molecular formula but with
different arrangements of atoms. There are three types:
○ Constitutional isomers differ in their skeletal formulas.

○ Configurational isomers have the same molecular and structural formulas

but different three-dimensional structures.
○ Conformational isomers that differ in their shapes due to the rotation of
C–C single bonds.
● Allotropes refer to the different forms of carbon. The three common allotropes
of carbon are diamond, graphite, and fullerene.

Web Links

For further information, you can check the following web links:

● Help! Suppose you are kidnapped. How will you escape? Watch
here one did it using graphite:
Veritasium. 2011. ‘ How To Make Graphene.’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PifL8bAybyc

● A new world composed of graphene-based technology? Hear Nai Chang Ye in

her futuristic talk:
TEDx Talks. 2017. ‘ A New World Composed of Graphene-Based Technology.’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=c4oW6PcOUtc

Check Your Understanding

A. Write true if the statement is true. Otherwise, write false.

1. Nanotubes, which are commonly used as reinforcements in tennis rackets, are non-
planar structures made up of carbon atoms that can conduct electricity.
2. Buckyballs are spherical in shape.
3. Allotropes are compounds have the same molecular formula, but with different
arrangements of atoms.
4. Graphite is an isomer of carbon that forms continuous sheets of hexagonal
sheet.
5. Diamond is the hardest allotrope of carbon.

B. Answer the following questions comprehensively.

1. List down three factors that allow carbon to form a large variety of
compounds.
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

2. Acetylene is an organic compound formed between carbon and hydrogen

atoms. Its chemical formula is C 2 H 2 .
a. Draw the Lewis structure for C 2 H 2 .
b. What type(s) of covalent bond is present in this compound?
c. What type(s) of hybrid orbitals are used for the carbon atom to build
the molecule?

3. For the following compounds, draw their Lewis structures and identify the type
of bond they formed.
Compound Lewis Structure Type of bond

hydrogen cyanide, HCN

carbon tetrachloride, CCl 4

ethylene, C 2 H 4

4. For the following pair of compounds, identify whether they exhibit allotropism
or isomerism. Write A if the pair of compounds are allotropes, and I if the
compounds are isomers. Then, if the pair of compounds exhibit isomerism,
identify the type of isomerism they exhibit.
Pair of compounds Allotropes or Isomers Type of Isomerism
 Carbon and graphite

Answer the following questions comprehensively.

1. Carbon has the ability to form four bonds. This property allows an organic
compound to exist in many forms called isomers. In the compound butane, an
alkane that contains four carbon atoms, how many isomers could possibly be
formed? Present your answers using the full structural formula of the
compounds.
2. Two of the most common forms of oxygen compound are the oxygen gas (O 2
) and ozone gas (O 3 ) . Are the two isomers or allotropes? Explain.
3. Between the conformational isomers of ethane, staggered (Fig. 9a) and eclipsed
(Fig 9b), which do you think is more stable? Explain your answer.
4. Construct a Venn diagram for the two allotropes of carbon: diamond and
graphite. List down at least three similarities and three differences based on
their structure and properties.
5. One of the differences between diamond and graphite is their electrical
conductivity. Graphite is a conductor of electricity while diamond is not.
Suggest a reason for this.
 Lesson 10.2: Organic Compounds and
Functional Groups
Objectives
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● differentiate organic from inorganic compounds;
● recognize general properties of organic compounds; and ●
recognize the general classes of organic compounds.

Daily living would be impossible without the presence of organic compounds. And
since there are millions of varieties of organic compounds, it would be difficult to
study these compounds without classifying them. But are all carbon-containing
compounds considered organic compounds?

Warm-Up
The Boat is Sinking! Group yourselves based on … Functionality? !
The following are organic compounds we oftentimes use in everyday life. Their
Lewis structure is described in the third column. Then, match the structures drawn
below to each of these compounds. Write your answer in the fourth column.
Organic Uses Description of its Lewis
Compound Structure

propane major component of straight chain made up

liquefied petroleum of three carbon atoms
gas

octane major component straight chain made up

of gasoline of eight carbon atoms

isopropyl major component has a hydroxide group at

alcohol of rubbing alcohol a middle carbon

ethanol major component of has a hydroxide group

liquors and alcoholic (OH) at one end
beverages
formaldehyde also known as one carbon atom
formalin, used for doubly bonded to an
embalming or oxygen atom
preserving
biological samples

acetaldehyde precursor for two carbon atom with one

perfumes, carbon atom
flavorings and doubly bonded to an
synthetic rubbers oxygen atom

lactic acid used as food has a hydroxide group

preservative and (OH) and a carboxylic
flavoring agent, acid group (COOH)
produced by
fermentation of
sugar from yogurt

oxalic acid found in kamias and has two carboxylic acid

is generally groups (COOH)
used as bleach for
wood

From the Lewis structures, look at similarities and differences. Group the molecules
based on similar structures. How many groups did you get?
 Learn about It

Organic compounds are compounds containing carbon and other elements. But it is
important to note that not all carbon-containing compounds are considered organic
compounds. In its carbonate ion (CO 3-2 ) form for example, carbon bonds ionically
with metals such as calcium and forms an inorganic compound calcium carbonate
(CaCO 3 ). Provided below if the list all inorganic compounds with carbon it it.

Table 10.1 Inorganic compounds containing carbon.

Name Chemical Formula
carbon monoxide CO
carbon dioxide CO 2
carbon tetrachloride CCl 4
carbides C 4-
carbonates CO 3 2-
cyanides CN -
allotropes of carbon C 60
Organic compounds consist of hydrocarbons as its base elements. Hydrocarbons are
compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. The study of the structure,
composition, properties, and chemical reactions of these compounds is called organic
chemistry .

Properties of Organic Compounds

O rganic compounds can be naturally occurring or man-made. They contain covalent
bonds. These covalent bonds make organic compounds poor conductors of electricity.
In general, organic compounds have low melting and boiling points, and high
flammability.

The volatility and viscosity of organic compounds may also differ depending on the
functional groups attached to them. Volatility refers to the ability of a compound to
become vapor, while viscosity refers to the ability of a liquid to resist from flowing.
The size of the molecule extremely affects these two properties, as molecules in short
chains tend to be very volatile and less viscous, while molecules in long chains like to
be in liquid form and are very viscous.
Fig. 13. Perfume and honey show the volatility and viscosity of organic compounds.

An application of knowledge in volatility of organic compounds is the fractional

distillation . This type of distillation is used when mixtures of liquids have narrow
differences in their boiling point. This technique is also widely used in refinery of
petroleum products or extraction of essential oils from plants.

Fig. 14. Fractional distillation of petroleum products.

Classification of Organic Compounds

All organic compounds are derived from hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are compounds
made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbons that contain carbon and
hydrogen atoms only are called pure hydrocarbons .

There are three main classifications of hydrocarbons, namely: alkanes, alkenes, and
alkynes . These three differ in the types of bonds present in them. Alkanes contain
only single bonds between carbon atoms; alkenes contain double bonds; and alkynes
contain triple bonds between carbon atoms.

(b) (c)
(a)
Fig. 15. Examples of alkane, alkene, and alkyne.

Organic compounds are grouped into different families and can be classified based
on the functional groups they contain.
 A functional group is an atom ( or a group of atoms) which that is mainly
responsible for the characteristic behavior and properties of a molecule. Thus,
compounds belonging to the same functional group share common properties. Table
10.2 shows some of the common families of organic compounds and their
corresponding functional groups.

Organic compounds belonging to the same family have the same functional group.
They have similar properties, and there is a gradual change in their physical
properties as more carbon atoms are added to their chain.
Table 10.2 Organic compounds and their functional groups.
Example
Organic Functional
Compound Group Name Structure Use
Alkanes none butane Fuel for
(contains single C- cigarette
C bonds) lighters

Alkenes ethylene Helps in

(ethene) ripening fruits

Alkynes acetylene Used in torches

(ethyne)

Aromatics naphthalene mothballs

Alcohols ethanol disinfec ta tant

Ketones acetone Dissolves

adhesives and
paints
 Aldehydes formaldehyde Preservative
used in
embalming

Ethers diethyl ether Solvent for

waxes and oils

Carboxylic Lactic acid Found in

acid yogurt

Ester Ethyl acetate Gives

pineapple’s
scent

Amine Ethylamine Used in oil

refining

Amide Formamide Softener for

fibers

Thiol Butathiol Cotton

defoliant

Alkyl Halide Ethyl chloride Pain killer

Key Points
● Organic compounds consist of both carbon and hydrogen atoms as its base
elements.
● Organic compounds have low melting and boiling points, and high
flammability.
● The size of the molecule extremely affects these two properties, as molecules
in short chains tend to be very volatile and less viscous, while molecules in
long chains like to be in liquid form and are very viscous.
● Fractional distillation is used when mixtures of liquids have narrow
differences in their boiling point.
● A functional group is an atom (or a group of atoms) that is mainly
responsible for the characteristic behavior and properties of a molecule.
 Web Links
For further information, you can check the following web links:

● The functional group concept explained; click the link to review

this lesson on functional groups:
FuseSchool - Global Education. 2013. ‘ The Functional Group Concept Explained.’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMTQKBn2Iss

● Sing along with these guys and have fun remembering the families of organic
molecules:
Mark Rosengarten. 2009. ‘ Chemistry Music Video 29: It's a Family Thing.’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAjrnZ-znkY

Check Your Understanding

A. Given are structures of organic compounds. For each item, determine the family of
organic compounds it belongs to.
Structure Classification

1.

2.

3.
4.

5.
B. Group the following compounds based on their functional group.

A B C D E

F G H I J

C. Research examples for each functional group listed. Draw its Lewis structure on the
second column. Then, provide its use on the third column.
Functional Group Example Uses

Ketones

Alkyl halide

Thiol

Amine

Amide
 Challenge Yourself
1. Suppose you are a scientist eager to discover the possibility of life on other
planets. Given the chance to explore other planets first hand, what would be
the top three things/criteria that the planet must have in order to support life.
Explain your answer.
2. Organic and inorganic compounds are classified based on their properties. Cite
major differences between organic and inorganic compounds.
3. Given below is the structure of caffeine, a compound found in tea and coffee.
Is this an organic or inorganic compound? Justify your answer.

a. Is caffeine soluble in water? Explain your answer.

b. Can caffeine conduct electricity? Explain your answer.
c. Identify at least two functional groups present in caffeine.
 Performance Task
Making up Make Ups
There are a lot of different cosmetic products available, each with different
constituting organic compounds. These organic compounds are used as emulsifiers,
preservatives, moisturizers, coloring reagents and fragrances. These ingredients must be
safe not to pose significant risk on human health upon use.

Goal
● Your task is to verify whether locally available cosmetic products are safe to
human health.
● The problem/challenge is how will you be able to explain if these cosmetic
products are safe using your knowledge on basic organic chemistry and related
literatures.

Role
● You are a part of a group of brilliant student scientists who study basic
organic chemistry and are interested in cosmetic products.

Audience
● Your audience is the people in your barangay.

Situation
● You need to choose three cosmetic products locally available and list down at
least five ingredients you can see at its back.

Product/Performance and Purpose:

To be able to achieve your purpose, follow these steps:
● Research on the five ingredients you have chosen and look on what effect do
they provide to the cosmetics.
● Show the Lewis structures of each and identify the functional groups present.
● Research on whether these organic molecules are safe for human use and
consumption. Report your findings.

Standards and Criteria for Success:

● Your work must meet the standards found in the rubric below.
Criteria Below Needs Successful Exemplary
Expectations Improvement Performance Performance
0% to 49% 50% to 74% 75 to 99% 100%
Research and Report shows Shows some Organized, but Very organized and
Analysis of no organization organization, but lacks few details comprehensive, report
Literature, report did not flow needed to carefully planned out
Organization smoothly from one completely explain and has met the
idea to the topic objectives
the other

Correctness of data No structure Shows some Shows all Shows all

(Lewis structures) presented structures, but structures but structures that meet
most are contains minor the rules in writing
incorrectly drawn errors in bond correct Lewis
formation and lone structures
pairs

Communication Was not able Was able to Was able to Was able to
skills to communicate some communicate, but communicate,
communicate thoughts some are not well presented the report in
his thoughts explained a manner well
understood by the
audience

Self Check
After studying this unit, can you now do the following?
Check I can…

Explain why carbon can form diverse groups of compounds

Recognize isomers and allotropes of certain organic compounds

Differentiate organic from inorganic compounds

Recognize general classes and properties of organic compounds

Reflect
I find __________________________ the most interesting because
______________________.
I got ____ checks because
_______________________________________________________.
I need to improve on _______________________because
_____________________________.
I need to practice _________________________ because
_____________________________.
I plan to
_____________________________________________________________________ .

Key Words
Alkanes These are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds.

Alkenes These are hydrocarbons that contain double bonds.

Alkynes These are hydrocarbons that contain triple bonds.

Allotropes These are different forms of a compound made up of only one
element.

Configurational isomers These are type of isomers that have the same molecular and
structural formulas but different three-dimensional structures.

Conformational isomers These are type of isomers that differ in their shapes due to the
rotation of C–C single bonds.
Constitutional isomers These are type of isomers that differ in their skeletal formulas.

Fractional distillation It is a type of distillation used to separate mixtures of

liquids with narrow differences in their boiling point.
Functional group It is an atom (or a group of atoms) that is mainly responsible
for the characteristic behavior and properties of a molecule.
Hybridization It is the process of mixing orbitals in order to provide more
bonding opportunities for the atom.
Hydrocarbons These are compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Isomers These are compounds with the same molecular formula, but with
different arrangements of atoms.
Organic chemistry It is the study of the structure, composition, properties, and
chemical reactions of organic compounds.
Organic compounds These are compounds made up of both carbon and hydrogen
atoms as its base elements.
Viscosity It refers to the ability of a liquid to resist from flowing.

Volatility It refers to the ability of a compound to become vapor.

Wrap Up
Organic Chemistry