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Binomial Heap
In this article, we will discuss the binomial heap. Before start discussing the topic, we
should first understand some basic terms such as heap, min-heap, max-heap, and
binomial tree.

What is a heap?
A heap is a complete binary tree, and the binary tree is a tree in which the node can have
utmost two children. There are two types of heap that are defined as follows -

Min Heap: The value of the parent node should be less than or equal to either
of its children.
Mathematically, the min-heap can be defined as -
A[Parent(i)] <= A[i]

Max Heap: The value of the parent node is greater than or equal to its
children.
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Mathematically, the max-heap can be defined as -

A[Parent(i)] >= A[i]
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What is a Binomial tree?

A Binomial tree Bk is an ordered tree defined recursively, where k is defined as the order
of the binomial tree.

If the binomial tree is represented as B0, then the tree consists of a single
node. Advertisement

In general terms, Bk consists of two binomial trees, i.e., Bk-1 and Bk-1 that are
linked together in which one tree becomes the left subtree of another
binomial tree.

We can understand it with the example given below.

If B0, where k is 0, there would exist only one node in the tree.

If B1, where k is 1. Therefore, there would be two binomial trees of B0 in which one B0
becomes the left subtree of another B0.

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If B2, where k is 2. Therefore, there would be two binomial trees of B1 in which one B1
becomes the left subtree of another B1.

If B3, where k is 3. Therefore, there would be two binomial trees of B2 in which one B2
becomes the left subtree of another B2.

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Now, let's start the main topic 'Binomial Heap'.

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What is a Binomial Heap?

A binomial heap can be defined as the collection of binomial trees that satisfies the heap
properties, i.e., min-heap. The min-heap is a heap in which each node has a value lesser
than the value of its child nodes. Mainly, Binomial heap is used to implement a priority
queue. It is an extension of binary heap that gives faster merge or union operations
along with other operations provided by binary heap.
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Properties of Binomial heap
There are following properties for a binomial heap with n nodes -

Every binomial tree in the heap must follow the min-heap property, i.e., the
key of a node is greater than or equal to the key of its parent.

For any non-negative integer k, there should be atleast one binomial tree in a
heap where root has degree k.

The first property of the heap ensures that the min-heap property is hold throughout the
heap. Whereas the second property listed above ensures that a binary tree with n nodes
should have at most 1 + log2 n binomial trees, here log2 is the binary logarithm.

We can understand the properties listed above with the help of an example -

The above figure has three binomial trees, i.e., B0, B2, and B3. The above all three binomial
trees satisfy the min heap's property as all the nodes have a smaller value than the child
nodes.

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The above figure also satisfies the second property of the binomial heap. For example, if
we consider theAdvertisement
value of k as 3, we can observe in the above figure that the binomial tree
of degree 3 exists in a heap.

Binomial Heap and the binary representation of a

number
A binomial heap with n nodes consists the binomial trees equal to the number of set bits
in the binary representation of n.
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Suppose we want to create the binomial heap of 'n' nodes that can be simply defined by
the binary number of 'n'. For example: if we want to create the binomial heap of 13 nodes;
the binary form of 13 is 1101, so if we start the numbering from the rightmost digit, then
we can observe that 1 is available at the 0, 2, and 3 positions; therefore, the binomial heap
with 13 nodes will have B0, B2, and B3 binomial trees.

We can use another example to understand it more clearly, suppose we have to create
the binomial heap with 9 nodes. The binary representation of 9 is 1001. So, in the binary
representation of 9, digit 1 is occurring at 0 and 3 positions, therefore, the binomial heap
will contain the binomial trees of 0 and 3 degrees.

Now, let's move towards the operations performed on Binomial heap.

Operations on Binomial Heap

The operations that can be performed on binomial heap are listed as follows -

Creating a binomial heap

Finding the minimum key

Union or merging of two binomial heaps

Inserting a node

Extracting minimum key

Decreasing a key

Deleting a node

Now, let's discuss the above-listed operations in detail.

Creating a new binomial heap

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When we create a new binomial heap, it simply takes O(1) time because creating a heap
will create the head of the heap in which no elements are attached.
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Finding the minimum key

As stated above, binomial heap is the collection of binomial trees, and every binomial
tree satisfies the min-heap property. It means that the root node contains a minimum
value. Therefore, we only have to compare the root node of all the binomial trees to find
the minimum key. The time complexity of finding the minimum key in binomial heap is
O(logn). Advertisement

Union or Merging of two binomial heap

It is the most important operation performed on the binomial heap. Merging in a heap
can be done by comparing the keys at the roots of two trees, and the root node with the
larger key will become the child of the root with a smaller key than the other. The time
complexity for finding a union is O(logn). The function to merge the two trees is given as
follows -

function merge(a,b)
if a.root.key ? b.root.key
return a.add(b)
else
return b.add(a)

To perform the union of two binomial heaps, we have to consider the below cases -

Case 1: If degree[x] is not equal to degree[next x], then move pointer ahead.

Case 2: if degree[x] = degree[next x] = degree[sibling(next x)] then,

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Move the pointer ahead.

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Case 3: If degree[x] = degree[next x] but not equal to degree[sibling[next x]]

and key[x] < key[next x] then remove [next x] from root and attached to x.

Case 4: If degree[x] = degree[next x] but not equal to degree[sibling[next x]]

and key[x] > key[next x] then remove x from root and attached to [next x].

Now, let's understand the merging or union of two binomial heaps with the help of an
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example. Consider two binomial heaps -

We can see that there are two binomial heaps, so, first, we have to combine both heaps.
To combine the heaps, first, we need to arrange their binomial trees in increasing order.

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In the above heap first, the pointer x points to the node 12 with degree B0, and the
pointer next[x] points the node 18 with degree B0. Node 7 with degree B1 is the sibling of
18, therefore, it is represented as sibling[next[x]].

Now, first apply Case1 that says 'if degree[x] ≠ degree[next x] then move pointer ahead'
but in the above example, the degree[x] = degree[next[x]], so this case is not valid.

Now, apply Case2 that says 'if degree[x] = degree[next x] = degree[sibling(next x)]
then Move pointer ahead'. So, this case is also not applied in the above heap.

Now, apply Case3 that says ' If degree[x] = degree[next x] ≠ degree[sibling[next x]] and
key[x] < key[next x] then remove [next x] from root and attached to x'. We will apply
this case because the above heap follows the conditions of case 3 -

degree[x] = degree[next x] ≠ degree[sibling[next x]] {as, B0 = B0¬ ≠ B1} and key[x] <
key[next x] {as 12 < 18}.

So, remove the node 18 and attach it to 12 as shown below -

x = 12, next[x] = 7, sibling[next[x]] = 3, and degree[x] = B1, dgree[next[x]] = B1,

degree[sibling[next[x]]] = B1
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Now we will reapply the cases in the above binomial heap. First, we will apply case 1.
Since x is pointing to node 12 and next[x] is pointing to node 7, the degree of x is equal to
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the degree of next x; therefore, case 1 is not valid.

Here, case 2 is valid as the degree of x, next[x], and sibling[next[x]] is equal. So, according
to the case, we have to move the pointer ahead.

Therefore, x = 7, next[x] = 3, sibling[next[x]] = 15, and degree[x] = B1, dgree[next[x]] =

B1, degree[sibling[next[x]]] = B2
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Now, let's try to apply case 3, here, first condition of case3 is satisfied as degree[x] =
degree[next[x]] ≠ degree[sibling[next[x]]], but second condition (key[x] < key[next x]) of
case 3 is not satisfied.

Now, let's try to apply case 4. So, first condition of case4 is satisfied and second condition
(key[x] > key[next x]) is also satisfied. Therefore, remove x from the root and attach it to
[next[x]].

Now, the pointer x points to node 3, next[x] points to node 15, and sibling[next[x]] points
to the node 6. Since, the degree of x is equal to the degree of next[x] but not equal to the
degree[sibling[next[x]]], and the key value of x is less than the key value of next[x], so we
have to remove next[x] and attach it to x as shown below -

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Now, x represents to the node 3, and next[x] points to node 6. Since, the degree of x and
next[x] is not equal, so case1 is valid. Therefore, move the pointer ahead. Now, the pointer
x points the node 6.

The B4 is the last binomial tree in a heap, so it leads to the termination of the loop. The
above tree is the final tree after the union of two binomial heaps.

Insert an element in the heap

Inserting an element in the heap can be done by simply creating a new heap only with
the element to be inserted, and then merging it with the original heap. Due to the
merging, the single insertion in a heap takes O(logn) time. Now, let's understand the
process of inserting a new node in a heap using an example.

In the above heap, there are three binomial trees of degrees 0, 1, and 2 are given where
B0 is attached to the head of the heap.

Suppose we have to insert node 15 in the above heap.

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First, we have to combine both of the heaps. As both node 12 and node 15 are of degree
0, so node 15 is attached to node 12 as shown below -

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Now, assign x to B0 with value 12, next(x) to B0 with value 15, and assign sibling(next(x)) to
B1 with value 7. As the degree of x and next(x) is equal. The key value of x is smaller than
the key value of next(x), so next(x) is removed and attached to the x. It is shown in the
below image -

Now, x points to node 12 with degree B1, next(x) to node 7 with degree B1, and
sibling(next(x)) points to node 15 with degree B2. The degree of x is equal to the degree of
next(x) but not equal to the degree of sibling(next(x)). The key value of x is greater than
the key value of next(x); therefore, x is removed and attached to the next(x) as shown in
the below image -

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Now, x points to node 7, and next(x) points to node 15. The degree of both x and next(x) is
B2, and the key value of x is less than the key value of next(x), so next(x) will be removed
and attached to x as shown in the below image -

Now, the degree of the above heap is B3, and it is the final binomial heap after inserting
node 15.

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Extracting the minimum key

It means that we have to remove an element with the minimum key value. As we know,
inmin-heap, the root element contains the minimum key value. So, we have to compare
Home
the key value Python Java
of the root node of all theJavaScript
binomial trees.HTML
Let's see anSQL
example ofPHP
extracting
the minimum key from the heap.
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Suppose the heap is -

Now, compare the key values of the root node of the binomial trees in the above heap.
So, 12, 7, and 15 are the key values of the root node in the above heap in which 7 is
minimum; therefore, remove node 7 from the tree as shown in the below image -

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Now, the degree of node 12 and node 25 is B0, and the degree of node 15 is B2. Pointer x
points to the node 12, next(x) points to the node 25, and sibling(next(x)) points to the
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node 15. Since the degree of x is equal to the degree of next(x) but not equal to the
degree of sibling(next(x)). Value of pointer x is less than the pointer next(x), so node 25
will be removed and attached to node 12 as shown in the below image -

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Now, the degree of node 12 is changed to B1. The above heap is the final heap after
extracting the minimum key.

Decreasing a key
Now, let's move forward to another operation to be performed on binomial heap. Once
the value of the key is decreased, it might be smaller than its parent's key that results in
the violation of min-heap property. If such case occurs after decreasing the key, then
exchange the element with its parent, grandparent, and so on until the min-heap
property is satisfied.

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Let's understand the process of decreasing a key in a binomial heap using an example.
Consider a heapAdvertisement
given below -

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Decrease the key 45 by 7 of the above heap. After decreasing 45 by 7, the heap will be -

After decreasing the key, the min-heap property of the above heap is violated. Now,
compare 7 wits its parent 30, as it is lesser than the parent, swap 7 with 30, and after
swapping, the heap will be -

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Again compare the element 7 with its parent 8, again it is lesser than the parent, so swap
the element 7 with its parent 8, after swapping the heap will be -
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Now, the min-heap property of the above heap is satisfied. So, the above heap is the final
heap after decreasing a key.

Deleting a node from the heap

To delete a node from the heap, first, we have to decrease its key to negative infinity (or
-∞) and then delete the minimum in the heap. Now we will see how to delete a node
with the help of an example. Consider the below heap, and suppose we have to delete
the node 41 from the heap -

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First, replace the node with negative infinity (or -∞) as shown below -

Now, swap the negative infinity with its root node in order to maintain the min-heap
property.

Now, again swap the negative infinity with its root node.

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The next step is to extract the minimum key from the heap. Since the minimum key in
the above heap is -infinity so we will extract this key, and the heap would be:

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The above is the final heap after deleting the node 41.

Complexity of binomial heap

Now, let's see the time complexity of the operations performed on binomial heap.

Time Complexity

Operations Time complexity

Finding the minimum key O(log n)

Inserting a node O(log n)

Extracting minimum key O(log n)

Decreasing a key O(log n)

Union or merging O(log n)

Deleting a node O(log n)

The time complexity of finding the minimum element from the heap can be reduced to
O(1). It can be done by using an additional pointer to the minimum element.

Space Complexity

The space complexity of a binomial heap with 'n' elements is O(n).

Conclusion

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So, that's all about the article. Here, we have discussed binomial heap along with its
properties andAdvertisement
complexity. We have also discussed the operations performed on
binomial heap with the help of an example to make the topic easier to understand. Hope
the article will be helpful and interesting to you.

Next Topic Postorder Traversal

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