CHAPTER III

INTELLECTUAL & SCIENTIFIC

REVOLUTION: IMPACT TO
HUMAN THINKING
 THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN
SCIENCE
• It was started during the intellectual and Scientific Revolution in 16th and 17th
centuries.
• This was achieved through quantitative sciences such as what we understand in:
• Mathematics
• Physics
• Astronomy
• Biology
• Chemistry
 Age of Enlightenment
• ‘Age of reason’
• The scientific revolution evolved on the foundation of the ancient
Greeks enhanced by the sciences developed in the middle ages.
Further, it improved the thinking during the time of the Roman
Science and Islamic Learning.
 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• Began in Europe around c. 1400-c. 1690 towards the end of renaissance
period and continued at late periods of the 18th century.
• The developments includes changing conceptual, cultural, social, and
institutional relationships involving nature, knowledge and belief.
• Due to the advancements in human thinking, brought the emergence of
modern science in its earliest period when developments in mathematics,
physics, astronomy, and biology changed the societal views about nature.
• This period was marked it beginning because of the publication of Nicolaus
Copernicus’s ‘De revolutionibus orbium coelestium’ (On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres).
• This period ended with Isaac Newton who repeated the works on the existence of
universal laws as well as that of mechanical universe.
 Reasons brought forth changes in thinking
ushered (assisted) by the medieval period:
1. There was a collaboration with 17th century scientists and philosophers with
mathematical and astronomical communities’
2. Scientists formed new methods to carry out experiments for their work;
3. The legacy of European, Greek, and Middle Eastern Scientific philosophy
served as a starting point in the initiatives of the academe;
4. Institutions allowed the publication in scientific work which provide
credibility in valid and reliable scientific findings.
 PERIODIZATION OF THE
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
• KEPLERIAN REVOLUTION
• GALILEAN REVOLUTION
• NEWTONIAN REVOLUTION
 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
• This paradigm shift from Ptolemaic model.
• Heliocentric Theory – Theory that the earth moves and that the sun is the
center of the cosmos
• Copernicus argued that the earth rotates on its axis each day and revolves
around the sun each year.
• His theory went against and replaced beliefs which was opposed by the
church.
 KEPLERIAN REVOLUTION
• Period marked the advancement in theories about planetary orbits and their
motions.
• His works explained planetary orbits which came out on the idea of a moving earth
using physics and geometry while researching about Mars’ orbit and he argued and
demonstrated Mars movement as an ellipse.
• Kepler formulated three laws of planetary motion which he explained the positions
of the planet.
• His work laid the groundwork for Newtonian physics and have influenced the
modern science and astronomy.
 GALILIEAN REVOLUTION
• He invented telescope to observe the heavenly bodies especially moon, sun
and the planets.
• His telescope revealed the mountains and craters of the moon.
• It was also revealed the day-lit of Venus which provided strong observational
evidence not only on the existence of heavenly bodies but their movement
around the sun.
 NEWTONIAN REVOLUTION
• ‘Newtonian Synthesis’ the shift from a finite, qualitative cosmos to the view of an
any infinite quantitative universe.
• He united the terrestrial and celestial bodies under universal law of motion that
displaced the traditional belief in ‘Aristotelian cosmos’ (sun goes around the earth).
• He argued that there is one kind of time, space and matter which means that
everything is always and everywhere the same.
• The theory shift from cosmos to ‘universe’ and from an organic to mechanical
world.
CONTRIBUTIONS IN SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS and the
COPERNICAN HELIOCENTRISM
• He proposed that the planets including the
earth revolve around the sun as it is in a fixed
point.
• He stated that the planets orbit the sun
annually while it turns on its own axis.
• His theory displaced Ptolemy’s Geocentric
work which made his model as the launching
point to modern astronomy and scientific
revolution.
 ANDREAS VESALIUS and HUMAN
ANATOMY
• Published the collections of books on human
anatomy called ‘De Humani Corporis Fabrica’
(On the Fabric of the human body in seven books).
• He claimed that the circulation of blood happens
through the pumping of the heart.
• He had contribution in modern medicine and
anatomy through the assembly of first human
skeleton made from cutting open cadavers.
SIR FRANCIS BACON and BACONIAN
METHOD
• He published ‘Novum Organum’ which formulated
a new system of logic based on inductive
methodologies.
• ‘Baconian Method’ Bacon’s scientific inquiry which
popularly known as scientific method.
• This include the empirical method of investigation
follows a planned procedure, which until today is
observed.
GALILEO GALELEI’S CONTRIBUTION

• He insisted that the book of nature was

written in the language of mathematics and
changed natural philosophy from verbal,
qualitative account to a mathematical one in
which experiment became a recognized
method when discovering facts.
• He improved the telescope with 30x
magnification that helped him support and
proved the findings of Copernicus.
• In 1610, Galileo published the ‘Starry Messenger’ where he recounted his
observation of the heavenly bodies.
• With the quantitative experiments, He developed the law of constant
acceleration of free-falling bodies.
He claimed that bodies of different weight fall at the same rate.
 JOHANNES KEPLER: LAWS OF
PLANETARY MOTION
• He published ‘Three laws of Planetary Motion’ between 1609-1619.
• He described the motion of the planets around the sun.
• His law stated that:
1. The orbit of planets around the sun is an ellipse (Law of Ellipses);
2. A line segment joining planet and the sun will sweep out equal areas in equal interval of
time (The law of Equal Areas);
3. The ratio of the squares of the orbital period of a planet is equal to the planet average
distance from the sun (The Law of Harmonies)
ROBERT BOYLE and MODERN
CHEMISTRY
• He is the father of Modern Chemistry
• ‘Boyle’s Law’ Inversely proportional relationship between the absolute
pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a
closed system.
• His work ‘The Sceptical Chymist’ is considered as an important
contribution to the advancements in chemistry which hypothesized that
matter consists cluster of corpuscles (cell) that are in motion.
 PARACELSUS and SURGERY
• He established the role of chemistry in medicine.
• In his published book ‘Der Grossen Wundartzney’ (Great Surgery Book)
can be found his contribution to advancements in chemistry and medicine.
• He also developed the clinical description of syphilis in 1530.
• He was a pioneer in several aspects of ‘medical revolution’ of the
renaissance.
• ‘Father of Toxicology’
 RENĖ DESCARTES and
HIS DISCOURSE

• His contribution were published in his ‘Discourse on the Method’ (1637).

• His ideas emphasized the power of reasoning and rational thinking.
• He established the scientific method through reason using mathematics and
physics.
ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK
and MICROBIOLOGY
• ‘Father of Microbiology’
• He pioneered work in microscopy and microbiology through the powerful
single lens he constructed.
• The observations he published around 1600 helped lay the foundations for
the study of bacteriology and protozoology.
 ISAAC NEWTON and GRAVITY
• Best known for the invention of ‘Infinitesimal calculus’ (1660s) that brought the
formulation of the ‘Theory of Universal Gravity’
• Because of his claim that mathematics can be applied in science, became a keystone
in the foundation of modern science.
• His works ‘Newtons’s Law of Motion’ and ‘Law of Universal Gravitation’ can
be found in his publication ‘Principia’ (1687)
• One of his greatest contributions to modern science was ‘Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica’ (Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy, 1687)
 CHAPTER IV
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS IN
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
 PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES
• Even before the colonization of Spanish, natives had practices displaying understanding and
knowledge about science and technology.
EVIDENCES:
-’Alibata’ (Alphabet and writing system)
-Number system
-the use of calendar
-Engagement in farming, fishing, mining and weaving
-shipbuilding for coastal trade
-house-buildings
• More remarkable was the native’s ability to extract medicines from plants ad
herbs, which reveals early inclination to cure illnesses in social units
(Barangay) all over the archipelago.
• ‘Laguna Copperplate Inscription’ – the earliest known calendar-dated
document found in the Philippines. This demonstrates the use of
mathematics as well as standard systems of measurement and astronomy for
understanding the days and months relating to the movement of moon.
• The building of ‘Banaue Rice Terraces’ displays use of engineering that
provides not only subsistence in farming but also to aesthetic beauty of the
natural environment.

Laguna Copperplate Inscription Banaue Rice Terraces

 HISPANIC PHILIPPINES
• The introduction of formal education promoted the study of religion,
reading, writing, arithmetic and music.
• Univesity of Santo Tomas – Earliest university established in 1611.
• Medicine as a priority course
• Engineering also an important course for several structures.
• FR. IGNACIO MERCADO (1648-98) – First Filipino-
Augustinian ‘Botanist’. Helped his sick and poor parishioners
through creating a botanical pharmacy.
• DR. TRINIDAD PARDO DE TAVERA – helped to
understand ‘Pott’s Disease’ (musculoskeletal tuberculosis) in
1881. Published his thesis on Periarthritis on the knee (Disease of
the Bursa of Cow’s Feet)
• DR. LEON MA GUERRERO (1853-1935) – ‘Father of
Philippine Pharmacy’ As a botanist and Pharmacist, he
experimented on the medicinal plants that were substitute for
synthetic drugs. He published his study in 174 types of plants
with medicinal value in 1918.
• ANACLETO SALES DEL ROSARIO (1877-1919) –
‘Father of Philippine Science and Laboratory’ He
established the ‘Botica San Fernando’ in Binondo. He
initiated the creation of the college of Pharmacist. He also
produced pure alcohol from ‘tuba’ from a nipa palm.
• DR. MANUEL S. GUERRERO (1877-1919) – Initiated
the study on ‘beriberi’ (deficiency in Vitamin B1) that
afflicts infants. And also, he researched on ‘Prophylaxis de
Colera Morbo Asiatico’ the explains the presences
microscopic beings that allows spread of cholera during
cholera outbreak in Philippines.
 AMERICAN PERIOD
• The ‘Bureau of Government Laboratories’ was established on July 1, 1900 that
initiated the studies on tropical diseases.
• In 1905, the agency was replaced by ‘Bureau of Science’ that conducts primary
researches in the Philippines.
• This period, sciences focused on Agriculture, trade, food production and medicine
development.
• There was a lack of support from the government in the studies and researches.
• In 1958, President Carlos P. Garcia Passed the Science Act of 1958 which
established the National Science Development Board.
THE CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINES
• Science and Technology achieved advancement through the 1973 Philippine
Constitution during the President Ferdinand Marcos Period.
• Focused on the exploration of atomic energy.
• Establishment of Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA)
• The Department of Science and Technology was created during the term of
President Corazon Aquino and further developments took place.
 SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTORS IN
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• GAVINO C. TRONO – ‘Father of Kappaphycus farming’. He
made remarkable contributions in tropical marine phycology
especially seaweed. He discovered 25 new marine benthic algae. He
established the largest phycological herbarium in the country known
as ‘G.T. Velasquez Herbarium’ in UP-Diliman’s Marine Science
Institute.
• ANGEL C. ALCALA – Known for his studies on the rehabilitation
of coral reefs. His contribution to Philippines marine life and ecology
were herpetology, marine biogeography, and marine conservation
biology.
• RAMON C. BARBA – a horticulturist focused in
agriculture through the advancements in the mango industry.
He developed a process that made mango fruits flower and
bear fruits around three times in a year that led to the
advancements in the field of Physiology and Micro
propagation.
• EDGARDO D. GOMEZ – He made efforts to protect the
marine resources, this move initiated the conservation
programs such as replanting coral reefs. He pioneered
breeding of giant clams (Tridacna gigas) and reproduction of
marine invertebrates. He conducted studies on ocean
acidification as an effect of carbon dioxide absorption.
• FE DEL MUNDO (1911-2011) – Founded the ‘First
Pediatric Hospital’ in the Philippines. She pursued study on
dengue fever. She conducted studies that led to the
improvements on incubator and development of a device
to detect jaundice (A disease afflicting the liver).
• EDUARDO QUISUMBING (1895-1986) –Contributed
in the advancement of Plant Taxonomy. He pioneered
study on medicinal plants and authored more than 129
articles. He shared his expertise and development in
medicinal plants which promoted him as a premier scientist.
 SIGNIFICANT INNOVATIONS IN
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• LIFE SCIENCES – Includes all being with life. Microorganisms, plants,
animals and human beings are involved.
• Department of Science and Technology (DOST) The responsible agency for the
advancements of this field.
• Helping this agency are:
• Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHILVOLCS)
• Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA)
• Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources, Research
Development (PCAARRD)
• BOTANY AND BIOLOGY – Richness in flora and fauna demanded
advancements specifically in medicinal plants, aquatic resources and
preservation of environment. Also focused on preserving amphibians and
reptiles’ diversity and marine biodiversity.
• BIOTECHNOLOGY – paved the way for the passage of the Philippines’
Biofuel Act 2006, a mandate to increase the minimum 5% bioethanol blend
(E5) in gasoline to 10% ethanol blend (E10). Llignocellulosic biomass was
studied due to its abundance in the country.
• ENGINEERING- Researches to help in traffic studies, road safety,
transportation and electronics industry were initiated by different
organizations such as:
• National Engineering Center
• Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers
• AGRICULTURE and AQUACULTURE– Targeted modern
techniques in agriculture to improve land cultivation, crop and livestock
raising. This would result to affordable prices especially for those
suffering poverty.
• FOOD and NUTRITION - Food science further improved through
investigation on the ideal diet of Filipinos to resolve malnutrition and
under nutrition. Through Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI)
researches in the applied science of food were conducted and supported
to promote food technology.
• HEALTH – Department of Health (DOH) spearheaded the
advancements in modern healthcare in the Philippines. Responsible for
supervising developments in disease prevention. The office, had the
entire medical services during the fight against the highly communicable
flu known as ‘Corona Virus or CoViD-19’ last 2020.
 7 FILIPINO-MADE TECH AND
PRODUCTS HOPING TO HIT THE
MARKET IN 2020
1. PLANT DERIVED ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS FOR
PHARMACEUTICALS
The Philippine Council for Health Research and
Development (DOST-PCHRD) discovered 18 active
ingredients that could be used in medicinal drugs and
other pharmaceutical products. The program called
Tuklas Lunas Program.
2. ROBOTICS FOR PHYSICAL REHABILITATION:
AGAPAY AND TAYO
• Robotics and artificial intelligence-assisted technologies meant to assist
injured patients in journey toward recovery.
• Agapay (Parallel) Exoskeleton is a cost-effective 3D-printed wearable
robot to help post-stroke and other injured patients to move their upper
limbs better and faster.
• Tayo (To stand) a 3D-printed wearable machine that helps physical
therapists to minimize lifting, mobilizing, and transferring patients with
injuries in their lower extremities.
3. A BREATH OF RELIEF: GINHAWA
‘Ginhawa’ (Relief) is a low-cost Ventilator developed by Filipino
researchers. It can be used for both children and adults in intensive
care units.
4. BOOSTING COCONUT PRODUCTION
Filipino scientists developed a method called ‘Somatic
Embryogenesis Technology’ to improve coconut propagation. This
technology able to reproduce coconut variety with better genetic stock
using immature flowers and immature embryos.
5. TAKING STOCK IN NATIVE LIVESTOCK
DOST-PCAARRD continuously aiding to improve native pig
varieties to provide high quality protein food, adaptable to local
environment conditions, resistant to a number of diseases and has
unique texture and meaty taste.
6. SAILING TO NEW VENTURES: HYBRID TRIMARAN
A multi-hull boat being developed in Aklan that can harvest energy
from ocean waves. It envisioned to carry 150 passengers, 4 vans and 15
motorcycles.
7. ENHANCING AGRICULTURE
THROUGH ENGINE
MANUFACTURING
First Locally-made diesel engine was
developed by the Metals Industry Research and
Development Center.
It has 12-horsepower engine will have
crucial role in agricultural modernizaztio.
THANK YOU!