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Rules of Categorical Syllogism

The document explains categorical syllogism, including its structure, terms, types of figures, moods, and Latin names. It outlines rules for valid syllogisms and common fallacies that can occur, such as the fallacy of four terms and illicit processes. Examples are provided for each type of figure and rule to illustrate the concepts.

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3 views8 pages

Rules of Categorical Syllogism

The document explains categorical syllogism, including its structure, terms, types of figures, moods, and Latin names. It outlines rules for valid syllogisms and common fallacies that can occur, such as the fallacy of four terms and illicit processes. Examples are provided for each type of figure and rule to illustrate the concepts.

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CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM:

Example:
Every voter is a citizen; (major premise);
but, a citizen is a political member of a society; (minor premise)
therefore, some political members of a society are voters.
(conclusion)

The terms in a categorical syllogism are known as:


 M-middle term occurs in the major and minor premises, but
not in the conclusion.
 T-major term occurs in the conclusion always as a predicate
and only in the major premise either as a subject or a
predicate.
 t-minor term occurs in the conclusion always as a subject
and only in the minor premise either as a subject or a
predicate.
From the example above, what are the terms?
M-citizen
T-voter
t-political member of a society

4 TYPES OF FIGURE:
1. SUB-PRE (FIRST FIGURE)
2. PRE-PRE (SECOND FIGURE)
3. SUB-SUB (THIRD FIGURE)
4. PRE-SUB (FOURTH FIGURE)
Example for the first figure:
No asset is a liability;
but, every cash is an asset;
therefore, no cash is a liability.

M T
t M
t T

Example for PRE-PRE:


No crocodile is human;
but, every student is human;
therefore, no student is a crocodile.

T M
t M
t T

Example for SUB-SUB:

Every cash is an asset;


but, some cash is an item used for current operations;
therefore some item used for current operations are assets.

M T
M t
t T
Example for PRE-SUB:

Every voter is a citizen;


but, a citizen is a political member of a society;
therefore, some political members of a society are voters.

T M
M t
t T

MOOD:
The arrangement of propositions in a categorical syllogism.

E-No asset is a liability;


A-but, every cash is an asset;
E-therefore, no cash is a liability.
EAE

M e T
t a M
t e T

E-No crocodile is human;


A-but, every student is human;
E-therefore, no student is a crocodile.
EAE

T e M
t a M
t e T

Every cash is an asset;


but, some cash is an item used for current operations;
therefore some item used for current operations are assets.
AII

M a T
M i t
t i T

Every voter is a citizen;


but, a citizen is a political member of a society;
therefore, some political members of a society are voters.
AAI

T a M
M a t
t i T

LATIN NAMES:
FIRST FIGURE: BARBARA, CELARENT, DARII, FERIO;
SECOND FIGURE: CESARE, CAMESTRES, FESTINO, BAROCO;
THIRD FIGURE: DARAPTI, DISAMIS, DATISI, FELAPTON, BOCARDO,
FERISON;
FOURTH FIGURE: BRAMANTIP, CAMENES, DIMARIS, FERISON

RULES OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM:

Names of violations:
1. Fallacy of Four Terms or Fallacy of Many Terms
2. Illicit Process of the Major Term or Illicit Process of the Minor
Term
3. Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle
4. Fallacy of No Conclusion

Rule 1.
There must only be three (3) terms.
Violation: Fallacy of Four Terms or Fallacy of Many Terms

Example:
Every ruler is twelve inches long;
but, Charlemagne is a ruler;
therefore, Charlemagne is twelve inches long.

Mu1 a Tp
tu a Mp2
tu a Tp

Rule 2. Arrangement of Terms.

Rule 3. The terms in the conclusion.


Is the term in the conclusion valid?
Rule: The term in the conclusion must not be universal,
unless it is universal in the premise.
Violation: Illicit Process of the Minor Term or Illicit Process of
the Major Term.

Example:

Many lawmakers are non-lawyers;


but, no non-lawyers are experts of the law;
therefore, many experts of the law are not lawmakers.

Tp i Mp
Mu e tu
tp o Tu
INVALID, ILLICIT PROCESS OF THE MAJOR TERM

A manager is a leader;
but, some leaders are presidents;
therefore, all presidents are managers.

Tu a Mu
Mp i tu
tu a Tu
INVALID, ILLICIT PROCESS OF THE MINOR TERM

RULE 4. The middle term must be universal, at least, once.


Violation:Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle

A manager is a leader;
but, some leaders are presidents;
therefore, all presidents are managers.

Tu a Mp
Mp i tp
tu a Tp
INVALID, FALLACY OF THE UNDISTRIBUTED MIDDLE

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