GLOBAL

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

MELVISHARAM, RANIPET-632509

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

B.E– COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CCS354-NETWORK SECURITY LABORATORY

ACADEMIC YEAR (2023-2024)

NAME :

REGNO :

YEAR/SEM : III/VI
 GLOBAL
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
257/1,Bangalore– Chennai Highway, Melvisharam – 632509

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Name :

Course : B.E -CSE

Year / Semester : III /VI

Register No :

Certified that this is a bonafide record of work done by the above student in the

CCS354- NETWORK SECURITY Laboratory during the period 2023 to 2024.

Staff-in-Charge Head of the Department

Submitted for the Practical examination held on at Global Institute of

Engineering and Technology, Melvisharam, Ranipet-632509.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 LIST OF
EXPERIMENTS

Ex. Staff
Date Name of the Experiment
No. Sign
1(a). Implementation Of Symmetric Key Algorithm (DES) - User Message
Encryption
1(b). Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm - Url Encryption

2(a). Implementation of Asymmetric Algorithm - Rivest Shamir

Adleman(RSA)
2(b).
Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Algorithm

3. SHA-1 algorithm.

4.
Implementation of Signature Scheme - Digital Signature Standard.

5.
Installation of Wire shark,TCP dump and observe data
transferred in client-server communication using UDP/TCP
and identify the UDP/TCP datagram.

6.
Check message integrity and confidentiality using SSL

7
Experimenting Eavesdropping, Dictionary attacks, MITM attacks

8
Experimenting with Sniff Traffic using ARP Poisoning

9
Demonstration of intrusion detection system using any tool.

10
Network monitoring tools

11
Study to configure Firewall, VPN

0
Exp. No : 1(a)
IMPLEMENTATION OF SYMMETRIC KEY ALGORITHM
Date : (DES) - USER MESSAGE ENCRYPTION

AIM:
To use Data Encryption Standard (DES) Algorithm for a practical application like User
Message Encryption.

ALGORITHM:

1. Create a DES Key.

2. Create a Cipher instance from Cipher class, specify the following information and
separated by a slash (/).
a. Algorithm name
b. Mode (optional)
c. Padding scheme (optional)
3. Convert String into Byte[] array format.
4. Make Cipher in encrypt mode, and encrypt it with Cipher.doFinal() method.
5. Make Cipher in decrypt mode, and decrypt it with Cipher.doFinal() method.

PROGRAM:

DES.java
import java.security.InvalidKeyException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import javax.crypto.BadPaddingException;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.IllegalBlockSizeException;
import javax.crypto.KeyGenerator;
import javax.crypto.NoSuchPaddingException;
import javax.crypto.SecretKey;

public class DES

{
public static void main(String[] args) {

try{
System.out.println("Message Encryption Using DES Algorithm\n");
KeyGenerator keygenerator = KeyGenerator.getInstance("DES");
SecretKey myDesKey = keygenerator.generateKey();
Cipher desCipher;
desCipher = Cipher.getInstance("DES/ECB/PKCS5Padding");
desCipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, myDesKey);

1
byte[] text= "Secret Information ".getBytes();
System.out.println("Message [Byte Format] : " + text);
System.out.println("Message : " + new String(text));
byte[] textEncrypted = desCipher.doFinal(text);
System.out.println("Encrypted Message: " + textEncrypted);
desCipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, myDesKey);
byte[] textDecrypted = desCipher.doFinal(textEncrypted);

System.out.println("Decrypted Message: " + new String(textDecrypted));

}catch(NoSuchAlgorithmException e){ e.printStackTrace();

}catch(NoSuchPaddingException e){ e.printStackTrace();
}catch(InvalidKeyException e){ e.printStackTrace();
}catch(IllegalBlockSizeException e){ e.printStackTrace();
}catch(BadPaddingException e){ e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

OUTPUT:

Message Encryption Using DES Algorithm

Message [Byte Format] : [B@4dcbadb4

Message : Secret Information
Encrypted Message: [B@504bae78
Decrypted Message: Secret Information

RESULT:
Thus the java program for DES Algorithm has been implemented and the output
verified successfully.

2
Exp. No : 1(b)
ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD (AES)
Date : ALGORITHM - URL ENCRYPTION

AIM:
To use Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm for a practical application like
URL Encryption.

ALGORITHM:

1. AES is based on a design principle known as a substitution–permutation.

2. AES does not use a Feistel network like DES, it uses variant of Rijndael.
3. It has a fixed block size of 128 bits, and a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits.
4. AES operates on a 4 × 4 column-major order array of bytes, termed the state

PROGRAM:

AES.java
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Base64;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
public class AES {
private static SecretKeySpec secretKey;
private static byte[] key;
public static void setKey(String myKey) { MessageDigest sha = null;
try {
key = myKey.getBytes("UTF-8");
sha = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-1");
key = sha.digest(key);
key = Arrays.copyOf(key, 16);
secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(key, "AES");
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) { e.printStackTrace();
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) { e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static String encrypt(String strToEncrypt, String secret) { try {
setKey(secret);
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/ECB/PKCS5Padding");

3
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKey);
return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(cipher.doFinal(strToEncrypt.getBytes("UTF-8")));
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error while encrypting: " + e.toString());
}
return null;
}

public static String decrypt(String strToDecrypt, String secret) { try {

setKey(secret);
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/ECB/PKCS5PADDING");
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secretKey);
return new String(cipher.doFinal(Base64.getDecoder().decode(strToDecrypt)));
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error while decrypting: " + e.toString());
}
return null;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final String secretKey = "annaUniversity";
String originalString = "www.annauniv.edu";
String encryptedString = AES.encrypt(originalString, secretKey); String decryptedString =
AES.decrypt(encryptedString, secretKey);
System.out.println("URL Encryption Using AES Algorithm\n ");
System.out.println("Original URL : " + originalString); System.out.println("Encrypted URL : "
+ encryptedString); System.out.println("Decrypted URL : " + decryptedString);
}
}

OUTPUT:

URL Encryption Using AES Algorithm

Original URL : www.annauniv.edu

Encrypted URL : vibpFJW6Cvs5Y+L7t4N6YWWe07+JzS1d3CU2h3mEvEg=
Decrypted URL : www.annauniv.edu

RESULT:
Thus the java program for AES Algorithm has been implemented for URL
Encryption and the output verified successfully.

4
Exp. No : 2(a)
IMPLEMENTATION OF ASYMMETRIC ALGORITHM
Date :
- RIVEST SHAMIR ADLEMAN(RSA)

AIM:
To implement RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) algorithm by using HTML and Javascript.

ALGORITHM:

1. Choose two prime number p and q

2. Compute the value of n and p
3. Find the value of e (public key)
4. Compute the value of d (private key) using gcd()
5. Do the encryption and decryption
a. Encryption is given as,
c = te mod n
b. Decryption is given as,
t = cd mod n

PROGRAM:

rsa.html
<html>
<head>
<title>RSA Encryption</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
</head>
<body>
<center>
<h1>RSA Algorithm</h1>
<h2>Implemented Using HTML & Javascript</h2>
<hr>
<table>
<tr>
<td>Enter First Prime Number:</td>
<td><input type="number" value="53" id="p"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Enter Second Prime Number:</td>
<td><input type="number" value="59" id="q"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Enter the Message(cipher text):<br>[A=1, B=2,...]</td>

5
<td><input type="number" value="89" id="msg"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Public Key:</td>
<td>
<p id="publickey"></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Exponent:</td>
<td>
<p id="exponent"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Private Key:</td>
<td>
<p id="privatekey"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cipher Text:</td>
<td>
<p id="ciphertext"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><button onclick="RSA();">Apply RSA</button></td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</body>
<script type="text/javascript"> function RSA() {
var gcd, p, q, no, n, t, e, i, x;
gcd = function (a, b) { return (!b) ? a : gcd(b, a % b);
};
p = document.getElementById('p').value;
q = document.getElementById('q').value;
no = document.getElementById('msg').value;
n = p * q;
t = (p - 1) * (q - 1);
for (e = 2; e < t; e++) { if (gcd(e, t) == 1) {
break;
}

6
}

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { x = 1 + i * t if (x % e == 0) {

d = x / e; break;
}
}
ctt = Math.pow(no, e).toFixed(0); ct = ctt % n;
dtt = Math.pow(ct, d).toFixed(0); dt = dtt % n;
document.getElementById('publickey').innerHTML = n;
document.getElementById('exponent').innerHTML = e;
document.getElementById('privatekey').innerHTML = d;
document.getElementById('ciphertext').innerHTML = ct;
}
</script>
</html>

OUTPUT

RESULT:
Thus the RSA algorithm has been implemented using HTML & CSS and the output
has been verified successfully

7
Exp. No : 2(b)
DIFFIE-HELLMAN KEY EXCHANGE ALGORITHM
Date :

AIM:
To implement the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange algorithm for a given problem .

ALGORITHM:

1. Alice and Bob publicly agree to use a modulus p = 23 and base g = 5 (which is a
primitive root modulo 23).
2. Alice chooses a secret integer a = 4, then sends Bob A = ga mod p
o A = 54 mod 23 = 4
3. Bob chooses a secret integer b = 3, then sends Alice B = gb mod p
o B = 53 mod 23 = 10
4. Alice computes s = Ba mod p
o s = 104 mod 23 = 18
5. Bob computes s = Ab mod p
o s = 43 mod 23 = 18
6. Alice and Bob now share a secret (the number 18).

PROGRAM:

DiffieHellman.java
class DiffieHellman {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int p = 23; /* publicly known (prime number) */ int g = 5; /* publicly known (primitive root) */
int x = 4; /* only Alice knows this secret */
int y = 3; /* only Bob knows this secret */ double aliceSends = (Math.pow(g, x)) % p;
double bobComputes = (Math.pow(aliceSends, y)) % p; double bobSends = (Math.pow(g, y))
% p;
double aliceComputes = (Math.pow(bobSends, x)) % p; double sharedSecret = (Math.pow(g, (x
* y))) % p;
System.out.println("simulation of Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm\n ------------------- ");
System.out.println("Alice Sends : " + aliceSends);
System.out.println("Bob Computes : " + bobComputes);
System.out.println("Bob Sends : " + bobSends);
System.out.println("Alice Computes : " + aliceComputes); System.out.println("Shared Secret :
" + sharedSecret);
/* shared secrets should match and equality is transitive */
if ((aliceComputes == sharedSecret) && (aliceComputes == bobComputes))
System.out.println("Success: Shared Secrets Matches! " + sharedSecret);
else
System.out.println("Error: Shared Secrets does not Match");

8
}
}

OUTPUT:

simulation of Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm

Alice Sends : 4.0

Bob Computes : 18.0
Bob Sends : 10.0
Alice Computes : 18.0
Shared Secret : 18.0
Success: Shared Secrets Matches! 18.0

RESULT:
Thus the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm has been implemented using Java
Program and the output has been verified successfully.

9
Exp. No : 3
SHA-1 ALGORITHM
Date :

AIM:
To Calculate the message digest of a text using the SHA-1 algorithm.

ALGORITHM:

1. Append Padding Bits

2. Append Length - 64 bits are appended to the end
3. Prepare Processing Functions
4. Prepare Processing Constants
5. Initialize Buffers
6. Processing Message in 512-bit blocks (L blocks in total message)

PROGRAM:

sha1.java
import java.security.*;
public class sha1 {
public static void main(String[] a)
{ try {
MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA1");
System.out.println("Message digest object info:\n");
System.out.println("Algorithm=" + md.getAlgorithm());
System.out.println("Provider=" + md.getProvider());
System.out.println("ToString=" + md.toString());
String input = ""; md.update(input.getBytes()); byte[] output = md.digest();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("SHA1(\"" + input + "\")=" + bytesToHex(output)); input = "abc";
md.update(input.getBytes());
output = md.digest();
System.out.println(); System.out.println("SHA1(\"" + input + "\")=" +
bytesToHex(output)); input = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; md.update(input.getBytes());
output = md.digest(); System.out.println();
System.out.println("SHA1(\"" + input + "\")=" +bytesToHex(output)); System.out.println();
} catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Exception:" + e);
}
}
private static String bytesToHex(byte[] b) {
char hexDigit[] = { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F' };
StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();

10
for (byte aB : b) {
buf.append(hexDigit[(aB >> 4) & 0x0f]); buf.append(hexDigit[aB & 0x0f]);
}

return buf.toString();
}
}

OUTPUT:

Message digest object info:

Algorithm=SHA1
Provider=SUN version 12
ToString=SHA1 Message Digest from SUN, <initialized>

SHA1("")=DA39A3EE5E6B4B0D3255BFEF95601890AFD80709

SHA1("abc")=A9993E364706816ABA3E25717850C26C9CD0D89D

SHA1("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")=32D10C7B8CF96570CA04CE37F2A19D84240D3A9

RESULT:
Thus the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-1) has been implemented and the output has
been verified successfully.

11
Exp. No : 4
IMPLEMENTATION OF SIGNATURE SCHEME -
Date :
DIGITAL SIGNATURE STANDARD

AIM:
To implement the SIGNATURE SCHEME - Digital Signature Standard.

ALGORITHM:

1. Create a KeyPairGenerator object.

2. Initialize the KeyPairGenerator object.
3. Generate the KeyPairGenerator. ...
4. Get the private key from the pair.
5. Create a signature object.
6. Initialize the Signature object.
7. Add data to the Signature object
8. Calculate the Signature

PROGRAM:

import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.Signature;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class CreatingDigitalSignature {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter some text");
String msg = sc.nextLine();

KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("DSA");

keyPairGen.initialize(2048);
KeyPair pair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair(); PrivateKey privKey = pair.getPrivate();
Signature sign = Signature.getInstance("SHA256withDSA"); sign.initSign(privKey);
byte[] bytes = "msg".getBytes(); sign.update(bytes);
byte[] signature = sign.sign();

System.out.println("Digital signature for given text: "+new String(signature, "UTF8"));

}
}

12
OUTPUT:

Enter some text

Hi how are you
Digital signature for given text: 0=@gRD???-?.???? /yGL?i??a!?

RESULT:
Thus the Digital Signature Standard Signature Scheme has been implemented and the
output has been verified successfully.

13
Exp. No : 5 INSTALLATION OF WIRE SHARK,TCP DUMP AND
OBSERVE DATA TRANSFERRED IN CLIENT-SERVER
Date :
COMMUNICATION USING UDP/TCP AND IDENTIFY
THE UDP/TCP DATAGRAM

AIM:
To installation of Wire shark, tcpdump and observe data transferred in client-server
communication using UDP/TCP and identify the UDP/TCP datagram.

INTRODUCTION:

The first part of the lab introduces packet sniffer, Wireshark. Wireshark is a free open- source
network protocol analyzer. It is used for network troubleshooting and communication protocol
analysis. Wireshark captures network packets in real time and display them in human-readable
format. It provides many advanced features including live capture and offline analysis, three-
pane packet browser, coloring rules for analysis. This document uses Wireshark for the
experiments, and it covers Wireshark installation, packet capturing, and protocol analysis.

Figure 1: Wireshark in Kali Linux

BACKGROUND :

14
TCP/IP Network Stack

Figure 2: Encapsulation of Data in the TCP/IP Network Stack

In the CSC 4190 Introduction to Computer Networking (one of the perquisite courses), TCP/IP
network stack is introduced and studied. This background section briefly explains the concept
of TCP/IP network stack to help you better understand the experiments. TCP/IP is the most
commonly used network model for Internet services. Because its most important protocols, the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) were the first networking
protocols defined in this standard, it is named as TCP/IP. However, it contains multiple layers
including application layer, transport layer, network layer, and data link layer.

- Application Layer: The application layer includes the protocols used by most
applications for providing user services. Examples of application layer protocols are
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Secure Shell (SSH), File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).
- Transport Layer: The transport layer establishes process-to-process connectivity, and
it provides end-to-end services that are independent of underlying user data. To
implement the process-to-process communication, the protocol introduces a concept of
port. The examples of transport layer protocols are Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The TCP provides flow- control, connection
establishment, and reliable transmission of data, while the UDP is a connectionless
transmission model.
- Internet Layer: The Internet layer is responsible for sending packets to across
networks. It has two functions: 1) Host identification by using IP addressing system
(IPv4 and IPv6); and 2) packets routing from source to destination. The examples of

15
 Internet layer protocols are Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP), and Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).
- Link Layer: The link layer defines the networking methods within the scope of the local
network link. It is used to move the packets between two hosts on the same link. An
common example of link layer protocols is Ethernet.

Packet Sniffer

Packet sniffer is a basic tool for observing network packet exchanges in a computer. As the
name suggests, a packet sniffer captures (“sniffs”) packets being sent/received from/by your
computer; it will also typically store and/or display the contents of the various protocol fields in
these captured packets. A packet sniffer itself is passive. It observes messages being sent and
received by applications and protocols running on your computer, but never sends packets
itself.

Figure 3 shows the structure of a packet sniffer. At the right of Figure 3 are the protocols (in
this case, Internet protocols) and applications (such as a web browser or ftp client) that
normally run on your computer. The packet sniffer, shown within the dashed rectangle in
Figure 3 is an addition to the usual software in your computer, and consists of two parts. The
packet capture library receives a copy of every link-layer frame that is sent from or received by
your computer. Messages exchanged by higher layer protocols such as HTTP, FTP, TCP, UDP,
DNS, or IP all are eventually encapsulated in link-layer frames that are transmitted over
physical media such as an Ethernet cable. In Figure 1, the assumed physical media is an
Ethernet, and so all upper-layer protocols are eventually encapsulated within an Ethernet frame.
Capturing all link-layer frames thus gives you access to all messages sent/received from/by all
protocols and applications executing in your computer.

The second component of a packet sniffer is the packet analyzer, which displays the contents of
all fields within a protocol message. In order to do so, the packet analyzer

Packet Sniffer Structure

must “understand” the structure of all messages exchanged by protocols. For example, suppose
we are interested in displaying the various fields in messages exchanged by the HTTP protocol
in Figure 3. The packet analyzer understands the format of Ethernet frames, and so can identify
the IP datagram within an Ethernet frame. It also understands the IP datagram format, so that it

16
can extract the TCP segment within the IP datagram. Finally, it understands the TCP segment
structure, so it can extract the HTTP message contained in the TCP segment. Finally, it
understands the HTTP protocol and so, for example, knows that the first bytes of an HTTP
message will contain the string “GET,” “POST,” or “HEAD”.

We will be using the Wireshark packet sniffer [http://www.wireshark.org/] for these labs,
allowing us to display the contents of messages being sent/received from/by protocols at
different levels of the protocol stack. (Technically speaking, Wireshark is a packet analyzer that
uses a packet capture library in your computer). Wireshark is a free network protocol analyzer
that runs on Windows, Linux/Unix, and Mac computers. Getting Wireshark

The Kai Linux has Wireshark installed. You can just launch the Kali Linux VM and open
Wireshark there.Wireshark can also be downloaded from here:

https://www.wireshark.org/download.html

(Download Page of Wireshark)

Starting Wireshark:
When you run the Wireshark program, the Wireshark graphic user
interface will be shown as Figure 5.Currently, the program is not capturing the packets.

17
 Initial Graphic User Interface of Wireshark

Then, you need to choose an interface. If you are running the Wireshark on your laptop, you
need to select WiFi interface. If you are at a desktop, you need to select the Ethernet interface
being used. Note that there could be multiple interfaces. In general, you can select any interface
but that does not mean that traffic will flow through that interface. The network interfaces (i.e.,
the physical connections) that your computer has to the network are shown. The attached
Figure 6 was taken from my computer.

After you select the interface, you can click start to capture the packets as shown in Figure 7.

Capture Interfaces in Wireshark

18
 Capturing Packets in Wireshark

(Wireshark Graphical User Interface on Microsoft Windows)

19
The Wireshark interface has five major components:

The command menus are standard pulldown menus located at the top of the window. Of
interest to us now is the File and Capture menus. The File menu allows you to save captured
packet data or open a file containing previously captured packet data, and exit the Wireshark
application. The Capture menu allows you to begin packet capture.

The packet-listing window displays a one-line summary for each packet captured, including the
packet number (assigned by Wireshark; this is not a packet number contained in any protocol’s
header), the time at which the packet was captured, the packet’s source and destination
addresses, the protocol type, and protocol-specific information contained in the packet. The
packet listing can be sorted according to any of these categories by clicking on a column name.
The protocol type field lists the highest- level protocol that sent or received this packet, i.e., the
protocol that is the source or ultimate sink for this packet.

The packet-header details window provides details about the packet selected (highlighted) in
the packet-listing window. (To select a packet in the packet-listing window, place the cursor
over the packet’s one- line summary in the packet-listing window and click with the left mouse
button.). These details include information about the Ethernet frame and IP datagram that
contains this packet. The amount of Ethernet and IP-layer detail displayed can be expanded or
minimized by clicking on the right- pointing or down- pointing arrowhead to the left of the
Ethernet frame or IP datagram line in the packet details window. If the packet has been carried
over TCP or UDP, TCP or UDP details will also be displayed, which can similarly be expanded
or minimized. Finally, details about the highest-level protocol that sent or received this packet
are also provided.

The packet-contents window displays the entire contents of the captured frame, in both ASCII
and hexadecimal format.

Towards the top of the Wireshark graphical user interface, is the packet display filter field, into
which a protocol name or other information can be entered in order to filter the information
displayed in the packet-listing window (and hence the packet-header and packet-contents
windows). In the examplebelow, we’ll use the packet-display filter field to have Wireshark hide
(not display) packets except those that correspond to HTTP messages.

Capturing Packets

After downloading and installing Wireshark, you can launch it and click the name of an
interface under Interface List to start capturing packets on that interface. For example, if you
want to capture traffic on the wireless network, click your wireless interface.

Test Run

Do the following steps:

1. Start up the Wireshark program (select an interface and press start to capture packets).
2. Start up your favorite browser (ceweasel in Kali Linux).
3. In your browser, go to Wayne State homepage by typing www.wayne.edu.
4. After your browser has displayed the http://www.wayne.edu page, stop Wireshark packet
capture by selecting stop in the Wireshark capture window. This will cause the Wireshark

20
capture window to disappear and the main Wireshark window to display all
packets captured since you began packet capture see image below:

5. Color Coding: You’ll probably see packets highlighted in green, blue, and black.
Wireshark uses colors to help you identify the types of traffic at a glance. By default, green is
TCP traffic, dark blue is DNS traffic, light blue is UDP traffic, and black identifies TCP
packets with problems — for example, they could have been delivered out-of-order.

6. You now have live packet data that contains all protocol messages exchanged between
your computer and other network entities! However, as you will notice the HTTP messages are
not clearly shown because there are many other packets included in the packet capture. Even
though the only action you took was to open your browser, there are many other programs in

21
your computer that communicate via the network in the background. To filter the connections
to the ones we want to focus on, we have to use the filtering functionality of Wireshark by
typing “http” in the filtering field as shown below:
Notice that we now view only the packets that are of protocol HTTP. However, we also still do
not have the exact communication we want to focus on because using HTTP as a filter is not
descriptive enough to allow us to find our connection to http://www.wayne.edu. We need to be
more precise if we want to capture the correct set of packets.

7. To further filter packets in Wireshark, we need to use a more precise filter. By setting the
http.host www.wayne.edu, we are restricting the view to packets that have as an http host the
www.wayne.edu website. Notice that we need two equal signs to perform the match not just
one. See the screenshot below:

8. Now, we can try another protocol. Let’s use Domain Name System (DNS) protocol as and
example here.

22
9. Let’s try now to find out what are those packets contain by following of the conversations
(also called network flows), select one of the packets and press the right mouse button (if you
are on Mac use the command button and click), you should see something similar to the screen
below:

Click on Follow UDP Stream and you will see the following screen

23
10. If we close this window and change the filter back to “http.hos ww.wayne.edu” and then
follow a packet from the list of packets that match that filter, we should get the something
similar to the following screens. Note that we click on Follow TCP Stream this time.

Result:
Installation of Wire shark, tcpdump and observe data transferred in client-server
communication using UDP/TCP and identify the UDP/TCP datagram.

24
Exp. No : 6
CHECK MESSAGE INTEGRITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
Date : USING SSL

AIM:
To check message Integrity and Confidentiality using SSL with java code.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Create a class and Load the keystore.

Step 2: Initialize the SSL context.
Step 3: Create SSL server socket and Accept the client connection.
Step 4: Create I/O streams to receive and send messages + Close the connection.
Step 5: In the client side, load the truststore.
Step 6: Create and initialize SSL socket, SSL factory
Step 7: Create I/O streams to receive and send messages + Close the connection.

Program:

import javax.net.ssl.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.security.*;

public class SSLServer {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
int port = 12345;
char[] passphrase = "password".toCharArray();

// Load server keystore

KeyStore keystore = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
keystore.load(new FileInputStream("server_keystore.jks"), passphrase);

// Initialize KeyManagerFactory
KeyManagerFactory keyManagerFactory =
KeyManagerFactory.getInstance("SunX509");
keyManagerFactory.init(keystore, passphrase);

// Create SSLContext
SSLContext context = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
KeyManager[] keyManagers = keyManagerFactory.getKeyManagers();
context.init(keyManagers, null, null);

// Create SSLServerSocketFactory

25
SSLServerSocketFactory sslServerSocketFactory = context.getServerSocketFactory();

// Create SSLServerSocket
SSLServerSocket serverSocket = (SSLServerSocket)
sslServerSocketFactory.createServerSocket(port);
System.out.println("Server started. Waiting for clients...");

// Accept incoming connections

SSLSocket clientSocket = (SSLSocket) serverSocket.accept();
System.out.println("Client connected.");

// Setup communication streams

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(clientSocket.getInputStream()));
PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(clientSocket.getOutputStream(), true);

// Process incoming messages

String message;
while ((message = reader.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println("Received: " + message);
writer.println("Server acknowledges: " + message);
}

// Close streams and sockets

reader.close();
writer.close();
clientSocket.close();
serverSocket.close();
}
}

Client:

import javax.net.ssl.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.security.*;

public class SSLClient {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
String serverHost = "localhost";
int serverPort = 12345;
char[] passphrase = "password".toCharArray();

26
// Load client truststore
KeyStore truststore = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
truststore.load(new FileInputStream("client_truststore.jks"), passphrase);

// Initialize TrustManagerFactory
TrustManagerFactory trustManagerFactory =
TrustManagerFactory.getInstance("SunX509");
trustManagerFactory.init(truststore);

// Create SSLContext
SSLContext context = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");

// Initialize TrustManager[]
TrustManager[] trustManagers = trustManagerFactory.getTrustManagers();

// Initialize SSLContext with TrustManagers

context.init(null, trustManagers, null);

// Create SSLSocketFactory
SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory = context.getSocketFactory();

// Create SSLSocket
SSLSocket socket = (SSLSocket) sslSocketFactory.createSocket(serverHost,serverPort);

// Setup communication streams

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(), true);

// Send message to server

writer.println("Hello, server!");

// Receive response from server

String response = reader.readLine();
System.out.println("Server response: " + response);

// Close streams and socket

reader.close();
writer.close();
socket.close();
}
}

27
Output:

Result:
Thus, the java program to check message Integrity and Confidentiality using SSL have
been executed successfully.

28
Exp. No : 7
EXPERIMENTING EAVESDROPPING, DICTIONARY
Date : ATTACKS, MITM ATTACKS

AIM :
To experiment eavesdropping, Dictionary attacks, MIMT attacks

Visual Objective:

Introduction

Password cracking is a term used to describe the penetration of a network, system, or resource
with or without the use of tools to unlock a resource that has been secured with a password.
Password cracking tools may seem like powerful decryptors, but in reality are little more than
fast, sophisticated guessing machines.

Types of password breaking

Dictionary attack

A simple dictionary attack is usually the fastest way to break into a machine. A dictionary file
(a text file full of dictionary words) is loaded into a cracking application, which is run against
user accounts located by the application.

Brute force attack

A brute force attack is a very powerful form of attack, though it may often take a long time to
work depending on the complexity of the password. The program will begin trying any and
every combination of numbers and letters and running them against the hashed passwords.
Passwords that are composed of random letters numbers and characters are most vulnerableto
this type of attack.

Hybrid attack

Another well-known form of attack is the hybrid attack. A hybrid attack will add numbers or
symbols to the search words to successfully crack a password. Many people change their

29
passwords by simply adding a number to the end of their current password. Therefore, this type
of attack is the most versatile, while it takes longer then a standard dictionary attack it does not
take as long as a brute force attack.

Cracking Process

Since a brute force attack is the most time consuming and is not likely to break any passwords
that are not composed of random characters, the best plan is to use techniques that are
computationally efficient compared to untargeted and unspecific techniques. By applying what
is known about how users select passwords, an intruder can tremendously increase the odds in
their favor of finding passwords. With the right techniques, some poor passwords can be
cracked in under a second.

The real power of dictionary attacks come from understanding the ways in which most people
vary names and dictionary words when attempting to create a password. By applying all the
common transformations to every word in the electronic list and encrypting each result the
number tested passwords multiplies rapidly. Cracking tools can often detect “clever” ways of
manipulating words to hide their origin. For example, such cracking programs often subject
each word to a list of rules. A rule could be anything, any manner in which a word might
appear. Typical rules might include

Alternate upper- and lowercase lettering.

Spell the word forward and then backward, and then fuse the two results (for example: cannac).
Add the number 1 to the beginning and/or end of each word.

Naturally, the more rules one applies to the words, the longer the cracking process takes.
However, more rules also guarantee a higher likelihood of success.

Task 1 – Microsoft Office Password Recovery

Many applications require you to establish an ID and password that may be saved and
automatically substituted for future authentication. The password will usually appear on the
screen as a series of asterisks. This is fine as long as your system remembers the password for
you but what if it "forgets" or you need it for use on another system. Fortunately, many utilities
have been written to recover such passwords. In this task, you will use OfficeKey to recover the
password for a MS word document.

Step 1: Find the folder “Lab1” on your desktop, and open it

You will find OfficeKey and a MS document in the folder.

Step 2: Open the Office Key – Password Recovery tool

Step 3: Press the “Recover” button in the upper left corner, or select File Recover

30
Step 4: Choose the password protected MS Office File you have saved to the Desktop.

Step 5: After running the first password auditing session, check to see if Office key has
cracked the password. If the password has not been cracked press the Settings button on the
upper tool bar.

Step 6: Once in the Settings menu you will be able to modify the search parameters and
customize a more targeted search

31
Step 7: Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the password has been cracked and opens the MS Office
File.

Step 8:Write down the contents of the MS word document and the password into your lab
report and submit it to your TA.

Task 2 – Password Auditing (Windows platform):

The purpose of this task is to familiarize you with act of password cracking/recovery. Password
cracking software uses a variety of approaches, including intelligent guessing, dictionary
attacks and automation that tries every possible combination of characters. Given enough time
the automated method can crack any password, but more effective passwords will last months
before breaking.

When a password is entered and saved on a computer it is encrypted, the encrypted password
becomes a string of characters called a “hash” and is saved to a password file. A password
cannot be reverse-decrypted. So a cracking program encrypts words and characters given to it
(wordlist or randomly generated strings of characters) and compares the results with hashed
passwords. If the hashes match then the password has successfully been guessed or “cracked”.
This process is usually performed offline against a captured password file so that being locked
out of the account is not an issue, and guessing can go on continuously. Thus, revealing the
passwords is simply a mater of CPU time and dictionary size

1. You obtain a dictionary file, which is no more than a flat file (plain text) list of words
(commonly referred to as wordlists).
2. These words are fed through any number of programs that encrypt each word. Such
encryption conforms to the DES standard.
3. Each resulting encrypted word is compared with the target password. If a match
occurs, there is better than a 90 percent chance that the password was cracked.

Step 1: Go to Lab1 folder, and open LC4 to audit the passwords on your Windows system.
Select File> New Session> Select Import> Import from PWDUMP File (in the same folder)>
Select the “Passwords” file that has been provided to you.

32
Objectives

This password file has been retrieved from a system that we must gain access to. To do this you
must crack as many passwords as possible as quickly as possible. We have captured the user
names and encrypted passwords for ten users. The user names follow a standard pattern of first
initial and last name, but the passwords have no set standards. We do know that users of this
system are encouraged to add numbers and other characters to the words they chose for
passwords.

To aid you in cracking these passwords we have managed to collect some basic information
about the users. This personal information may help you target your searches as to what the
user’s password may be.

Kmiller Ken Miller is an avid fly fisher and his record

number of catches is just under 30

Smacman Steven MacMan has a fiancé who’s name is 4

letters long and starts with a “K”

Gkoch Gina Koch grew up with her German

grandmother, who used to call her ‘Little
precious’ *

Mjones Matt Jones was born in 1979. He compares

himself to a Shakespearean character who was
born via C section

Tgriffin Tim Griffin loves funky ‘70’s and ‘80s

music.And songs about ‘Love’

Rklatt Ryan Klatt is a big Star Trek fan and has most
likely chosen an obscure reference for his
password *

Nboyle Nancy Boyle is an a fan of the books of

British writer Douglas Adams

Esmith Edward Smith was very close to his

grandfather who died in 1968. We know his
grandfather’s name was a less common name
starting with ‘L’

Jcollins Jim Collins keeps a copy of the book “The

Prince” *
Hharris Alan Harris has a wife named Sue and a
daughter named Megan lan was married on
May 3rd. His daughter was born on August 6th

33
Step 2: Select SessionSession Options

Use this menu to customize your password search. Here you can add different word list for
Dictionary attacks, change Hybrid attack features. Keep in mind you are working with a short
dead line and more in depth searches will take longer then you have. You must use the
information given to you to target your search most specifically at more likely passwords.

Step 3: Select Session Begin “Audit” or Press the blue play button on the upper toolbar to start
the password search.

Step 4: After the first search has run check your progress. Have some of the passwords been
cracked all the way though or have some only been partially cracked. Use what you’ve learned
from this first search to target your next few searches. You will need to search the internet and
use the information you have been given about each user to find words they may have used as
their password.

Note: The question marks in the partially cracked passwords do not necessarily represent the
number of remaining undiscovered characters.

Step 5: Add words to your wordlist

Session>Session Options
Press the ‘Dictionary List’ button in the Dictionary crack section. Here you can edit your
current word list and add words by selecting the ‘EDIT’ button and entering each wordon a
new line. You can also add multiple dictionaries and wordlist.

34
Step 6:You may chose to conduct dictionary attacks with other wordlists. You can find
additional wordlist to use here: ftp://ftp.cerias.purdue.edu/pub/dict

Step 7: Continue searching for possible passwords during the remainder of the lab.
Repeatingsteps 3 and 4 each time you modify your search.

Step 8: Once you have cracked all the passwords in the file, write them down in your lab
reportor once the lab time has ended, submit the passwords you were able to crack.

Result :
Thus the experiment for Eavesdropping, Dictionary attacks, MITM attacks was done
succesfully.

35
Exp. No : 8
EXPERIMENTING WITH SNIFF TRAFFIC USING ARP
Date : POISONING.

AIM:
Perform an Experiment to Sniff Traffic using ARP Poisoning.

Description:

ARP is the acronym for Address Resolution Protocol. It is used to convert IP address to
physical addresses [MAC address] on a switch. The host sends an ARP broadcast on the
network, and the recipient computer responds with its physical address [MAC Address]. The
resolved IP/MACaddress is then used to communicate. ARP poisoning is sending fake MAC
addresses to the switch so that it can associate the fake MAC addresses with the IP address of a
genuine computer on a network and hijack the traffic.

ARP Poisoning Countermeasures

Static ARP entries: these can be defined in the local ARP cache and the switch configured to
ignoreall auto ARP reply packets. The disadvantage of this method is, it’s difficult to maintain
on large networks. IP/MAC address mapping has to be distributed to all the computers on the
network. ARP poisoning detection software: these systems can be used to cross check the
IP/MAC address resolution and certify them if they are authenticated. Uncertified IP/MAC
address resolutions can then be blocked.

Operating System Security: this measure is dependent on the operating system been used.
The following are the basic techniques used by various operating systems.

 Linux based: these work by ignoring unsolicited ARP reply packets.

 Microsoft Windows: the ARP cache behavior can be configured via the registry. The
following list includes some of the software that can be used to protect networks against
sniffing;
 AntiARP– provides protection against both passive and active sniffing
 Agnitum Outpost Firewall–provides protection against passive sniffing
 XArp– provides protection against both passive and active sniffing
 Mac OS: ArpGuard can be used to provide protection. It protects against both active
andpassive sniffing.
 Computers communicate using networks. These networks could be on a local area
network LAN or exposed to the internet. Network Sniffers are programs that capture
low-level package data that is transmitted over a network. An attacker can analyze this
informationto discover valuable information such as user ids and passwords.
 In this article, we will introduce you to common network sniffing techniques and tools
used to sniff networks.

36
What is network sniffing?

Computers communicate by broadcasting messages on a network using IP addresses. Once a

message has been sent on a network, the recipient computer with the matching IP address
responds with its MAC address.
Network sniffing is the process of intercepting data packets sent over a network. This can be
done by the specialized software program or hardware equipment. Sniffing can be used to;

 Capture sensitive data such as login credentials

 Eavesdrop on chat messages

 Capture files have been transmitted over a networkThe following are protocols that are
vulnerable to sniffing

 Telnet

 Rlogin

 HTTP

 SMTP

 POP

 FTP

 IMAP

The above protocols are vulnerable if login details are sent in plain text

37
Passive and Active Sniffing

Before we look at passive and active sniffing, let’s look at two major devices used to network
computers; hubs and switches.
A hub works by sending broadcast messages to all output ports on it except the one that
has sent the broadcast. The recipient computer responds to the broadcast message if the IP
address matches. This means when using a hub, all the computers on a network can see the
broadcast message. It operates at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI Model.

The diagram below illustrates how the hub works.

A switch works differently; it maps IP/MAC addresses to physical ports on it. Broadcast
messages are sent to the physical ports that match the IP/MAC address configurations for the
recipient computer. This means broadcast messages are only seen by the recipient computer.
Switches operate at the data link layer (layer 2) and network layer (layer 3).

The diagram below illustrates how the switch works.

Passive sniffing is intercepting packages transmitted over a network that uses a hub. It is
called passive sniffing because it is difficult to detect. It is also easy to perform as the hub
sends broadcast messages to all the computers on the network.

38
Active sniffing is intercepting packages transmitted over a network that uses a switch.
There are two main methods used to sniff switch linked networks, ARP Poisoning, and MAC
flooding.

Sniffing the network using Wireshark

The illustration below shows you the steps that you will carry out to complete this exercise
without confusion

Download Wireshark from this link http://www.wireshark.org/download.html

 Open Wireshark

 You will get the following screen

 Select the network interface you want to sniff. Note for this demonstration, we are using
a wireless network connection. If you are on a local area network, then you should
select the local area network interface.

 Click on start button as shown above

39
 Open your web browser and type in http://www.techpanda.org/

 The login email is [email protected] and the password is Password2010

 Click on submit button

 A successful logon should give you the following dashboard

40
 Go back to Wireshark and stop the live capture

 Filter for HTTP protocol results only using the filter textbox

 Locate the Info column and look for entries with the HTTP verb POST and click on it

 Just below the log entries, there is a panel with a summary of captured data. Look for
the summary that says Line-based text data: application/x-www-form-url encoded

41
  You should be able to view the plaintext values of all the POST variables submitted to
the server via HTTP protocol.

Result:
Thus the experiment to Sniff Traffic using ARP Poisoning was performed.

42
Exp. No : 9
DEMONSTRATION OF INTRUSION DETECTION
Date : SYSTEM(IDS)

AIM:
To demonstrate Intrusion Detection System (IDS) using Snort software tool.

STEPS ON CONFIGURING AND INTRUSION DETECTION:

1. Download Snort from the Snort.org website. (http://www.snort.org/snort-downloads)

2. Download Rules(https://www.snort.org/snort-rules). You must register to get the rules.
(You should download these often)
3. Double click on the .exe to install snort. This will install snort in the “C:\Snort” folder.It
is important to have WinPcap (https://www.winpcap.org/install/) installed
4. Extract the Rules file. You will need WinRAR for the .gz file.
5. Copy all files from the “rules” folder of the extracted folder. Now paste the rules into
“C:\Snort\rules” folder.
6. Copy “snort.conf” file from the “etc” folder of the extracted folder. You must paste it
into “C:\ Snort\etc” folder. Overwrite any existing file. Remember if you modify
your snort.conf file and download a new file, you must modify it for Snort to work.
7. Open a command prompt (cmd.exe) and navigate to folder “C:\Snort\bin” folder. ( at
the Prompt, type cd\snort\bin)
8. To start (execute) snort in sniffer mode use following command:
snort -dev -i 3
- i indicates the interface number. You must pick the correct interface number. In
my case, it is 3.
- dev is used to run snort to capture packets on your network.

To check the interface list, use following command:

snort –W

43
Finding an interface

You can tell which interface to use by looking at the Index number and finding Microsoft. As
you can see in the above example, the other interfaces are for VMWare.
To run snort in IDS mode, you will need to configure the file “snort.conf” according to your
network environment.

To specify the network address that you want to protect in snort.conf file, look for the
following line. var HOME_NET 192.168.1.0/24 (You will normally see any here)
You may also want to set the addresses of DNS_SERVERS, if you have some on your network.

Example:

example snort
Change the RULE_PATH variable to the path of rules folder. var RULE_PATH c:\snort\rules

path to rules
Change the path of all library files with the name and path on your system. and you must
change the path of snort_dynamicpreprocessorvariable.
C:\Snort\lib\snort_dynamiccpreprocessor
You need to do this to all library files in the “C:\Snort\lib” folder. The old path might be:
“/usr/local/lib/…”. you will need to replace that path with your system path. Using C:\Snort\lib
Change the path of the “dynamicengine” variable value in the “snort.conf” file..

Example:
dynamicengine C:\Snort\lib\snort_dynamicengine\sf_engine.dll

Add the paths for “include classification.config” and “include reference.config” files. include
c:\snort\etc\classification.config
include c:\snort\etc\reference.config
Remove the comment (#) on the line to allow ICMP rules, if it is commented with a #. include
$RULE_PATH/icmp.rules
You can also remove the comment of ICMP-info rules comment, if it is commented. include
$RULE_PATH/icmp-info.rules
To add log files to store alerts generated by snort, search for the “output log” test in snort.conf
and add the following line:
output alert_fast: snort-alerts.ids
Comment (add a #) the whitelist $WHITE_LIST_PATH/white_list.rules and the blacklist

Change the nested_ip inner , \ to nested_ip inner #, \ Comment out (#) following lines:
#preprocessor normalize_ip4
#preprocessor normalize_tcp: ips ecn stream #preprocessor normalize_icmp4 #preprocessor
normalize_ip6
#preprocessor normalize_icmp6

Save the “snort.conf” file.

To start snort in IDS mode, run the following command:

snort -c c:\snort\etc\snort.conf -l c:\snort\log -i 3 (Note: 3 is used for my interface card)

44
If a log is created, select the appropriate program to open it. You can use WordPard or
NotePad++ to read the file.

To generate Log files in ASCII mode, you can use following command while running snort in
IDS mode:
snort -A console -i3 -c c:\Snort\etc\snort.conf -l c:\Snort\log -K ascii

Scan the computer that is running snort from another computer by using PING or NMap
(ZenMap).

After scanning or during the scan you can check the snort-alerts.ids file in the log folder to
insure it is logging properly. You will see IP address folders appear.

Snort monitoring traffic –

RESULT:
Thus the Intrusion Detection System(IDS) has been demonstrated by using the Open
Source Snort Intrusion Detection Tool.

45
Exp. No : 10
NETWORK MONITORING TOOLS
Date :

AIM :

To explore about Network monitoring tools

Network monitoring is an essential part of network management. It involves using various tools
to monitor a system network and determine slowness and weak connections, among other
issues. Knowing more about these tools can help you understand them better and use the right
ones that suit your requirements. In this article, we define what network monitoring tools are,
provide details about various tools and discuss about some tips that can help you choose the
right tool for your requirements.

What Are Network Monitoring Tools?

Network monitoring tools are software that you can use to evaluate network connections. These
software programs can help you monitor a network connection and identify network issues,
which may include failing network components, slow connection speed, network outage or
unidentifiable connections. Network management and monitoring tools can also help you
resolve these issues or establish solutions that prevent specific issues from occurring in the
future.

Network Monitoring Tools

Here are eight monitoring tools along with their descriptions and features:

1. SolarWinds Network Performance Monitor

SolarWinds Network Performance Monitor is a multi-vendor monitoring tool. It allows

users to monitor multiple vendors' networks at the same time. It also provides network
insights for thorough visibility into the health of the networks. Some prominent features
include network availability monitoring, intelligent network mapping, critical path
visualisation, performance analysis and advanced alerting. SolarWinds also allows users
to track VPN tunnel status. It prompts when a VPN tunnel is available to help users
ensure a stable connection between sites. SolarWinds provides a seven- day free trial,
after which users can choose a preferred subscription plan.

2. Auvik

Auvik is a network monitoring and management tool. It offers a quick implementation

process that helps users to set up the tool easily. It also has a clean user interface that
makes it easy to navigate and use. The tool provides in-depth network visibility that
enables faster troubleshooting for network issues. Users can automate network visibility
using Auvik. It provides real-time updates on network issues and configuration changes.

46
3. Datadog Network Monitoring

Datadog Network Monitoring offers services for on-premises devices and cloud
networks. A highlighting feature of this tool is the visualisations. It offers various
graphical representations of all the network connections on a system. It also allows
users to track key metrics like network latency, connection churn and transmission
control protocol (TCP) retransmits. Users can monitor the health of a network
connection at different endpoints at the application, IP address, port or process ID
layers. Other prominent features include automated log collection and user interface
monitoring.

4. Paessler PRTG Network Monitor

Paessler's network connection monitoring tool provides a clean user interface and
network visibility on multiple devices. Users can track the health of different
connection types like local area networks (LAN), wide area network (WAN), servers,
websites, applications and services. The tools also integrate with various technologies,
which makes it easier to use it for different types of applications. It provides distribute
monitoring, allowing users to track network connections on devices in different
locations. The tool also provides apps for mobile platforms that can help users to track
network health on mobile phones.

5. ManageEngine OpManager

ManageEngine OpManager is a good network monitoring and managing tool for users
that prefer in- depth view of network health and issues. This tool provides over 2000
network performance monitors that allow users to track and monitor their connections
and perform detailed analyses on issues. It also provides over 200 dashboard widgets
that can help users customise their dashboard to their own suitability. Other features
include CPU, memory and disk utilisation monitoring on local and virtual machines. It
also allows setting network performance threshold and notifies the user in case of a
violation.

6. Domotz

Domotz is an expansive tool that provides a list of features for monitoring network
connections. It allows users to customise their network monitoring preferences. Users
can write scripts the retrieve the data they wish to evaluate. It also allows connection to
open ports on remote devices while ensuring network security. Users can also scan and
monitor network connections globally. Domotz also allows to backup and restore
network configuration for switches, firewalls and access points and alerts when there is
a change in the configuration.

7. Checkmk

Checkmk is a tool that allows users to automate it completely. You can customise its
operations and enable it to perform tasks automatically. It also identifies network and
security components without the user requiring manual set up. For example, the tool can
identify a firewall even if the user has not set it up. Its Agent Bakery feature enables
users to manage agents and automate agent updating. This reduces manual effort to

47
 monitor network connections. The tool also includes over 2000 plug-ins for enhancing
network monitoring.

8. Progress Whatsup Gold

Progress Whatsup Gold is a basic network monitoring software. It provides a minimal user
interface with essential features like device monitoring, application monitoring, analysing
network traffic and managing configurations. The tool allows users to monitor cloud devices,
inspect suspicious connections, automate configuration backups and identify, and resolve
bandwidth issues.

Other Tools For Network Monitoring

Here are three additional tools for network monitoring:

 Fortra Intermapper: This tool enables users to monitor network connections using
network maps, allowing them to get a holistic view of all the connections. It also
provides various colour codes for different network status, along with real-time
notifications through text, email and sound.

 Nagios Core: Nagios Core is a monitoring engine that works as the primary application
for all Nagios projects, including the Nagios Network Analyser. It integrates with other
Nagios applications and provides users with features like a visual dashboard, custom
application monitoring, automated alert system, advanced user management and
network security monitoring.

 Zabbix: Zabbix provides a thorough network monitoring solution with features like
server monitoring, cloud monitoring, application monitoring and service monitoring.
The tool also includes features like metric collection, business monitoring and root
cause analyses of network issues, and allows users to establish a threshold for
connection anomalies.

Tips To Choose A Network Monitoring And Management Tool

Here are some useful tips that you can consider while selecting a tool for network monitoring:

Understand the requirements

Understanding why you require network monitoring software is important in the process.
Define what feature you want and for what purpose. This can help you identify the right tool
for your use. It may also help you choose the correct subscription plan on paid tools.

Browse multiple tools

Once you identify the requirements, consider browsing multiple tools. Visit the websites of the
tools and look for the features you require. Spend time studying the features and understand
how they can be useful to your requirements. You can also identify a few tools and compare
their features to each other.

48
Consider the budget

Some tools may be free to use, while some may require you to purchase a subscription plan.
Paid tools typically offer a free trial period of up to 30 days. Once you identify which tool you
may like to use, see if it is free or requires payment. If it is a paid tool, try exploring its features
and efficiency during the trial period. Consider keeping a backup tool in case the tool that you
choose does not fit your usage.

Result:
Thus the network monitoring tools was explored

49
Exp. No : 11
STUDY TO CONFIGURE FIREWALL, VPN
Date :

AIM:

To study the features of firewall in providing network security and to set Firewall Security in
windows.

Firewall in Windows 7

Windows 7 comes with two firewalls that work together. One is the Windows Firewall, and the
other is Windows Firewall with Advanced Security (WFAS). The main difference between
them is the complexity ofthe rules configuration. Windows Firewall uses simple rules that
directlyrelate to a program or a service. The rules in WFAS can be configured based on
protocols, ports, addresses and authentication. By default, both firewalls come with predefined
set of rules that allow us to utilize network resources. This includes things like browsing the
web, receiving e-mails, etc. Other standard firewall exceptions are File and Printer Sharing,
Network Discovery, Performance Logs and Alerts, Remote Administration, Windows Remote
Management, Remote Assistance, Remote Desktop, Windows Media Player, Windows Media
Player Network Sharing Service

With firewall in Windows 7 we can configure inbound and outbound rules. By default, all
outbound traffic is allowed, and inbound responses to that traffic are also allowed. Inbound
traffic initiated from external sources is automatically blocked.

When we first connect to some network, we are prompted to select a network location. This
feature is known as Network Location Awareness(NLA). This feature enables us to assign a
network profile to the connection based on the location. Different network profiles contain
different collections of firewall rules. In Windows 7, different network profiles can be
configured on different interfaces. For example, our wired interface can have different profile
than our wireless interface. There are three different network profiles available:

 Public

 Home/Work - private network

 Domain - used within a domain

Configuring Windows Firewall

To open Windows Firewall we can go to Start > Control Panel > Windows firewall.

50
By default, Windows Firewall is enabled for both private (home or work)and public networks.
It is also configured to block all connections to programs that are not on the list of allowed
programs. To configure exceptions we can go to the menu on the left and select "Allow a
program or feature trough Windows Firewall" option.

Exceptions

To change settings in this window we have to click the "Change settings" button. As you can
see, here we have a list of predefined programs and features that can be allowed to
communicate on private or public networks. For example, notice that the Core Networking
feature is allowed on both private and public networks, while the File and Printer Sharing is

51
only allowed on private networks. We can also see the details of the items in the list by
selecting it and then clicking the Details button.

Details

If we have a program on our computer that is not in this list, we can manually add it by clicking
on the "Allow another program" button.

Add a Program

Here we have to browse to the executable of our program and then click the Add button. Notice
that we can also choose location types on which this program will be allowed to communicate
by clicking on the "Network location types" button.

Network Locations

Many applications will automatically configure proper exceptions in Windows Firewall when
we run them. For example, if we enable streaming from Media Player, it will automatically
configure firewall settings to allow streaming. The same thing is if we enable Remote Desktop
feature from the system properties window. By enabling Remote Desktop feature we actually
create an exception in Windows Firewall.

Windows Firewall can be turned off completely. To do that we can select the "Turn Windows
Firewall on or off" option from the menu on the left.

52
Firewall Customization

Note that we can modify settings for each type of network location (private or public).
Interesting thing here is that we can block all incoming connections, including those in the list
of allowed programs.
Windows Firewall is actually a Windows service. As you know, services can be stopped and
started. If the Windows Firewall service is stopped, the Windows Firewall will not work.

Firewall Service

In our case the service is running. If we stop it, we will get a warning thatwe should turn on our
Windows Firewall.

Warning

Remember that with Windows Firewall we can only configure basic firewall settings, and this
is enough for most day-to-day users. However, we can't configure exceptions based on ports in
Windows Firewall any more. For that we have to use Windows Firewall with Advanced
Security.

How to Start & Use the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security

The Windows Firewall with Advanced Security is a tool which gives you detailed control over
the rules that are applied by the Windows Firewall. You can view all the rules that are used by
the Windows Firewall, change their properties, create new rules or disable existing ones. In this
tutorial we will share how to open the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, how to find
your way around it and talk about the types of rules that are available and what kind of traffic
they filter.

How to Access the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security

You have several alternatives to opening the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security:
One is to open the standard Windows Firewall window, by going to "Control Panel -> System

53
and Security -> Windows Firewall". Then, click or tap Advanced settings.

In Windows 7, another method is to search for the word firewall in the Start Menu search box
and click the "Windows Firewall with Advanced Security" result.

In Windows 8.1, Windows Firewall with Advanced Security is not returned in search results
and you need to use the first method shared above foropening it.

The Windows Firewall with Advanced Security looks and works the same both in Windows 7
and Windows 8.1. To continue our tutorial, we will use screenshots that were made in
Windows 8.1.

54
What Are The Inbound & Outbound Rules?

In order to provide the security you need, the Windows Firewall has a standard set of inbound
and outbound rules, which are enabled depending on the location of the network you are
connected to.

Inbound rules are applied to the traffic that is coming from the network and the Internet to your
computer or device. Outbound rules apply to the traffic from your computer to the network or
the Internet.

These rules can be configured so that they are specific to: computers, users, programs, services,
ports or protocols. You can also specify to which type of network adapter (e.g. wireless, cable,
virtual private network) or user profileit is applied to.

In the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, you can access all rulesand edit their
properties. All you have to do is click or tap the appropriate unit in the left-side panel.

55
The rules used by the Windows Firewall can be enabled or disabled. The ones which are
enabled or active are marked with a green check-box in the Name column. The ones that are
disabled are marked with a gray check-box.

If you want to know more about a specific rule and learn its properties, right click on it and
select Properties or select it and press Properties in thecolumn on right, which lists the actions
that are available for your selection.

What Are The Connection Security Rules?

Connection security rules are used to secure traffic between two computers while it crosses the
network. One example would be a rule which defines that connections between two specific
computers must be encrypted.

Unlike the inbound or outbound rules, which are applied only to one computer, connection
security rules require that both computers have the same rules defined and enabled.

If you want to see if there are any such rules on your computer, click or tap "Connection
Security Rules" on the panel on the left. By default, there are no such rules defined on
Windows computers and devices. They are generally used in business environments and such
rules are set by the network administrator.

56
What Does the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security Monitor?

The Windows Firewall with Advanced Security includes some monitoringfeatures as well. In
the Monitoring section you can find the following information: the firewall rules that are active
(both inbound and outbound),the connection security rules that are active and whether there are
any active security associations.

You should note that the Monitoring section shows only the active rules for the current network
location.

used to determine the operating system running on the host machine. Another feature is "boot-
time filtering". This feature ensures that the firewall is working at the same time when the
network interface becomes active, which was not the case in previous versions of Windows.

When we first connect to some network, we are prompted to select a network location. This
feature is known as Network Location Awareness (NLA). This feature enables us to assign a
network profile to the connection based on the location. Different network profiles contain
different collections of firewall rules. In Windows 7, different network profiles can be
configured on different interfaces. For example, our wired interface can have different profile
than our wireless interface. There are three different network profiles available:

 Public

 Home/Work - private network

 Domain - used within a domain

We choose those locations when we connect to a network. We can always change the location
in the Network and Sharing Center, in Control Panel. The Domain profile can be automatically
assigned by the NLA service when we log on to an Active Directory domain. Note that we
must have administrative rights in order to configure firewall in Windows 7.

57
2.1.1 Configuring Windows Firewall

To open Windows Firewall we can go to Start > Control Panel >

Windows Firewall.

By default, Windows Firewall is enabled for both private (home or work) and public networks.
It is also configured to block all connections to programs that are not on the list of allowed
programs. To configure exceptions we can go to the menu on the left and select "Allow a
program or feature trough Windows Firewall" option.

58
Exceptions

To change settings in this window we have to click the "Change settings" button. As you can
see, here we have a list of predefined programs and features that can be allowed to
communicate on private or public networks. For example, notice that the Core Networking
feature is allowed on both private and public networks, while the File and Printer Sharing is
only allowed on private networks. We can also see the details of the items in the list by
selecting it and then clicking the Details button.

Details

If we have a program on our computer that is not in this list, we can manually add it by clicking
on the "Allow another program" button.

Add a Program

Here we have to browse to the executable of our program and then click the Add button. Notice
that we can also choose location types on which this program will be allowed to communicate
by clicking on the "Network location types" button.

59
Network Locations

Many applications will automatically configure proper exceptions in Windows Firewall when
we run them. For example, if we enable streaming from Media Player, it will automatically
configure firewall settings to allow streaming. The same thing is if we enable Remote Desktop
feature from the system properties window. By enabling Remote Desktop feature we actually
create an exception in Windows Firewall.

Windows Firewall can be turned off completely. To do that we can select the "Turn Windows
Firewall on or off" option from the menu on the left.

Firewall Customization

Note that we can modify settings for each type of network location (private or public).
Interesting thing here is that we can block all incoming connections, including those in the list
of allowed programs.

60
Windows Firewall is actually a Windows service. As you know, services can be stopped and
started. If the Windows Firewall service is stopped, the Windows Firewall will not work.

Firewall Service

In our case the service is running. If we stop it, we will get a warning thatwe should turn on our
Windows Firewall.

Warning

Remember that with Windows Firewall we can only configure basic firewall settings, and this
is enough for most day-to-day users. However, we can't configure exceptions based on ports in
Windows Firewall any more. For that we have to use Windows Firewall with Advanced
Security.

How to Start & Use the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security

The Windows Firewall with Advanced Security is a tool which gives you detailed control over
the rules that are applied by the Windows Firewall. You can view all the rules that are used by
the Windows Firewall, change their properties, create new rules or disable existing ones. In this
tutorial we will share how to open the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, how to find
your way around it and talk about the types of rules that are available and what kind of traffic
they filter. How to Access the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security

You have several alternatives to opening the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security: One
is to open the standard Windows Firewall window, by going to "Control Panel -> System and
Security -> Windows Firewall". Then, click or tap Advanced settings.

61
In Windows 7, another method is to search for the word firewall in the Start Menu search box
and click the "Windows Firewall with Advanced Security" result.

In Windows 8.1, Windows Firewall with Advanced Security is not returned in search results
and you need to use the first method shared above foropening it.

62
The Windows Firewall with Advanced Security looks and works the same both in Windows 7
and Windows 8.1. To continue our tutorial, we will use screenshots that were made in
Windows 8.1.

What Are The Inbound & Outbound Rules?

In order to provide the security you need, the Windows Firewall has a standard set of inbound
and outbound rules, which are enabled depending on the location of the network you are
connected to.

Inbound rules are applied to the traffic that is coming from the network and the Internet to your
computer or device. Outbound rules apply to the traffic from your computer to the network or
the Internet.

These rules can be configured so that they are specific to: computers, users, programs, services,
ports or protocols. You can also specify to which type of network adapter (e.g. wireless, cable,
virtual private network) or user profileit is applied to.

In the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, you can access all rules and edit their
properties. All you have to do is click or tap the appropriate unit in the left-side panel.

63
The rules used by the Windows Firewall can be enabled or disabled. The ones which are
enabled or active are marked with a green check-box in the Name column. The ones that are
disabled are marked with a gray check-box.If you want to know more about a specific rule and
learn its properties, right click on it and select Properties or select it and press Properties in the
column on right, which lists the actions that are available for your selection.

64
2.1.1.1 What Are The Connection Security Rules?

Connection security rules are used to secure traffic between two computers while it crosses the
network. One example would be a rule which defines that connections between two specific
computers must be encrypted.

Unlike the inbound or outbound rules, which are applied only to one computer, connection
security rules require that both computers have thesame rules defined and enabled.

If you want to see if there are any such rules on your computer, click or tap "Connection
Security Rules" on the panel on the left. By default, there are no such rules defined on Windows
computers and devices. They are generally used in business environments and such rules are set
by the network administrator.

65
2.1.1.2 What Does the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security Monitor?

The Windows Firewall with Advanced Security includes some monitoring features as well. In
the Monitoring section you can find the following information: the firewall rules that are active
(both inbound and outbound), the connection security rules that are active and whether there
are any active security associations.

You should note that the Monitoring section shows only the active rules for the current network
location.

Result:
Thus the study of the features of firewall in providing network security and to set
Firewall Security in windows.

66