Volume 10, Issue 3, March – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar559

Proton Pump Inhibitors and Self-Medication:

A Survey Conducted Among Patients in the
Casablanca-Settat Region
Z.Atwani2 ; A.Hinda1, 2 ; A .Amri1, 2 ; Y.Sebbahi1, 2 ; S.Derraji1, 2
1Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
2Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco

Publication Date: 2025/03/26

Abstract:

 Introduction
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are key medications in the treatment of acid-related gastric disorders. Their use has
become widespread since their introduction to the market. However, this popularity has revealed significant issues of
misuse, particularly concerning in the context of self-medication.

 Objective
This study aims to evaluate self-medication practices related to this class of drugs among the population of the
Casablanca-Settat region. The goal is to understand the habits associated with PPI use, identify potential dangers, and
propose measures to improve the safety and efficacy of their use.

 Material and Methods

A cross-sectional, observational, and descriptive study was conducted over two months, from July 17 to September
17, 2023. Data were collected through a comprehensive questionnaire on Google Forms, accessible via a link distributed to
patients in the region.

 Results
The survey included 105 participants, the majority of whom were women. Individuals aged 25 to 65 constituted 59%
of the sample, and 81% of the participants had medical coverage. The main reported indications for PPI use were
gastroesophageal reflux disease (37.5%), use in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (19.5%), and
dyspepsia (12.5%). A large majority of 79% of the participants expressed satisfaction with their self-medication practice,
highlighting the perceived effectiveness of PPIs in managing their symptoms.

 Conclusion
Although the high satisfaction rate, our study revealed various forms of misuse related to this practice. This
concerning reality calls for close collaboration between healthcare professionals, patients, and health institutions to
address this issue and promote rational use of this class of drugs. Increased awareness and education about the
appropriate use of PPIs can help mitigate the risks associated with self-medication and improve patient outcomes.

Keywords: Proton Pump Inhibitors – Self-Medication – Survey – Patients – Peptic Ulcer.

How to Cite: Z.Atwani; A.Hinda; A .Amri; Y.Sebbahi; S.Derraji (2025) Proton Pump Inhibitors and Self-Medication: A Survey
Conducted Among Patients in the Casablanca-Settat Region. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research
Technology, 10(3), 1024-1032. https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar559

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Volume 10, Issue 3, March – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar559

I. INTRODUCTION medication practices involving PPIs within the population of

the Casablanca-Settat region.
Since their introduction in the 1980s,[1] proton pump
inhibitors (PPIs) have revolutionized the management of II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
acid-related gastric disorders. These conditions affect 25%
to 35% of the general population [2] and rank among the top A. Data Collection
five reasons for self-medication.[3] A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted
among patients in the Casablanca-Settat region over a two-
PPIs are currently the most potent antisecretory agents month period, from July 17 to September 17, 2023. The data
available, outperforming histamine H2 receptor antagonists for this study were collected through a link to a
in their ability to suppress gastric acid secretion. PPIs exert questionnaire hosted on Google Forms.
their effect by irreversibly inhibiting the H+/K+ ATPase
enzyme, also known as the proton pump, located in the The multiple-choice questionnaire, designed with
parietal cells of the stomach. This enzyme is critical as the checkboxes, was developed to simplify self-completion by
final mediator of hydrogen ion secretion into the gastric the patients. It consists of a limited number of clear and
lumen.[4] direct questions, allowing respondents to select multiple
answers or add additional responses when needed. The
Their efficacy and favourable safety profile have questions are grouped into three distinct sections.
driven widespread adoption, both through physician
prescriptions and self-medication by patients. However, this The first section gathers patient information, including
popularity has highlighted significant concerns regarding gender, age, medical and surgical history, and health
misuse, which is particularly concerning in the context of insurance. The second part focuses on the patient's condition
self-medication. and the symptoms they are experiencing. Finally, the third
section addresses details regarding the proton pump
Self-medication is a widespread practice globally, with inhibitor used, including its international non-proprietary
prevalence rates ranging from 11.7% to 92% across different name (INN), dosage, treatment duration, any adverse events
regions. This growth is driven by a combination of experienced, and other medications taken concurrently.
economic, political, and cultural factors. However, self-
medication is often described as a double-edged sword, The questionnaire also includes questions about the
offering both benefits and risks.[5] source of self-medication, the reasons for choosing this
particular class of medication, and a self-assessment of the
Many countries promote patient empowerment in patient's satisfaction with their self-medication.
managing common ailments by expanding the availability of
over-the-counter (OTC) medications. The global OTC drug B. Sample Selection
market was valued at $125.28 billion in 2023 and is The sample selection for this study was based on
projected to exceed $229.01 billion by 2033, with a specific inclusion criteria: participants had to be residents of
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.51% from 2024 the Casablanca-Settat region, self-medicate with proton
to 2033. This trend reflects a shift towards patient pump inhibitors (PPIs), and provide informed consent to
autonomy,[6,7] positioning OTC medications as a complete the questionnaire. For minors, parental
cornerstone for optimizing healthcare systems, [6,8] while authorization was required. Non-inclusion criteria included
also representing a significant and sustainable economic non-residence in the Casablanca-Settat region, possession of
market. a medical prescription for PPIs, and refusal to participate in
the questionnaire.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the OTC
drugs available in several countries. OTC PPIs are C. Ethical Considerations
specifically designed for short-term management of reflux Participants in this study were fully informed about the
symptoms, such as acid regurgitation and heartburn, in research objectives, and their participation was entirely
adults aged 18 years and older. These medications are voluntary, with the freedom to withdraw at any time. The
offered at restricted doses and are intended for once-daily data collected were treated with strict confidentiality,
use before meals over a maximum of 14 consecutive days, ensuring that no information could be linked to a specific
with a recommended limit of three courses per year.[9] individual. Furthermore, since the study is purely
observational and does not involve any direct intervention,
In Morocco, PPIs are classified as List II drugs and are prior approval from an ethics committee was not required.
available only with a medical prescription. However, self-
medication remains highly prevalent despite these III. RESULTS
regulations. The limited availability of specific data on self-
medication practices makes it challenging to understand the  Sample Characteristics
underlying factors and behaviors, thereby heightening the Data were collected from 105 individuals. The baseline
risks associated with the improper use of PPIs. It is in this characteristics, along with demographic and comorbidity
context that the present study aims to investigate self- data of the included patients, are detailed in Table 1. As
observed, the majority of participants were female, aged

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ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar559

between 25 and 65 years, and had medical insurance opting for prolonged use beyond 7 days. Interestingly, 9% of
coverage. Digestive disorders, diabetes, and hypertension participants continued their treatment for several months.
were the most commonly self-reported comorbidities.
The primary reason for choosing PPIs was positive
 Self-Medication for Digestive Symptoms past experience, cited by 59% of the participants. Other
Among the respondents, approximately 37% reported reasons included the perceived lack of side effects (16%),
self-medicating based on the advice of a healthcare the convenience of a single daily dose (14%), and the
professional, while others turned to friends or family (32%), moderate cost (10%). A small number of participants (1%)
personal experience (25%), or media advertisements (6%). chose PPIs due to the relatively short treatment duration.
When it came to the reasons for self-medication, 37% of
participants used PPIs for symptoms related to Regarding adverse effects, 11% of participants reported
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 26% for experiencing side effects. Digestive disturbances were the
unexplained epigastric pain, and 20% for the prevention of most common, followed by headaches and abdominal pain.
gastro-duodenal lesions linked to non-steroidal anti- In terms of concurrent medication use, 37% of patients were
inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. also taking NSAIDs, while others were using psychotropic
drugs, antidiabetic medications, and antihypertensives.
Omeprazole emerged as the most frequently chosen
medication, with 66% of patients selecting it. Additionally, a Finally, patient satisfaction with self-medication was
significant portion of the participants (56%) opted for the generally positive, with 79% of participants expressing
full dosage, and 54% reported taking a single dose. The satisfaction. However, 3% of patients were dissatisfied,
majority of patients (54%) adhered to a short treatment mainly due to the perceived ineffectiveness of the treatment.
duration, with only 24% using PPIs for 2 to 7 days and 13%

Table 1 : Patterns of PPI Use: Patient Characteristics, Indications, and Adverse Events
VARIABLE DESCRIPTION N FREQUENCY
GENDER (N=105) Male 20 19 %
Female 85 81 %

AGE (YEARS) (N=105) <15 2 2%

15-24 30 29 %
25-65 62 59 %
>65 11 10 %

SELF-REPORTED Digestive disorders 19 23 %

COMORBIDITIES Diabetes 14 17 %
(N=84) Hypertension 12 14 %
Neurological disease 8 10 %
Rheumatism 6 7%
Hypothyroidism 5 6%
Polycystic ovary syndrome 3 4%
Anemia 3 4%
Glaucoma 3 4%
Hyperlipidemia 2 2%
Osteoarthritis 2 2%
Scoliosis 1 1%
Multiple sclerosis 1 1%
Heart failure 1 1%
Benign prostatic hyperplasia 1 1%
Endometriosis 1 1%
Tuberculosis 1 1%
Asthma 1 1%

SURGICAL Chirurgie gynécologique et obstétrique 25 44 %

HISTORY Chirurgie viscérale 11 20 %
(N=56) Chirurgie thoracique et cardiovasculaire 6 11 %
Chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique 4 7%
Chirurgie oncologique 3 5%
Chirurgie ophtalmologique 3 5%
Neurochirurgie 2 4%

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Chirurgie oto-rhino-laryngologique 2 4%

HEALTH Patients with health insurance 85 81 %

INSURANCE (N=105) Patients without health insurance 20 19 %

SOURCES OF Healthcare personnel. 42 37 %

SELF-MEDICATION Friend or family member. 37 32 %
(N=114) Personal experience. 28 25 %
Social media. 7 6%

INN (N=105) Oméprazole 69 66 %

Ésoméprazole 19 18 %
Lansoprazole 12 11 %
Pantoprazole 4 4%
Rabéprazole 1 1%

DOSE (N=105) Double dose 6 6%

Full dose 59 56 %
Half dose 38 36 %
Low dose 2 2%

DURATION OF Occasional use 57 54 %

TREATMENT Repeated use (2 to 7 days) 25 24 %
(N=105) Prolonged use (beyond 7 days) 14 13 %
Chronic use (several months) 9 9%

INDICATION Gastroesophageal reflux disease 48 37 %

(N=128) Epigastric pain of unknown etiology 33 26 %
In association with NSAIDs 25 20 %
Dyspepsia 16 12 %
Undocumented Helicobacter pylori infection 4 3%
Recurrence after treatment with a gastric 2 2%
topical agent

REASON FOR Positive experience 81 59 %

CHOOSING PPI Low cost 14 10 %
(N=138) Absence of side effects 22 16 %
Taken once a day 20 14 %
Short treatment duration 1 1%

ADVERSE EVENTS No AE 93 89 %
(N=105) Reported AEs 12 11 %

ADVERSE EVENTS Digestive disorders (diarrhea, constipation) 7 58 %

(N=12) Flatulence 0 0%
Abdominal pain 2 17 %
Headache 3 25 %
Skin rash 0 0%

MEDICATIONS Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 30 37 %

TAKEN Psychotropic 9 11 %
CONCOMITANTLY Antidiabetic 8 10 %
(N=79) Antihypertensive 8 10 %
Thyroid hormones 4 5%
Antiplatelet 3 4%
Antiviral 3 4%
Antifungal 3 4%
Analgesic 3 4%

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Gastric topical 2 3%
Hypolipidemic 2 3%
Dietary supplement 2 3%
Anticoagulant 1 1%

DEGREE OF Very satisfied 83 79 %

SATISFACTION (N=105) Slightly satisfied 19 18 %
Not satisfied 3 3%

IV. DISCUSSION history of digestive disorders without specifying the nature

of these conditions. Due to the lack of access to patients'
In our study, women made up 81% of the sample, complete medical histories, which would confirm their risk
reflecting a general trend where women are more likely to of digestive complications, it is difficult to validate the
engage in self-medication,[10] particularly for symptoms appropriateness of PPI use alongside NSAIDs for the
related to gastric acidity.[3,11] This can be attributed to remaining 16 individuals.
several biological factors, including their higher likelihood
of using ulcerogenic medications. [12–14] The use of PPIs for the treatment of dyspepsia remains
controversial and is not recommended by the French Agency
The literature often cites the high cost of healthcare as for the Safety of Health Products (AFSSAPS) and the
a primary reason for resorting to self-medication.[11,15,16] French HAS due to insufficient evidence supporting the use
While having health insurance is theoretically expected to of antisecretory drugs for this off-label indication, especially
reduce reliance on self-medication by covering medical when dyspepsia is not associated with reflux symptoms or
consultation costs, our study found that the majority of documented GERD. [21,22] In contrast, guidelines from the
participants were insured. Other studies suggest that American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) and the
individuals with higher education levels and better socio- Canadian Association of Gastroenterology (CAG)
economic conditions are more likely to self-medicate and recommend empirical PPI therapy for patients under 60 who
manage their health autonomously. [3] test negative for Helicobacter pylori or remain symptomatic
after eradication therapy. [23]
Regarding sources of self-medication, while many
participants rely on advice from healthcare professionals or Blind treatment of epigastric pain of unknown origin
formal medical information, a significant proportion in the carries risks, as it may mask symptoms of more severe
Casablanca-Settat region turns to recommendations from conditions, delaying necessary medical intervention. This
friends or family. This highlights the need to consider local concern is supported by cases of persistent symptoms in
cultural and social contexts when designing public health some patients, even after extended PPI use.
interventions to effectively address community-specific
behaviors. Additionally, certain cases warrant further diagnostic
evaluation, such as confirming H. pylori infection. Among
Our findings also emphasize that patients’ therapeutic patients using PPIs for this indication in this study, two
choices are influenced by a variety of factors beyond clinical hypotheses emerge: either a lack of verification of
recommendations, including personal considerations, eradication following a previous infection, as failure rates of
treatment accessibility, positive past experiences, and cost. first-line therapy in France are estimated at 30%,[24] or the
presence of symptoms suggesting infection, which led them
In our study, the evaluation of self-medication practices to believe they were infected based on suggestions from
with PPIs, compared to the recommendations of the French their social or familial circles.
National Authority for Health (HAS), revealed several
instances of misuse, particularly regarding indications and Regarding dosage, two main forms of misuse were
dosages. identified. First, some patients used doses lower or higher
than the recommended ones. Second, some patients
Approximately 20% of PPI use was associated with the excessively prolonged the treatment beyond the
prevention of gastro-duodenal ulcers linked to NSAID use. recommended duration, while others interrupt it
This practice is supported by the high ulcerogenic potential prematurely.
of NSAIDs and the gastroprotective effect of PPIs, as
confirmed in the literature.[17–19] However, this Many patients reported taking PPIs on an as-needed
association is clinically justified only in the presence of basis. Numerous studies have evaluated the effectiveness of
specific risk factors. Studies have consistently highlighted "as-needed" treatment; although this mode of administration
significant misuse of PPIs for this indication, both in is not FDA-approved, it has proven effective for many
prescribed and self-medication contexts.[20] According to patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) or mild
the data collected, three individuals were over 65 years old, erosive esophagitis. [25] This intermittent treatment is
one patient used a PPI in combination with both an particularly appealing to patients, as it is practical, less
anticoagulant and an NSAID, and five patients reported a costly, and reduces concerns about prolonged PPI use. [26]

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However, the effectiveness of this treatment can be In a context where PPIs are not available over-the-
questioned, as the full effect of PPIs is only achieved after counter, it is crucial to address the inappropriate self-
several days of daily administration. [9,27–29] The French medication practices among patients suffering from gastric
HAS recommends the use of PPIs on an as-needed basis for acidity-related disorders. To tackle this issue, several
GERD, but only after an initial 4-week course to stabilize recommendations can be considered: improving access to
symptoms. [21] healthcare, strengthening regulations on the sale of
prescription-only medications, and educating patients about
Additionally, an emerging class of antisecretory drugs, the risks associated with self-medication. Additionally,
potassium-competitive acid blockers (P-CABs), appears to patients should be informed about preventive measures for
be a better candidate for non-continuous GERD therapy. gastric acidity disorders, such as hygienic-dietary practices,
[26] These drugs work by selectively and reversibly [55] stress management,[63–66] and the prevention of issues
blocking the potassium-binding site on the proton pump, caused by ulcerogenic medications and those promoting
demonstrating a rapid and lasting effect, offering flexibility reflux. [67–69]
in the timing of administration, and being less affected by
genetic variations in cytochrome P450 enzymes.[30–34] V. CONCLUSION

The consequences of this misuse cannot be clearly This study sheds light on the widespread yet often
defined, especially since reported adverse events are limited overlooked practice of self-medication with PPIs. While
and the assessment of causality was not conducted. many studies focus on prescribed use, few explore self-
Furthermore, the study population presents a medical and medication. However, limitations include the lack of clinical
surgical history that illustrates the complexity of their confirmation for reported indications, potential biases due to
medical profile, as they are being treated for various self-reported data, and the specific nature of the sample,
conditions and are exposed to the risk of drug interactions of limiting generalizability. Additionally, the absence of
varying degrees, such as those with thyroid hormones, [35] medical follow-up prevents evaluation of long-term effects
antifungals, [35,36] antivirals, [35–44] cardiotonics, [35,40] and drug interactions. These limitations emphasize the need
psychotropics, [35] and antiplatelet drugs. [38,45–47] The for further research with larger, more diverse samples to
effects resulting from these drug interactions have often better understand the risks and benefits of this practice.
been overlooked or gone unnoticed.
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