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AN-SOF - Transmission Line Feeding In Antenna Design - Exploring The Four-Square Array

The document discusses the Four-Square Array, a phased array antenna design that utilizes six transmission lines for effective directional control. It highlights the array's key properties, such as forward gain, beamwidth, and symmetrical design for directional switching, making it suitable for both amateur and professional use. The design allows for precise control over radiation patterns and integrates a remote switching mechanism for enhanced adaptability.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
1 views1 page

AN-SOF - Transmission Line Feeding In Antenna Design - Exploring The Four-Square Array

The document discusses the Four-Square Array, a phased array antenna design that utilizes six transmission lines for effective directional control. It highlights the array's key properties, such as forward gain, beamwidth, and symmetrical design for directional switching, making it suitable for both amateur and professional use. The design allows for precise control over radiation patterns and integrates a remote switching mechanism for enhanced adaptability.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transmis

sion Line
Feeding
in
Antenna
Design:
Exploring
the Four-
Square
Array

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Transmission Line Feeding in Antenna
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Transmission
Line Feeding in
Antenna
Design:
Exploring the
Four-Square
Array
 Created On October 5, 2023
 Updated On February 12, 2025
 By: Tony Golden
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Explore the Four-Square Array: a


phased array using six
transmission lines in its feeding
system. Perfect for directional
control, it combines simplicity
and performance for RF
engineers, ham operators, and
antenna designers.

A
s the AN-SOF Antenna
Simulator enables implicit
modeling of transmission
lines, this feature allows
users to define a
transmission line by specifying its
characteristic impedance, velocity
factor, length, connection ports, and
losses. One particularly valuable
application of this transmission line
modeling capability is in the design and
analysis of feeding systems for phased
arrays. A prime example of a versatile
phased array that leverages
transmission lines in its feeding system
is the four-square array. This
configuration consists of four vertical
elements, each measuring 1/4-
wavelength in height and arranged in a
square formation. It serves as an
excellent tool for both radio enthusiasts
and professionals seeking a
straightforward yet effective phased
array for controlling the main lobe
direction of the antenna’s radiation
pattern.

The figure below illustrates the layout of


the four-square array and its
corresponding radiation pattern. When
treating the four vertical elements as a
4-port network, calculations indicate
that an 18-Ohm resistor must be added
at the base of each monopole to
achieve the desired directional radiation
pattern. Additionally, the feeding system
of this array incorporates six
transmission lines, each meticulously
configured for specific lengths and
interconnections. Detailed specifications
for this setup can be found in Chapter 8,
Section “The Four-Square Array,” of
the 19th edition of the ARRL Antenna
Book.

Four-Square Array antenna


configuration with a radiation pattern
slice at θ = 65° (elevation 25°). The
window in the bottom right corner
displays settings for the transmission
lines used in the antenna’s feeding
system.

Download Model

Here are some of the key properties that


make the four-square array an
attractive choice for antenna
enthusiasts and professionals:

1. Forward Gain: 3.3 dBi, assuming an


average ground.
2. Beamwidth: The array provides a 3
dB beamwidth of 100°.
3. Horizontal Front-to-Back Ratio: 20
dB or better over a 130° angular
range.
4. Symmetry for Directional
Switching: Due to its symmetric
design, the four-square array
allows for directional switching in
90° increments.

By implementing the feeding system


described in this model, the four-square
array demonstrates excellent
performance characteristics, with any
limitations primarily arising from
environmental factors. Moreover, the
array’s design facilitates the integration
of a remote switching mechanism,
enabling seamless adjustment of the
array’s direction as needed.

Whether you are a ham radio operator,


a DXer, or a professional in the field, the
four-square array represents a
compelling and versatile option for your
next antenna project. Its combination of
simplicity, performance, and
adaptability makes it a standout choice
for applications requiring precise control
over radiation patterns.

See Also:
Extended Double Zepp (EDZ): A
Phased Array Solution for
Directional Antenna
Applications

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