HEAT: (SI UNIT: JOULES)

definition 1: is a form of energy that is transferred from one body or system to

another due to a temperature difference.
definition 2: is defined as the energy in transit that flows from a body at a higher
temperature to a body at a lower temperature.
Characteristics of heat.
a) Energy transfer: heat is a form of energy transfer not a form of energy itself.
b) Temperature difference: heat transfer occurs due to a temperature difference
between two systems.
c) Direction of flow: heat always flows from a body at a higher temperature to
a body at a lower temperature.
d) Kinetic energy: heat is related to the kinetic energy of particles in a
substance.
Forms of heat transfer. (modes)
Heat can be transferred through
a) Conduction: here heat is transferred through direct contact between particles.
This mode of heat transfer occurs in solids.
b) Convection: transfer of heat through fluids. This mode occurs in liquids
c) Radiation: transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.

Illustration of heat transfer modes

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 Figure 2: heat transfer through radiation
Figure 1: heat transfer through e.g. a boy obtaining warmth near a source
convection. e.g. boiling of water on of heat
a charcoal stove

Figure 3: heat transfer through conduction e.g. a person

holding a nail or needle or iron bar in contact with a heat
source
1.1 Specific heat capacity.

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Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the
temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius or kelvin.
1.2 Specific heat capacities of some common substances.
➢ Water 4.184 j/goc
➢ Air 1.005 j/goc
➢ Copper 0.385 j/goc
➢ Iron 0.449 j/goc
1.3 Applications of specific heat capacity.
Thermodynamics: to calculate heat transfer and energy changes.
Material science: to select materials for specific applications.
Engineering: to design heating and cooling systems.
Climate science; to study earths energy balance and climate change.
1.4 Formular for calculating specific heat capacity (C)
𝑄
C=
(𝑀×∇𝑇)

Where C = specific heat capacity (j/goC or j/kg0C)

Q = Heat energy transferred (joules, j)
M = mass of the substance (grams, g or kilograms, kg)
∇T = Change in temperature (0C or K)

1.5 Examples/ calculations.

1.5.1 Example one
Suppose we have 50grams of water and we add 1000 joules of heat energy to raise
the temperature from 200C to 300C. calculate the specific heat capacity required to
raise the temperature from 200C to 300C?

Solution

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 𝑄
From the formular of specific heat capacity C =
(𝑀×∇𝑇)

Given
Q =1000 joules
M = 50grams
∇T = Change in temperature (0C or K) = (300C - 200C) = 100C
1000𝑗
C = = 2 j/goC
50𝑔 ×10°𝐶

1.5.2 Example 2.
A 200g block of aluminum is heated from 200C to 800C by adding 1600j of heat .
calculate the specific heat capacity of aluminum.
𝑄
From the formular of specific heat capacity C =
(𝑀×∇𝑇)

1600𝑗
C = = 0.133 j/goC
200𝑔 ×60°𝐶

1.5.3 Example 3.
A 500g sample of ethanol is cooled from 40oC to 20 oC by removing 3000j of
heat energy. Calculate the specific heat capacity of ethanol.
𝑄
From the formular of specific heat capacity C =
(𝑀×∇𝑇)

3000𝑗
C = = 0.3 j/goC
500𝑔 ×20°𝐶

1.5.4 Example 4
A 2kg sample of air is heated from 15oC to 30oC by adding 4000j of heat energy.
calculate the specific heat capacity of air.

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 𝑄
From the formular of specific heat capacity C =
(𝑀×∇𝑇)

4000𝑗
C = = 1.33 j/kgoC
2𝑘𝑔 ×15°𝐶

1.5.5 Example 5
A 150 g sample of copper is heated from 25oC to 75oC by adding 1200j of heat
energy. Calculate the specific heat capacity of copper.
𝑄
From the formular of specific heat capacity C =
(𝑀×∇𝑇)

1200𝑗
C = = 0.16 j/goC
150𝑔 ×50°𝐶

Assignment one (in groups of 5 students)

a) A 300g sample of apple is cooled from 30oC to 10oC by removing 900j of
heat energy. Calculate the specific heat capacity of the apple.

b) A 250g block of iron is heated from 20oC to 80oC by adding 1500j of heat
energy. Calculate the specific heat capacity of iron.
c) A 500g sample of water is cooled from 40oC to 20oC by removing 4000j of
heat energy. Calculate the specific heat capacity of water.

d) A 200g sample of copper is cooled from 80oC to 30oC by removing 1200j of

heat energy. calculate the specific heat capacity of copper.

e) A 150g sample of ethanol is heated from 20oC to 60oC by adding 900j of

heat energy. Calculate the specific heat capacity of ethanol.

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 f) A 100g sample of aluminum is heated from 25oC to 75oC by adding 600j of
heat energy. Calculate the specific heat capacity of aluminum.

1.5.6 Latent heat

Latent heat is the amount of heat required to change the state of a substance (solid,
liquid or gas) without changing its temperature.
Formular for calculating latent heat, Q=mL

Where.
Q = latent heat energy (j)
M = Mass of substance (kg)
L = latent heat of fusion or vaporization (j/kg)
1.5.7 Common latent heats include.
1) Latent heat of fusion of ice 334 kJ/kg
2) Latent heat of vaporization of water 2257 kJ/kg
3) Latent heat of fusion of aluminum 397 kJ/kg
4) Latent heat of vaporization of ethanol 855 kJ/kg
1.5.9 Latent heat of fusion:
Is the energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid at its melting
point.
1.5.9 Latent heat of vaporization
Is the energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas at its boiling point.
Example one (latent heat of fusion)
Calculate the latent heat energy required to melt 10kg of ice at 0 oC. given that the
latent heat of fusion of ice is 334kj/kg.

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Solution.
Q = mLf
= 10kg ×334 KJ/Kg
= 3340kJ

Example two (latent heat of vaporization)

Calculate the latent heat energy required to vaporize 5kg of water at 100 oC. given
that the latent heat of vaporization of water is 2257Kj/kg.
Solution
Q = mLv
= 5kg × 2257kJ/kg
=11285kJ
Temperature and expansion due to heat.
➢ Temperature: is the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a
substance.
➢ Temperature can also be defined as the hotness or coldness of a body.
➢ Thermal expansion: This refers to the increase in a substances volume as a
result of heating the substance which causes the particles within the
substance to gain kinetic energy and start moving faster hence causing the
particles to spread out leading to an increase in a substances volume.
Types of expansions
❖ Linear expansion: this refers to the increase in length of a solid when
heated.
❖ Area expansion: this refers to increase in area of a solid when heated.
❖ Volume expansion: this refers to the increase in volume of a substance
when heated.

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Factors affecting expansion.
1. Temperature change: The greater the temperature change, the greater the
expansion
2. Coefficient of thermal expansion: Different materials have different
coefficients of thermal expansion which determine how much they expand
when heated.
3. Initial size and shape: The larger the initial size, the greater the expansion

Examples of expansions due to heat

1) mercury thermometer: mercury expands when heated allowing us to
measure temperature.
2) Biometric strip: a biometric strip bends when heated due to differential
expansion.
3) Engine parts: engine parts expand when heated requiring careful design
to prevent damage.
Assignment (in groups of 5 students)
1) Explain 10 effects of expansion in buildings
2) Explain the safety precautions, health standards and environmental
regulations Observed when carrying out heating and heat insulation.
THERMAL INSULATION AND TRANSMISSION/CONDUCTIVITY, RESISTIVITY AND
TRANSMITTANCE

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