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in

CHAPTER 8
THERMODYNAMICS

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YEAR 2012 ONE MARK

MCQ 8.1 Steam enters an adiabatic turbine operating at steady state with an enthalpy

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of 3251.0 kJ/kg and leaves as a saturated mixture at 15 kPa with quality
(dryness fraction) 0.9. The enthalpies of the saturated liquid and vapour
at 15 kPa are h f = 225.94 kJ/kg and hg = 2598.3 kJ/kg respectively. The

eri
mass flow rate of steam is 10 kg/s. Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. The power output of the turbine in MW is
(A) 6.5
e (B) 8.9
gin
(C) 9.1 (D) 27.0

MCQ 8.2 A ideal gas of mass m and temperature T1 undergoes a reversible isothermal
process from an initial pressure p1 to final pressure p2 . The heat loss during
En

the process is Q . The entropy change Δs of the gas is

(A) mR ln b
p1 l
(B) mR ln b
p2 l
p2 p1
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(C) mR ln b l
p2 Q
− (D) zero
p1 T1
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YEAR 2012 TWO MARKS

w.

• Common Data For Q.3 and Q.4

Air enters an adiabatic nozzle at 300 kPa, 500 K with a velocity of 10 m/s.
ww

It leaves the nozzle at 100 kPa with a velocity of 180 m/s. The inlet area is
80 cm2 . The specific heat of air c p is 1008 J/kgK.
MCQ 8.3 The exit temperature of the air is
(A) 516 K (B) 532 K
(C) 484 K (D) 468 K

MCQ 8.4 The exit area of the nozzle in cm2 is

(A) 90.1 (B) 56.3
(C) 4.4 (D) 12.9

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PAGE 344 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

YEAR 2011 ONE MARK

MCQ 8.5 Heat and work are

(A) intensive properties (B) extensive properties
(B) point functions (D) path functions

MCQ 8.6 The contents of a well-insulated tank are heated by a resistor of 23 Ω in

which 10 A current is flowing. Consider the tank along with its contents as a

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thermodynamic system. The work done by the system and the heat transfer
to the system are positive. The rates of heat (Q), work (W) and change in
internal energy (ΔU) during the process in kW are

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(A) Q = 0, W =− 2.3, ΔU =+ 2.3
(B) Q =+ 2.3, W = 0, ΔU + 2.3

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(C) Q =− 2.3, W = 0, ΔU =− 2.3
(D) Q = 0, W =+ 2.3, ΔU =− 2.3

e
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YEAR 2011 TWO MARKS

MCQ 8.7 The values of enthalpy of steam at the inlet and outlet of a steam turbine
in a Rankine cycle are 2800 kJ/kg and 1800 kJ/kg respectively. Neglecting
En

pump work, the specific steam consumption in kg/kW hour is

(A) 3.60 (B) 0.36
(C) 0.06 (D) 0.01
arn

MCQ 8.8 The crank radius of a single-cylinder I.C. engine is 60 mm and the diameter
of the cylinder is 80 mm. The swept volume of the cylinder in cm3 is
(A) 48 (B) 96
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(C) 302 (D) 603

MCQ 8.9 An ideal Brayton cycle, operating between the pressure limits of 1 bar and
w.

6 bar, has minimum and maximum temperature of 300 K and 1500 K. The
ratio of specific heats of the working fluid is 1.4. The approximate final
ww

temperatures in Kelvin at the end of compression and expansion processes

are respectively
(A) 500 and 900 (B) 900 and 500
(C) 500 and 500 (D) 900 and 900

• Common Data For Q.10 and Q.11

In an experimental set up, air flows between two stations P and Q adiabatically.
The direction of flow depends on the pressure and temperature conditions
maintained at P and Q. The conditions at station P are 150 kPa and 350 K
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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 345

. The temperature at station Q is 300 K.

The following are the properties and relations pertaining to air :
Specific heat at constant pressure, c p = 1.005 kJ/kgK ;
Specific heat at constant volume, cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK ;
Characteristic gas constant, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK
Enthalpy, h = cp T
Internal energy, u = cv T

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MCQ 8.10 If the air has to flow from station P to station Q, the maximum possible
value of pressure in kPa at station Q is close to

ng
(A) 50 (B) 87
(C) 128 (D) 150

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MCQ 8.11 If the pressure at station Q is 50 kPa, the change in entropy (sQ − sP ) in
kJ/kgK is
(A) − 0.155
e (B) 0
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(C) 0.160 (D) 0.355

• Common Data For Q.12 and Q.13

En

The temperature and pressure of air in a large reservoir are 400 K and
3 bar respectively. A converging diverging nozzle of exit area 0.005 m2 is
fitted to the wall of the reservoir as shown in the figure. The static pressure
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of air at the exit section for isentropic flow through the nozzle is 50 kPa
. The characteristic gas constant and the ratio of specific heats of air are
0.287 kJ/kgK and 1.4 respectively.
Le
w.
ww

MCQ 8.12 The density of air in kg/m3 at the nozzle exit is

(A) 0.560 (B) 0.600
(C) 0.727 (D) 0.800

MCQ 8.13 The mass flow rate of air through the nozzle in kg/s is
(A) 1.30 (B) 1.77
(C) 1.85 (D) 2.06

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PAGE 346 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

YEAR 2010 ONE MARK

MCQ 8.14 A turbo-charged four-stroke direct injection diesel engine has a displacement
volume of 0.0259 m3 (25.9 litres). The engine has an output of 950 kW at
2200 rpm. The mean effective pressure (in MPa) is closest to
(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 0.2 (D) 0.1

.in
MCQ 8.15 One kilogram of water at room temperature is brought into contact with a
high temperature thermal reservoir. The entropy change of the universe is
(A) equal to entropy change of the reservoir

ng
(B) equal to entropy change of water
(C) equal to zero

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(D) always positive

YEAR 2010
e TWO MARKS
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MCQ 8.16 A mono-atomic ideal gas (γ = 1.67, molecular weight = 40) is compressed
adiabatically from 0.1 MPa, 300 K to 0.2 MPa. The universal gas constant
is 8.314 kJ kg−1 mol−1 K−1 . The work of compression of the gas (in kJkg−1 ) is
En

(A) 29.7 (B) 19.9

(C) 13.3 (D) 0
arn

MCQ 8.17 Consider the following two processes ;

(a) A heat source at 1200 K loses 2500 kJ of heat to a sink at 800 K
(b) A heat source at 800 K loses 2000 kJ of heat to a sink at 500 K
Le

Which of the following statements is true ?

(A) Process I is more irreversible than Process II
(B) Process II is more irreversible than Process I
w.

(C) Irreversibility associated in both the processes are equal

(D) Both the processes are reversible
ww

• Common Data For Q.18 and Q.19

In a steam power plant operating on the Rankine cycle, steam enters the
turbine at 4 MPa, 350cC and exists at a pressure of 15 kPa. Then it enters
the condenser and exits as saturated water. Next, a pump feeds back the
water to the boiler. The adiabatic efficiency of the turbine is 90%. The
thermodynamic states of water and steam are given in table.

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 347

State h (kJkg−1) s (kJkg−1 K−1) ν (m3 kg−1)

Steam : 4 MPa, 350cC 3092.5 6.5821 0.06645

Water : 15 kPa hf hg sf sg νf νg
225.94 2599.1 0.7549 8.0085 0.001014 10.02
h is specific enthalpy, s is specific entropy and ν the specific volume;

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subscripts f and g denote saturated liquid state and saturated vapor state.
MCQ 8.18 The net work output (kJkg−1) of the cycle is

ng
(A) 498 (B) 775
(C) 860 (D) 957

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MCQ 8.19 Heat supplied (kJkg−1) to the cycle is
(A) 2372 (B) 2576
(C) 2863 (D) 3092
e
gin
YEAR 2009 ONE MARK

MCQ 8.20 If a closed system is undergoing an irreversible process, the entropy of the
En

system
(A) must increase
(B) always remains constant
arn

(C) Must decrease

(D) can increase, decrease or remain constant
Le

MCQ 8.21 A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains a gas initially at 0.8 MPa and
0.015 m3 . It expands quasi-statically at constant temperature to a final
volume of 0.030 m3 . The work output (in kJ) during this process will be
w.

(A) 8.32 (B) 12.00

(C) 554.67 (D) 8320.00
ww

YEAR 2009 TWO MARKS

MCQ 8.22 A compressor undergoes a reversible, steady flow process. The gas at inlet
and outlet of the compressor is designated as state 1 and state 2 respectively.
Potential and kinetic energy changes are to be ignored. The following
notations are used :
ν = Specific volume and p = pressure of the gas .
The specific work required to be supplied to the compressor for this gas
compression process is

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PAGE 348 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

2 2
(A) # pdν (B) # νdp
1 1

(C) ν1 (p2 − p1) (D) − p2 (ν1 − ν2)

MCQ 8.23 In an air-standard Otto-cycle, the compression ratio is 10. The condition at
the beginning of the compression process is 100 kPa and 27c C . Heat added
at constant volume is 1500 kJ/kg, while 700 kJ/kg of heat is rejected during
the other constant volume process in the cycle. Specific gas constant for air

.in
= 0.287 kJ/kgK . The mean effective pressure (in kPa) of the cycle is
(A) 103 (B) 310

ng
(C) 515 (D) 1032

MCQ 8.24 An irreversible heat engine extracts heat from a high temperature source at

eri
a rate of 100 kW and rejects heat to a sink at a rate of 50 kW. The entire
work output of the heat engine is used to drive a reversible heat pump
operating between a set of independent isothermal heat reservoirs at 17cC
e
and 75cC . The rate (in kW) at which the heat pump delivers heat to its
gin
high temperature sink is
(A) 50 (B) 250
(C) 300 (D) 360
En

• Common Data For Q.25 and Q.26

arn

The inlet and the outlet conditions of steam for an adiabatic steam turbine
are as indicated in the figure. The notations are as usually followed.
Le
w.
ww

MCQ 8.25 If mass rate of steam through the turbine is 20 kg/s, the power output of
the turbine (in MW) is
(A) 12.157 (B) 12.941
(C) 168.001 (D) 168.785

MCQ 8.26 Assume the above turbine to be part of a simple Rankine cycle. The density of
water at the inlet to the pump is 1000 kg/m3 . Ignoring kinetic and potential
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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 349

energy effects, the specific work (in kJ/kg) supplied to the pump is
(A) 0.293 (B) 0.351
(C) 2.930 (D) 3.510

YEAR 2008 ONE MARK

MCQ 8.27 2 moles of oxygen are mixed adiabatically with another 2 moles of oxygen

.in
in mixing chamber, so that the final total pressure and temperature of the
mixture become same as those of the individual constituents at their initial
states. The universal gas constant is given as R. The change in entropy due

ng
to mixing, per mole of oxygen, is given by
(A) − R ln 2 (B) 0

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(C) R ln 2 (D) R ln 4

MCQ 8.28 Which one of the following is NOT a necessary assumption for the air-
standard Otto cycle ?
e
(A) All processes are both internally as well as externally reversible.
gin
(B) Intake and exhaust processes are constant volume heat rejection
processes.
(C) The combustion process is a constant volume heat addition process.
En

(D) The working fluid is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
arn

YEAR 2008 TWO MARKS

MCQ 8.29 A gas expands in a frictionless piston-cylinder arrangement. The expansion

process is very slow, and is resisted by an ambient pressure of 100 kPa. During
Le

the expansion process, the pressure of the system (gas) remains constant at
300 kPa. The change in volume of the gas is 0.01 m3 . The maximum amount
w.

of work that could be utilized from the above process is

(A) 0 kJ (B) 1 kJ
(C) 2 kJ (D) 3 kJ
ww

MCQ 8.30 A cyclic device operates between three reservoirs, as shown in the figure.
Heat is transferred to/from the cycle device. It is assumed that heat transfer
between each thermal reservoir and the cyclic device takes place across
negligible temperature difference. Interactions between the cyclic device and
the respective thermal reservoirs that are shown in the figure are all in the
form of heat transfer.

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PAGE 350 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

.in
The cyclic device can be
(A) a reversible heat engine

ng
(B) a reversible heat pump or a reversible refrigerator
(C) an irreversible heat engine
(D) an irreversible heat pump or an irreversible refrigerator

eri
MCQ 8.31 A balloon containing an ideal gas is initially kept in an evacuated and
insulated room. The balloon ruptures and the gas fills up the entire room.
e
Which one of the following statements is TRUE at the end of above process
gin
?
(A) The internal energy of the gas decreases from its initial value, but the
enthalpy remains constant
En

(B) The internal energy of the gas increases from its initial value, but the
enthalpy remains constant
(C) Both internal energy and enthalpy of the gas remain constant
arn

(D) Both internal energy and enthalpy of the gas increase

MCQ 8.32 A rigid, insulated tank is initially evacuated. The tank is connected with a
Le

supply line through which air (assumed to be ideal gas with constant specific
heats) passes at 1 MPa, 350c C . A valve connected with the supply line is
opened and the tank is charged with air until the final pressure inside the
w.

tank reaches 1 MPa. The final temperature inside the tank.

ww

(A) is greater than 350c C (B) is less than 350c C

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 351

(C) is equal to 350c C

(D) may be greater than, less than, or equal to, 350c C depending on the
volume of the tank

MCQ 8.33 A thermal power plant operates on a regenerative cycle with a single open
feed water heater, as shown in the figure. For the state points shown, the
specific enthalpies are:h1 = 2800 kJ/kg and h2 = 200 kJ/kg . The bleed to the
feed water heater is 20% of the boiler steam generation rate. The specific

.in
enthalpy at state 3 is

ng
e eri
gin
En

(A) 720 kJ/kg (B) 2280 kJ/kg

arn

(C) 1500 kJ/kg (D) 3000 kJ/kg

MCQ 8.34 In a steady state flow process taking place in a device with a single inlet
and a single outlet, the work done per unit mass flow rate is given by
Le

outlet
W =− # νdp , where ν is the specific volume and p is the pressure.
The expression
inlet for W given above
w.

(A) is valid only if the process is both reversible and adiabatic

(B) is valid only if the process is both reversible and isothermal
ww

(C) is valid for any reversible process

outlet
(D) is incorrect; it must be W = # pdν
inlet

• Common Data For Q.35, 36 and Q.37

In the figure shown, the system is a pure substance kept in a piston-cylinder
arrangement. The system is initially a two-phase mixture containing 1 kg
of liquid and 0.03 kg of vapour at a pressure of 100 kPa. Initially, the
piston rests on a set of stops, as shown in the figure. A pressure of 200 kPa

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PAGE 352 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

is required to exactly balance the weight of the piston and the outside
atmospheric pressure. Heat transfer takes place into the system until its
volume increases by 50%. Heat transfer to the system occurs in such a
manner that the piston, when allowed to move, does so in a very slow (quasi-
static/quasi-equilibrium) process. The thermal reservoir from which heat is
transferred to the system has a temperature of 400c C . Average temperature
of the system boundary can be taken as 175c C . The heat transfer to the

.in
system is 1 kJ, during which its entropy increases by 10 J/K.

ng
e eri
gin
En

Specific volume of liquid (νf ) and vapour (νg) phases, as well as values of
saturation temperatures, are given in the table below.
arn

Pressure (kPa) Saturation temperature, Tsat (cC) νf (m3 /kg) νg (m3 /kg)

100 100 0.001 0.1

200 200 0.0015 0.002
Le

MCQ 8.35 At the end of the process, which one of the following situations will be true ?
(A) superheated vapour will be left in the system
w.

(B) no vapour will be left in the system

(C) a liquid + vapour mixture will be left in the system
ww

(D) the mixture will exist at a dry saturated vapour state

MCQ 8.36 The work done by the system during the process is
(A) 0.1 kJ (B) 0.2 kJ
(C) 0.3 kJ (D) 0.4 kJ

MCQ 8.37 The net entropy generation (considering the system and the thermal reservoir
together) during the process is closest to
(A) 7.5 J/K (B) 7.7 J/K
(C) 8.5 J/K (D) 10 J/K
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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 353

YEAR 2007 ONE MARK

MCQ 8.38 Which of the following relationships is valid only for reversible processes
undergone by a closed system of simple compressible substance (neglect
changes in kinetic and potential energy ?)
(A) δQ = dU + δW (B) Tds = dU + pdν
(C) Tds = dU + δW (D) δQ = dU + pdν

.in
MCQ 8.39 Water has a critical specific volume of 0.003155 m3/kg . A closed and rigid
steel tank of volume 0.025 m3 contains a mixture of water and steam at
0.1 MPa. The mass of the mixture is 10 kg. The tank is now slowly heated.

ng
The liquid level inside the tank
(A) will rise

eri
(B) will fall
(C) will remain constant
(D) may rise or fall depending on the amount of heat transferred
e
gin
YEAR 2007 TWO MARKS

MCQ 8.40 The stroke and bore of a four stroke spark ignition engine are 250 mm and
En

200 mmrespectively. The clearance volume is 0.001 m3 . If the specific heat

ratio γ = 1.4 , the air-standard cycle efficiency of the engine is
(A) 46.40% (B) 56.10%
arn

(C) 58.20% (D) 62.80%

MCQ 8.41 Which combination of the following statements is correct ?

The incorporation of reheater in a steam power plant :
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P : always increases the thermal efficiency of the plant.

Q : always increases the dryness fraction of steam at condenser inlet
w.

R : always increases the mean temperature of heat addition.

S : always increases the specific work output.
ww

(A) P and S (B) Q and S

(C) P, R and S (D) P, Q, R and S

MCQ 8.42 Which combination of the following statements is correct ?

P : A gas cools upon expansion only when its Joule-Thomson coefficient is
positive in the temperature range of expansion.
Q : For a system undergoing a process, its entropy remains constant only
when the process is reversible.
R : The work done by closed system in an adiabatic is a point function.
S : A liquid expands upon freezing when the slope of its fusion curve on
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PAGE 354 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

pressure-Temperature diagram is negative.

(A) R and S (B) P and Q
(C) Q, R and S (D) P, Q and R

• Common Data For Q.43 and Q.44

A thermodynamic cycle with an ideal gas as working fluid is shown below.

.in
ng
e eri
gin
The above cycle is represented on T -s plane by
En

MCQ 8.43
arn
Le
w.
ww

MCQ 8.44 If the specific heats of the working fluid are constant and the value of
specific heat ratio is 1.4, the thermal efficiency (%) of the cycle is
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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 355

(A) 21 (B) 40.9

(C) 42.6 (D) 59.7

MCQ 8.45 A heat transformer is device that transfers a part of the heat, supplied to
it at an intermediate temperature, to a high temperature reservoir while
rejecting the remaining part to a low temperature heat sink. In such a heat
transformer, 100 kJ of heat is supplied at 350 K. The maximum amount of
heat in kJ that can be transferred to 400 K, when the rest is rejected to a

.in
heat sink at 300 K is
(A) 12.50 (B) 14.29

ng
(C) 33.33 (D) 57.14

eri
YEAR 2006 TWO MARKS

MCQ 8.46 Given below is an extract from steam tables.

Temperature psat e
Specific volume m3 /kg Enthalpy (kJ/ kg)
gin
in cC (Bar)
Saturated Saturated Saturated Saturated
Liquid vapour liquid vapour
En

45 0.09593 0.001010 15.26 188.45 2394.8

342.24 150 0.001658 0.010337 1610.5 2610.5
arn

Specific enthalpy of water in kJ/kg at 150 bar and 45cC is

(A) 203.60 (B) 200.53
(C) 196.38 (D) 188.45
Le

MCQ 8.47 Determine the correctness or otherwise Assertion (A) and the Reason (R)
Assertion (A) : In a power plant working on a Rankine cycle, the regenerative
w.

feed water heating improves the efficiency of the steam turbine.

Reason (R) : The regenerative feed water heating raises the average
temperature of heat addition in the Rankine cycle.
ww

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A)
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct reason for (A)
(C) Both (A) and (R) are false
(D) (A) is false but (R) is true

MCQ 8.48 Determine the correctness or otherwise of the following Assertion (A) and
the Reason (R).
Assertion (A) : Condenser is an essential equipment in a steam power plant.
Reason (R) : For the same mass flow rate and the same pressure rise, a

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PAGE 356 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

water pump requires substantially less power than a steam compressor.

(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason for (A)
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is NOT the correct reason for (A)
(C) Both (A) and (R) are false
(D) (A) is false but (R) is true

MCQ 8.49 Match items from groups I, II, III, IV and V.

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Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V
When added to the Differential Function Phenomenon

ng
system is
E Heat G Positive I Exact K Path M Transient

eri
F Work H Negative J Inexact L Point N Boundary

(A) F-G-J-K-M (B) E-G-I-K-M

E-G-I-K-N e F-H-I-K-N
gin
(C) F-H-J-L-N (D) E-G-J-K-N
E-H-I-L-M F-H-J-K-M
En

MCQ 8.50 Group I shows different heat addition process in power cycles. Likewise,
Group II shows different heat removal processes. Group III lists power
cycles. Match items from Groups I, II and III.
arn

Group I Group II Group III

P. Pressure constant S. Pressure constant 1. Rankine Cycle
Q. Volume Constant T. Volume Constant 2. Otto cycle
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R. Temperature constant U. Temperature Constant 3. Carnot cycle

4. Diesel cycle
w.

5. Brayton cycle
(A) P-S-5 (B) P-S-1
ww

R-U-3 R-U-3
P-S-1 P-S-4
Q-T-2 P-T-2
(C) R-T-3 (D) P-T-4
P-S-1 R-S-3
P-T-4 P-S-1
Q-S-5 P-S-5

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 357

• Common Data For Q.51 and Q.52

A football was inflated to a gauge pressure of 1 bar when the ambient
temperature was 15c C . When the game started next day, the air temperature
at the stadium was 5c C . Assume that the volume of the football remains
constant at 2500 cm3 .
MCQ 8.51 The amount of heat lost by the air in the football and the gauge pressure of
air in the football at the stadium respectively equal

.in
(A) 30.6 J, 1.94 bar (B) 21.8 J, 0.93 bar
(C) 61.1 J, 1.94 bar (D) 43.7 J, 0.93 bar

ng
MCQ 8.52 Gauge pressure of air to which the ball must have been originally inflated so
that it would be equal 1 bar gauge at the stadium is

eri
(A) 2.23 bar (B) 1.94 bar
(C) 1.07 bar (D) 1.00 bar

e
gin
YEAR 2005 ONE MARK

MCQ 8.53 The following four figures have been drawn to represent a fictitious
thermodynamic cycle, on the p − ν and T -s planes.
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

According to the first law of thermodynamics, equal areas are enclosed by

(A) figures 1 and 2 (B) figures 1 and 3
(C) figures 1 and 4 (D) figures 2 and 3

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PAGE 358 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

MCQ 8.54 A p − v diagram has been obtained from a test on a reciprocating compressor.
Which of the following represents that diagram ?

.in
ng
e eri
gin
En

YEAR 2005 TWO MARKS

MCQ 8.55 A reversible thermodynamic cycle containing only three processes and
arn

producing work is to be constructed. The constraints are

(i) there must be one isothermal process,
(ii) there must be one isentropic process,
Le

(iii) the maximum and minimum cycle pressures and the clearance volume
are fixed, and
w.

(iv) polytropic processes are not allowed. Then the number of possible cycles
are
(A) 1 (B) 2
ww

(C) 3 (D) 4

MCQ 8.56 Nitrogen at an initial state of 10 bar, 1 m3 and 300 K is expanded isothermally
to a final volume of 2 m3 . The p − ν −T relation is a p + a2 k ν = RT , where
ν
a > 0 . The final pressure.
(A) will be slightly less than 5 bar
(B) will be slightly more than 5 bar
(C) will be exactly 5 bar
(D) cannot be ascertained in the absence of the value of a
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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 359

MCQ 8.57 In the velocity diagram shown below, u = blade velocity ,

C = absolute fluid velocity and W = relative velocity of fluid and the
subscripts 1 and 2 refer to inlet and outlet. This diagram is for

.in
(A) an impulse turbine

ng
(B) a reaction turbine
(C) a centrifugal compressor

eri
(D) an axial flow compressor

• Common Data For Q.58 and Q.59 e

gin
In two air standard cycles-one operating in the Otto and the other on the
Brayton cycle-air is isentropically compressed from 300 to 450 K. Heat is
added to raise the temperature to 600 K in the Otto cycle and to 550 K in
En

the Brayton cycle.

MCQ 8.58 In ηO and ηB are the efficiencies of the Otto and Brayton cycles, then
(A) ηO = 0.25, ηB = 0.18
arn

(B) ηO = ηB = 0.33
(C) ηO = 0.5, ηB = 0.45
Le

(D) it is not possible to calculate the efficiencies unless the temperature

after the expansion is given
w.

MCQ 8.59 If WO and WB are work outputs per unit mass, then
(A) WO > WB
(B) WO < WB
ww

(C) WO = WB
(D) it is not possible to calculate the work outputs unless the temperature
after the expansion is given

• Common Data For Q.90 and Q.61 :

The following table of properties was printed out for saturated liquid and
saturated vapour of ammonia. The title for only the first two columns are
available. All that we know that the other columns (column 3 to 8) contain
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PAGE 360 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

data on specific properties, namely, internal energy (kJ/kg), enthalpy (kJ/

kg) and entropy (kJ/kg.K)

t (cC) p(kPa)
− 20 190.2 88.76 0.3657 89.05 5.6155 1299.5 1418.0
0 429.6 179.69 0.7114 180.36 5.3309 1318.0 1442.2
20 587.5 272.89 1.0408 274.30 5.0860 1332.2 1460.2

.in
40 1554.9 368.74 1.3574 371.43 4.8662 1341.0 1470.2

MCQ 8.60 The specific enthalpy data are in columns

ng
(A) 3 and 7 (B) 3 and 8
(C) 5 and 7 (D) 5 and 8

eri
MCQ 8.61 When saturated liquid at 40cC is throttled to − 20cC , the quality at exit
will be
(A) 0.189
e (B) 0.212
gin
(C) 0.231 (D) 0.788

YEAR 2004 ONE MARK

En

MCQ 8.62 A gas contained in a cylinder is compressed, the work required for compression
being 5000 kJ. During the process, heat interaction of 2000 kJ causes the
arn

surroundings to be heated. The changes in internal energy of the gas during

the process is
(A) − 7000 kJ (B) − 3000 kJ
(C) + 3000 kJ (D) + 7000 kJ
Le

MCQ 8.63 The compression ratio of a gas power plant cycle corresponding to maximum
work output for the given temperature limits of Tmin and Tmax will be
w.

γ γ
(A) bTmax l2 (γ − 1) (B) b Tmin l2 (γ − 1)
Tmin Tmax
ww

γ−1 γ−1
(C) bTmax l γ
(D) b Tmin l γ
Tmin Tmax

MCQ 8.64 At the time of starting, idling and low speed operation, the carburretor
supplies a mixture which can be termed as
(A) Lean
(B) slightly leaner than stoichiometric
(C) stoichiometric
(D) rich
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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 361

YEAR 2004 TWO MARKS

MCQ 8.65 A steel billet of 2000 kg mass is to be cooled from 1250 K to 450 K. The heat
released during this process is to be used as a source of energy. The ambient
temperature is 303 K and specific heat of steel is 0.5 kJ/kg K. The available
energy of this billet is
(A) 490.44 MJ (B) 30.95 MJ
(C) 10.35 MJ (D) 0.10 MJ

.in
MCQ 8.66 During a Morse test on a 4 cylinder engine, the following measurements of
brake power were taken at constant speed.

ng
All cylinders firing 3037 kW
Number 1 cylinder not firing 2102 kW
Number 2 cylinder not firing 2102 kW

eri
Number 3 cylinder not firing 2100 kW
Number 4 cylinder not firing 2098 kW

(A) 91.53% e
The mechanical efficiency of the engine is
(B) 85.07%
gin
(C) 81.07% (D) 61.22%

MCQ 8.67 A solar collector receiving solar radiation at the rate of 0.6 kW/m2 transforms
En

it to the internal energy of a fluid at an overall efficiency of 50%. The fluid

heated to 250 K is used to run a heat engine which rejects heat at 315 K. If
the heat engine is to deliver 2.5 kW power, the minimum area of the solar
arn

collector required would be

(A) 83.33 m2 (B) 16.66 m2
(C) 39.68 m2 (D) 79.36 m2
Le

MCQ 8.68 An engine working on air standard Otto cycle has a cylinder diameter of
10 cm and stroke length of 15 cm. The ratio of specific heats for air is 1.4. If
w.

the clearance volume is 196.3 cc and the heat supplied per kg of air per cycle
is 1800 kJ/kg, the work output per cycle per kg of air is
(A) 879.1 kJ (B) 890.2 kJ
ww

(C) 895.3 kJ (D) 973.5 kJ

• Common Data For Q.69 and Q.70 :

Consider a steam power plant using a reheat cycle as shown . Steam leaves
the boiler and enters the turbine at 4 MPa, 350c C (h 3 = 3095 kJ/kg ). After
expansion in the turbine to 400 kPa (h 4 = 2609 kJ/kg), and then expanded
in a low pressure turbine to 10 kPa (h6 = 2165 kJ/kg). The specific volume
of liquid handled by the pump can be assumed to be

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PAGE 362 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

.in
ng
eri
The thermal efficiency of the plant neglecting pump work is
MCQ 8.69
(A) 15.8% e (B) 41.1%
gin
(C) 48.5% (D) 58.6%

MCQ 8.70 The enthalpy at the pump discharge (h2) is

En

(A) 0.33 kJ/kg (B) 3.33 kJ/kg

(C) 4.0 kJ/k (D) 33.3 kJ/kg
arn

YEAR 2003 ONE MARK

MCQ 8.71 For a spark ignition engine, the equivalence ratio (φ) of mixture entering the
Le

combustion chamber has values

(A) φ < 1 for idling and φ > 1 for peak power conditions
(B) φ > 1 for both idling and peak power conditions
w.

(C) φ > 1 for idling and φ < 1 for peak power conditions
(D) φ < 1 for both idling and peak power conditions
ww

MCQ 8.72 A diesel engine is usually more efficient than a spark ignition engine because
(A) diesel being a heavier hydrocarbon, releases more heat per kg than
gasoline
(B) the air standard efficiency of diesel cycle is higher than the Otto cycle,
at a fixed compression ratio
(C) the compression ratio of a diesel engine is higher than that of an SI
engine
(D) self ignition temperature of diesel is higher than that of gasoline

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 363

MCQ 8.73 In Ranking cycle, regeneration results in higher efficiency because

(A) pressure inside the boiler increases
(B) heat is added before steam enters the low pressure turbine
(C) average temperature of heat addition in the boiler increases
(D) total work delivered by the turbine increases

MCQ 8.74 Considering the variation of static pressure and absolute velocity in an

.in
impulse steam turbine, across one row of moving blades
(A) both pressure and velocity decreases
(B) pressure decreases but velocity increases

ng
(C) pressure remains constant, while velocity increases
(D) pressure remains constant, while velocity decreases

eri
MCQ 8.75 A 2 kW, 40 liters water heater is switched on for 20 minutes. The heat
capacity c p for water is 4.2 kJ/kgK. Assuming all the electrical energy has

e
gone into heating the water, increase of the water temperature in degree
gin
centigrade is
(A) 2.7 (B) 4.0
(C) 14.3 (D) 25.25
En

YEAR 2003 TWO MARKS

arn

MCQ 8.76 Considering the relationship Tds = dU + pdν between the entropy (s),
internal energy (U ), pressure (p), temperature (T) and volume (ν), which of
the following statements is correct ?
(A) It is applicable only for a reversible process
Le

(B) For an irreversible process, Tds > dU + pdν

(C) It is valid only for an ideal gas
w.

(D) It is equivalent to Ist law, for a reversible process

MCQ 8.77 In a gas turbine, hot combustion products with the specific heats
ww

c p = 0.98 kJ/kgK, and cv = 0.7538 kJ/kgK enters the turbine at 20 bar,

1500 K exit at 1 bar. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 0.94. The
work developed by the turbine per kg of gas flow is
(A) 689.64 kJ/kg (B) 794.66 kJ/kg
(C) 1009.72 kJ/kg (D) 1312.00 kJ/kg

MCQ 8.78 An automobile engine operates at a fuel air ratio of 0.05, volumetric efficiency
of 90% and indicated thermal efficiency of 30% . Given that the calorific
value of the fuel is 45 MJ/kg and the density of air at intake is 1 kg/m3 , the
indicated mean effective pressure for the engine is
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PAGE 364 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

(A) 6.075 bar (B) 6.75 bar

(C) 67.5 bar (D) 243 bar

MCQ 8.79 For an engine operating on air standard Otto cycle, the clearance volume
is 10% of the swept volume. The specific heat ratio of air is 1.4. The air
standard cycle efficiency is
(A) 38.3% (B) 39.8%

.in
(C) 60.2% (D) 61.7%

ng
• Common Data For Q.80 and 81
Nitrogen gas (molecular weight 28) is enclosed in a cylinder by a piston, at
the initial condition of 2 bar, 298 K and 1 m3 . In a particular process, the gas

eri
slowly expands under isothermal condition, until the volume becomes 2 m3
. Heat exchange occurs with the atmosphere at 298 K during this process.
MCQ 8.80
e
The work interaction for the Nitrogen gas is
gin
(A) 200 kJ (B) 138.6 kJ
(C) 2 kJ (D) − 200 kJ

MCQ 8.81 The entropy changes for the Universe during the process in kJ/K is
En

(A) 0.4652 (B) 0.0067

(C) 0 (D) − 0.6711
arn

YEAR 2002 ONE MARK

MCQ 8.82 A positive value of Joule-Thomson coefficient of a fluid means

Le

(A) temperature drops during throttling

(B) temperature remains constant during throttling
w.

(C) temperature rises during throttling

(D) None of the above
ww

MCQ 8.83 A correctly designed convergent-divergent nozzle working at a designed load

is
(A) always isentropic (B) always choked
(C) never choked (D) never isentropic

YEAR 2002 TWO MARKS

MCQ 8.84 A Carnot cycle is having an efficiency of 0.75. If the temperature of the high
temperature reservoir is 727c C , what is the temperature of low temperature

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 365

reservoir ?
(A) 23c C (B) − 23c C
(C) 0c C (D) 250c C

MCQ 8.85 An ideal air standard Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8.5. If the
ratio of the specific heats of air (γ) is 1.4, what is the thermal efficiency in
percentage) of the Otto cycle ?
(A) 57.5 (B) 45.7

.in
(C) 52.5 (D) 95

ng
MCQ 8.86 The efficiency of superheat Rankine cycle is higher than that of simple
Rankine cycle because
(A) the enthalpy of main steam is higher for superheat cycle

eri
(B) the mean temperature of heat addition is higher for superheat cycle
(C) the temperature of steam in the condenser is high

e
(D) the quality of steam in the condenser is low.
gin
YEAR 2001 ONE MARK

MCQ 8.87 The Rateau turbine belongs to the category of

En

(A) pressure compounded turbine (B) reaction turbine

(C) velocity compounded turbine (D) radial flow turbine
arn

MCQ 8.88 A gas having a negative Joule-Thomson coefficient (μ < 0), when throttled,
will
(A) become cooler
Le

(B) become warmer

(C) remain at the same temperature
w.

(D) either be cooler or warmer depending on the type of gas

ww

YEAR 2001 TWO MARKS

MCQ 8.89 A cyclic heat engine does 50 kJ of work per cycle. If the efficiency of the
heat engine is 75% , the heat rejected per cycle is
(A) 16 2 kJ (B) 33 1 kJ
3 3
(C) 37 1 kJ (D) 66 2 kJ
2 3
MCQ 8.90 A single-acting two-stage compressor with complete intercooling delivers air
at 16 bar. Assuming an intake state of 1 bar at 15c C , the pressure ratio per
stage is
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PAGE 366 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

(A) 16 (B) 8
(C) 4 (D) 2

MCQ 8.91 A small steam whistle (perfectly insulated and doing no shaft work) causes a
drop of 0.8 kJ/kg in the enthalpy of steam from entry to exit. If the kinetic
energy of the steam at entry is negligible, the velocity of the steam at exit is
(A) 4 m/s (B) 40 m/s

.in
(C) 80 m/s (D) 120 m/s

MCQ 8.92 In a spark ignition engine working on the ideal Otto cycle, the compression

ng
ratio is 5.5. The work output per cycle (i.e., area of the p-ν diagram) is
equal to 23.625 # 105 # νc , where νc is the clearance volume in m3 . The
indicated mean effective pressure is

eri
(A) 4.295 bar (B) 5.250 bar
(C) 86.870 bar (D) 106.300 bar

e
gin
********
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 367

SOLUTION

SOL 8.1 Option (B) is correct.

For adiabatic expansion steam in turbine.

.in
ng
e eri
Given h1 = 3251.0 kJ/kg, m = 10 kg/s , x = 0.9 (dryness fraction)
gin
At 15 kPa
Enthalpy of liquid, h f = 225.94 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of vapour, hg = 2598.3 kJ/kg
En

Since Power output of turbine.

P =m o (h1 − h2) (K.E and P.E are negligible) ...(i)
arn

h2 = h f + xh fg = h f + x (hg − h f )
= 225.94 + 0.9 (2598.3 − 225.94) = 2361.064 kJ/kg
From Eq. (i)
Le

P = 10 # (3251.0 − 2361.064) = 8899 kW = 8.9 MW

SOL 8.2 Option (B) is correct.

w.

We know that Tds = du + Pdν ...(i)

For ideal gas pν = mRT
ww

For isothermal process

T = constant
For reversible process
du = 0
Then from equation (i)
pdν mRT dν
ds = = = mR dν
T T ν ν
ν2
dν = mR ln ν2
# ds = Δs = mR #ν1 ν ν1

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PAGE 368 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

p1 p1 ν
Δs = mR ln : p2 = ν D
2

p2 1

SOL 8.3 Option (C) is correct.

From energy balance for steady flow system.
Ein = Eout
2 2
o b h1 + V 1 l = m
m o bh 2 + V 2 l ...(i)

.in
2 2
As h = cp T
Equation (1) becomes

ng
2 2
c p T1 + V 1 = c p T2 + V 2
2 2

T2 = cV 1 − V 2 m + T1 = 10 − 180 + 500 =− 16.02 + 500

eri
2 2 2 2

2 # cp 2 # 1008
= 483.98 - 484 K

e
gin
SOL 8.4 Option (D) is correct.
From Mass conservation.
m o in = m
oout
En

V1 A1 = V2 A2 ...(i)
ν1 ν 2

where ν = specific volume of air = RT

arn

p
Therefore Eq. (1) becomes
p1 V1 A1 pVA
= 2 2 2
RT1 RT2
Le

p V A T
A2 = 1 # 1 # 1 # 2 = 300 # 10 # 80 # 484 = 12.9 cm2
p2 # V2 # T1 100 # 180 # 500
w.

SOL 8.5 Option (D) is correct.

Work done is a quasi-static process between two given states depends on the
path followed. Therefore,
ww

2
#1 dW ! W2 − W1 dW shows the inexact differential
2
But, #1 dW = W1 − 2 or 1W2
So, Work is a path function and Heat transfer is also a path function. The amount
of heat transferred when a system changes from state 1 to state 2 depends on the
intermediate states through which the system passes i.e. the path.
2
#1 dQ = Q1 − 2 or 1Q 2
dQ shows the inexact differential. So, Heat and work are path functions.

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 369

SOL 8.6 Option (A) is correct.

Given : R = 23 Ω , i = 10 A
Since work is done on the system. So,
Welectrical =− i 2 R =− (10) 2 # 23 =− 2300 W =− 2.3 kW
Here given that tank is well-insulated.
So, ΔQ = 0
Applying the First law of thermodynamics,

.in
Δ Q = Δ U + ΔW
Δ U + ΔW = 0
ΔW =− ΔU

ng
And ΔU =+ 2.3 kW
Heat is transferred to the system

eri
SOL 8.7 Option (A) is correct.
Given :
e
h1 = 2800 kJ/kg = Enthalpy at the inlet of steam turbine
gin
h2 = 1800 kJ/kg = Enthalpy at the outlet of a steam
turbine
Steam rate or specific steam consumption
En

= 3600 kg/kWh
WT − Wp
Pump work Wp is negligible, therefore
arn

Steam rate = 3600 kg/kWh

WT
And WT = h1 − h2 From Rankine cycle
Steam rate = 3600 kg/kWh = 3600 = 3.60 kg/kWh
Le

h1 − h 2 2800 − 1800

SOL 8.8 Option (D) is correct.

w.

Given : r = 60 mm , D = 80 mm
Stroke length, L = 2r = 2 # 60 = 120 mm (cylinder diameter)
ww

Swept Volume, νs = A # L
= π D 2 # L = π (8.0) 2 # 12.0
4 4
= π (8 # 8) # 12 = 602.88 - 603 cm3
4

SOL 8.9 Option (A) is correct.

Given p − ν curve shows the Brayton Cycle.

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PAGE 370 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

.in
Given : p1 = 1 bar = p 4 , p2 = 6 bar = p 3 , Tminimum = 300 K , Tmaximum = 1500 K

ng
cp
= γ = 1.4
cv
We have to find T2 (temperature at the end of compression) or T4 (temperature

eri
at the end of expansion)
Applying adiabatic equation for process 1-2, we get
γ−1 1.4 − 1

T2 b p2 l eb6l
T1 = p1 γ = 1 1.4
gin
b6l
300 = 1 0.286 T1 = Tminimum
T2
T2 = 300 = 500.5 K - 500 K
^6h
En

0.286
1

Again applying for the Process 3-4,

γ−1 γ−1 1.4 − 1

T3 b p 3 l
=b
p2 l
T4 = p 4 = b 1 l 1.4 = b 1 l
γ p1 γ
0.286
arn

6 6
T4 = T3 # b 1 l = 1500 # b 1 l
0.286 0.286
So, = 900 K T3 = Tmaximum
6 6
Le

SOL 8.10 Option (B) is correct.

Given : At station p :
p1 = 150 kPa , T1 = 350 K
w.

At station Q :
p2 = ? , T2 = 300 K
ww

c
We know, γ = p = 1.005 = 1.39
cv 0.718
Applying adiabatic equation for station P and Q ,
γ−1

T2 b p2 l
T1 = p1 γ

bT2 l
T1 γ − 1 = p1
p2
p1 150
p2 = γ = 1.39 = 150 = 86.60 kPa - 87 kPa
1.732
bT2 l b 300 l
T1 γ − 1 350 1.39 − 1

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 371

SOL 8.11 Option (C) is correct.

Given :
Pressure at Q p2 = 50 kPa
Using the general relation to find the entropy changes between P and Q
Tds = dh − νdp
ds = dh − ν dp ...(i)
T T

.in
Given in the previous part of the question
h = cp T
Differentiating both the sides, we get

ng
dh = c p dT
Put the value of dh in equation (i),

eri
ds = c p dT − ν dp From the gas equation ν/T = R/p
T T
dp
So, = c p dT − R
T p
e
gin
Integrating both the sides and putting the limits
Q Q Q dp
#P ds = c p #P dT
T
−R#
P p
6s @QP = c p 6ln T @QP − R 6ln P @QP
En

sQ − sP = c p 6ln TQ − ln TP@ − R 6ln pQ − ln pP@

= c p ln c Q m − R ln b Q l
T p
arn

TP pP
= 1.005 ln b 300 l − 0.287 ln b 50 l
350 150
Le

= 1.005 # (− 0.1541) − 0.287 # (− 1.099)

= 0.160 kJ/kg K
w.

SOL 8.12 Option (C) is correct.

ww

Given :T1 = 400 K , p1 = 3 bar , A2 = 0.005 m2 , p2 = 50 kPa = 0.5 bar ,

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PAGE 372 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

cp
R = 0.287 kJ/kg K , γ = = 1.4 , T2 = ?
cv
Applying adiabatic equation for isentropic (reversible adiabatic) flow at
section (1) and (2), we get
γ−1

bT1 l = b p1 l
T2 p2 γ

γ−1 1.4 − 1
T2 = T1 b 2 l = 400 b 0.5 l
p γ 1.4

.in
p1 3
= 400 # (0.166) 0.286 = 239.73 K
Apply perfect Gas equation at the exit,

ng
p2 ν2 = m2 RT2
p2 = m 2 RT2 = ρ2 RT2 a ν = ρk
m
ν2

eri
ρ2 =
p2
= 50 # 103 = 0.727 kg/m3
RT2 3
0.287 # 10 # 239.73

SOL 8.13 Option (D) is correct. e

gin
Given : ρ2 = 0.727 kg/m3 , A2 = 0.005 m2 , V2 = ?
For isentropic expansion,
V2 = 2c p (T1 − T2)
En

= 2 # 1.005 # 103 # (400 − 239.73)

for air c p = 1.005 kJ/kg K
arn

= 322142.7 = 567.58 m/ sec

Mass flow rate at exit,
mo = ρ2 A2 V2 = 0.727 # 0.005 # 567.58 = 2.06 kg/ sec
Le

SOL 8.14 Option (A) is correct.

Given : ν = 0.0259 m3 , Work output = 950 kW , N = 2200 rpm
w.

Mean effective pressure

Net work for one cycle
mep = 60
displacement volume #
ww

Number of power cycle

n = N = 2200 = 1100 (for 4 stroke)
2 2
Hence, net work for one cycle
3
= 950 # 10 = 863.64 W
1100
So, mep = 60 # 863.64 = 2 # 106 Pa = 2 MPa
0.0259

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 373

SOL 8.15 Option (D) is correct.

We know that,
Entropy of universe is always increases.
Δsuniverse > 0
(Δs) system + (Δs) surrounding > 0

SOL 8.16 Option (A) is correct.

.in
Given : γ = 1.67 , M = 40 , p1 = 0.1 MPa = 106 # 0.1 = 105 Pa
T1 = 300 K , p2 = 0.2 MPa = 2 # 105 Pa , Ru = 8.314 kJ/kgmol K

ng
Gas constant = Universal Gas constant
Molecular Weight
R = Ru = 8.314 = 0.20785 kJ/kg K

eri
M 40
For adiabatic process,
γ−1

T1 b p1 l
T2 = p2 γ

e
gin
1.67 − 1

300 b 0.1 l
T2 = 0.2 1.67
= (2) 0.4012

T2 = 300 # (2) 0.4012 = 300 # 1.32 = 396 K

En

Work done in adiabatic process is given by,

p ν − p2 ν2 R (T1 − T2)
W = 1 1 =
γ−1 γ−1
arn

0.20785 [300 − 396] 0.20785 (− 96)

= = =− 29.7 kJ/kg
1.67 − 1 0.67
( Negative sign shows the compression work)
Le

SOL 8.17 Option (B) is correct.

We know from the clausius Inequality,
w.

If # dQT
= 0 , the cycle is reversible
ww

# dQT
< 0 , the cycle is irreversible and possible
For case (a),
#a dQ
T
= 2500 − 2500
1200 800
= 25 − 25 =− 1.041 kJ/kg
12 8
For case (b),
dQ
b T #= 2000 − 2000 = 20 − 20 =− 1.5 kJ/kg
800 500 8 5
dQ dQ
a T
#>
b T
#
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PAGE 374 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

So, process (b) is more irreversible than process (a)

SOL 8.18 Option (C) is correct.

Given T − s curve is for the steam plant

.in
ng
eri
Given : p1 = 4 MPa = 4 # 106 Pa , T1 = 350c C = (273 + 350) K = 623 K
e
p2 = 15 kPa = 15 # 103 Pa , ηadiabatic = 90% = 0.9
gin
Now from the steam table,
Given data : h1 = 3092.5 kJ/kg , h 3 = h f = 225.94 kJ/kg , hg = 2599.1 kJ/kg
s1 = s2 = s f + x (sg − s f ) ...(i)
En

Where, x = dryness fraction

From the table, we have
s f = 0.7549 kJ/kg K
arn

sg = 8.0085 kJ/kg K
s1 = s2 = 6.5821
Le

From equation (i),

s2 − s f
x = = 6.5821 − 0.7549 = 0.8033
sg − s f 8.0085 − 0.7549
w.

h2 = h f + x (hg − h f )
= 225.94 + 0.8033 (2599.1 − 225.94)
ww

= 225.94 + 1906.36 = 2132.3 kJ/kg

Theoretical turbine work from the cycle is given by,
WT = h1 − h2
= 3092.5 − 2132.3 = 960.2 kJ/kg
Actual work by the turbine,
= Theoretical work # ηadiabatic
= 0.9 # 960.2 = 864.18 kJ/kg
Pump work, Wp = νf (p1 − p2)
= 0.001014 (4000 − 15) = 4.04 kJ/kg

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 375

Wnet = WT − Wp = 864.18 − 4.04 = 860.14 kJ/kg . 860

SOL 8.19 Option (C) is correct.

Heat supplied = h1 − h 4 From T − s diagram
From the pump work equation,
Wp = h 4 − h 3
h 4 = Wp + h 3 = 4.04 + 225.94 = 229.98 kJ/kg

.in
And Heat supplied,
Q = h1 − h 4

ng
= 3092.50 − 229.98 = 2862.53 - 2863 kJ/kg

SOL 8.20 Option (A) is correct.

eri
We consider the cycle shown in figure, where A and B are reversible processes
and C is an irreversible process. For the reversible cycle consisting of A and
B.
e
gin
En
arn

# dQ dQ 2 1 dQ

R T
=
A1 T
# +
B2 T
# =0
2 dQ 1 dQ
or # =− # ...(i)
Le

A1 T B2 T

For the irreversible cycle consisting of A and C , by the inequality of clausius,

dQ 2 dQ 1 dQ
# = # + # <0 ...(ii)
w.

T A1 T C2 T

From equation (i) and (ii)

1 dQ 1 dQ
# #
ww

− + <0
B2 T C2 T
1 dQ 1 dQ
#
B2 T
>
C2 T
# ...(iii)
Since the path B is reversible,
1 dQ 1
#
B2 T
= ds
B2
#
Since entropy is a property, entropy changes for the paths B and C would
be the same.
Therefore,

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PAGE 376 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

1 1
# ds = # ds
B2 C2
...(iv)
From equation (iii) and (iv),
1 1 dQ
#
ds >
C2 C2 T
#
Thus, for any irreversible process.
dQ
ds >
T

.in
So, entropy must increase.

ng
SOL 8.21 Option (A) is correct.
Given : p1 = 0.8 MPa , ν1 = 0.015 m3 , ν2 = 0.030 m3 , T = Constant
We know work done in a constant temperature (isothermal) process

eri
W = p1 ν1 ln a ν2 k = (0.8 # 106) (0.015) ln b 0.030 l
ν1 0.015
= (0.012 # 106) # 0.6931 = 8.32 kJ
e
gin
SOL 8.22 Option (B) is correct.
En
arn
Le

Steady flow energy equation for a compressor (Fig a) gives,

w.

h1 + dQ = h2 + dWx ...(i)
Neglecting the changes of potential and kinetic energy. From the property
ww

relation
Tds = dh − νdp
For a reversible process,
Tds = dQ
So, dQ = dh − νdp ...(ii)
If consider the process is reversible adiabatic then dQ = 0
From equation (i) and (ii),
h1 − h2 = dWx & dh = h2 − h1 =− dWx ...(iii)
And dh = νdp ...(iv)

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 377

From equation (iii) and (iv),

− dWx = νdp
Wx =− # νdp
Negative sign shows the work is done on the system (compression work) for
initial and Final Stage
2
Wx = #1 νdp

.in
SOL 8.23 Option (D) is correct.
Given : r = 10 , p1 = 100 kPa , T1 = 27c C = (27 + 273) K = 300 K

ng
Qs = 1500 kJ/kg , Qr = 700 kJ/kg , R = 0.287 kJ/kg K
Mean Effective pressure

eri
Net work output
pm = ...(i)
Swept Volume
Swept volume, ν1 − ν2 = ν2 (r − 1)

e
where ν1 = Total volume and ν2 = Clearance volume
gin
r = ν1 = 10 & ν1 = 10v2 ...(ii)
ν2
Applying gas equation for the beginning process,
p1 ν1 = RT1
En

ν1 = RT1 = 0.287 # 300 = 0.861 m3 /kg

p1 100
ν2 = ν1 = 0.861 = 0.0861 m3 /kg
arn

10 10
Wnet = Qs − Qr = (1500 − 700) kJ/kg K = 800 kJ/kg K
From equation (i)
Le

pm = 800 = 800
ν2 (r − 1) 0.0861 (10 − 1)
= 800 = 1032.391 kPa b 1032 kPa
w.

0.7749

SOL 8.24 Option (C) is correct.

ww

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PAGE 378 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

We know that coefficient of performance of a Heat pump for the given

system is,
Q3 Q
(COP) H.P. = = 3
Q3 − Q 4 W
For a reversible process,
Q 3 T3
=
Q 4 T4
Q

.in
(COP) H.P. = T3 = 3
T3 − T4 W
348 Q
= 3
348 − 290

ng
50
Q 3 = 348 # 50 = 300 K
58

eri
SOL 8.25 Option (A) is correct.
Given : h1 = 3200 kJ/kg , V1 = 160 m/ sec , z1 = 10 m

p1 = 3 mpA , m e
o =− dM = 20 kg/ sec
gin
dt
It is a adiabatic process, So dQ = 0
Apply steady flow energy equation [S.F.E.E.] at the inlet and outlet section
En

of steam turbine,
2 2
dQ
h1 + V 1 + z1 g + = h2 + V 2 + z2 g + dW
2 dm 2 dm
arn

dQ = 0
dQ
So =0
dm
2 2
h1 + V 1 + z1 g = h2 + V 2 + z2 g + dW
Le

And
2 2 dm
dW = (h − h ) + V 12 − V 22 + (z − z ) g
dm 1 2 b 2 l 1 2
w.

(160) 2 − (100) 2
= (3200 − 2600) # 103 + ; E + (10 − 6) 9.8
2
ww

= 600000 + 7800 + 39.20

dW = 607839.2 J/kg = 607.84 kJ/kg
dm
Power output of turbine
P = Mass flow rate # dW
dm
= 20 # 607.84 # 103 o = 20 kg/ sec
m
P = 12.157 MJ/ sec = 12.157 MW

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 379

SOL 8.26 Option (C) is correct.

Given : ρ = 1000 kg/m3
Here given that ignoring kinetic and potential energy effects, So in the
steady flow energy equation the terms V 2 /2, Z1 g are equal to zero and dQ is
also zero for adiabatic process.
S.F.E.E. is reduces to,
dWp
h 4 = h3 + Here, Wp represents the pump work

.in
dm
where h 3 = Enthalpy at the inlet of pump and h 4 = Enthalpy at the outlet
of the pump.

ng
dWp
= h 4 − h 3 = dh ...(i)
dm
For reversible adiabatic compression,

eri
dQ = dh − νdp (dQ = 0 )
dh = νdp ...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii), we get
e
gin
dWp
= νdp
dm
dWp
= 1 (p1 − p2) v=1
dm ρ ρ
En

dWp (3000 − 70) kPa

= = 2930 kPa = 2.930 kPa
dm 1000 1000
arn

SOL 8.27 Option (B) is correct.

Given : T1 = T2 , p1 = p2
Universal Gas constant = R
Le

Here given oxygen are mixed adiabatically

So, dQ = 0
w.

dQ
We know, ds = = 0 =0
T T
ww

SOL 8.28 Option (B) is correct.

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PAGE 380 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

Assumptions of air standard otto cycle :-

(A) All processes are both internally as well as externally reversible.
(B) Air behaves as ideal gas
(C) Specific heats remains constant (c p & cv)
(D) Intake process is constant volume heat addition process and exhaust
process is constant volume heat rejection process.
Intake process is a constant volume heat addition process, From the given

.in
options, option (2) is incorrect.

ng
SOL 8.29 Option (C) is correct.
Given : pa = 100 kPa , ps = 300 kPa , Δν = 0.01 m3
Net pressure work on the system,

eri
p = ps − pa = 300 − 100 = 200 kPa

e
gin
En

For constant pressure process work done is given by

W = pΔν = 200 # 0.01 = 2 kJ
arn

SOL 8.30 Option (A) is correct.

A heat engine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle in which there is a net Heat
Le

transfer from higher temperature to a lower temperature device. So it is a

Heat Engine.
Applying Clausius theorem on the system for checking the reversibility of
w.

the cyclic device.

#R dQ =0
ww

T
Q1 Q 2 Q 3
+ − =0
T1 T2 T3
100 # 103 + 50 # 103 − 60 # 103 = 0
1000 500 300
100 + 100 − 200 = 0
Here, the cyclic integral of dQ/T is zero. This implies, it is a reversible Heat
engine.

SOL 8.31 Option (C) is correct.

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 381

We know enthalpy,
h = U + pν ...(i)
Where, U = Internal energy
p = Pressure of the room
ν = Volume of the room
It is given that room is insulated, So there is no interaction of energy (Heat)
between system (room) and surrounding (atmosphere).

.in
It means Change in internal Energy dU = 0 and U = Constant
And temperature is also remains constant.
Applying the perfect gas equation,

ng
pν = nRT
pν = Constant

eri
Therefore, from equation (i)
h = Constant

e
So this process is a constant internal energy and constant enthalpy process.
Alternate Method :
gin
We know that enthalpy,
h = U + pν
Given that room is insulated, So there is no interaction of Energy (Heat)
En

between system (room) and surrounding (atmosphere).

It means internal Energy dU = 0 and U = constant.
Now flow work pν must also remain constant thus we may conclude that
arn

during free expansion process pν i.e. product of pressure and specific volume
change in such a way that their product remains constant.
So, it is a constant internal energy and constant enthalpy process.
Le

SOL 8.32 Option (A) is correct.

Given : p1 = 1 MPa , T1 = 350cC = (350 + 273) K = 623 K
w.

For air γ = 1.4

We know that final temperature (T2) inside the tank is given by,
ww

T2 = γT1 = 1.4 # 623 = 872.2 K = 599.2c C

T2 is greater than 350c C .

SOL 8.33 Option (A) is correct.

Given : h1 = 2800 kJ/kg , h2 = 200 kJ/kg
From the given diagram of thermal power plant, point 1 is directed by the
Boiler to the open feed water heater and point 2 is directed by the pump to
the open feed water Heater. The bleed to the feed water heater is 20% of the
boiler steam generation i.e. 20% of h1

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PAGE 382 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

h 3 = 20% of h1 + 80% of h2

.in
So,
= 0.2 # 2800 + 0.8 # 200 = 720 kJ/kg

ng
SOL 8.34 Option (C) is correct.
From the first law of thermodynamic,

eri
dQ = dU + dW
dW = dQ − dU ...(i)
If the process is complete at the constant pressure and no work is done other
than the pdν work. So
e
gin
dQ = dU + pdν
At constant pressure
pdν = d (pν)
En

(dQ) = dU + d (pν) = d (U + pν) = (dh) h = U + pν

From equation (i)
dW =− dh + dQ =− dh + Tds ds = dQ/T ...(ii)
arn

For an reversible process,

Tds = dh − νdp
− νdp =− dh + Tds ...(iii)
Le

From equation (ii) and (iii)

dW =− νdp
w.

On integrating both sides, we get

W =− # νdp
It is valid for reversible process.
ww

SOL 8.35 Option (A) is correct.

When the vapour is at a temperature greater than the saturation temperature,
it is said to exist as super heated vapour. The pressure and Temperature of
superheated vapour are independent properties, since the temperature may
increase while the pressure remains constant. Here vapour is at 400c C and
saturation temperature is 200c C .
So, at 200 kPa pressure superheated vapour will be left in the system.

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 383

SOL 8.36 Option (D) is correct.

Given : p1 = 100 kPa , p2 = 200 kPa
Let, ν1 = ν
Now, given that Heat transfer takes place into the system until its volume
increases by 50%
So, ν2 = ν + 50% of ν
Now, for work done by the system, we must take pressure is p2 = 200 kPa

.in
, because work done by the system is against the pressure p2 and it is a
positive work done.
From first law of thermodynamics,

ng
dQ = dU + dW ...(i)
But for a quasi-static process,

eri
T = Constant
Therefore, change in internal energy is
dU = 0
From equation (i)
e
gin
dQ = dW = pdν dW = pdν
= p [ν2 − ν1]
For initial condition at 100 kPa,volume
En

ν1 = mliquid # 1 + mvapour # 1
ρf ρg
Here 1 = ν = 0.001, 1 = ν = 0.1
ρf ρg
arn

f g

mliquid = 1 kg , mvapour = 0.03 kg

So ν1 = 1 # 0.001 + 0.03 # 0.1 = 4 # 10−3 m3
Le

ν2 = 3 ν1 = 3 # 4 # 10−3 = 6 # 10−3 m3
2 2
= 200 # 103 : 3ν − νD
w.

2
= 200 # [6 # 10−3 − 4 # 10−3]
= 200 # 2 # 10−3 = 0.4 kJ
ww

SOL 8.37 Option (C) is correct.

Δsnet = (Δs) system + (Δs) surrounding ...(i)
And it is given that,
(Δs) system = 10 kJ
Also, (Δs) surrounding = b l
Q
T surrounding
Heat transferred to the system by thermal reservoir,
T = 400c C = (400 + 273) K = 673 K
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PAGE 384 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

Q = 1 kJ
(Δs) surrounding = 1000 = 1.485 J/K
673
From equation (i)
(Δs) net = 10 − 1.485 = 8.515 J/K
(Take Negative sign, because the entropy of surrounding decrease due to
heat transfer to the system.)

.in
SOL 8.38 Option (D) is correct.
In this question we discuss on all the four options.

ng
(A) δQ = dU + δW This equation holds good for any process undergone
by a closed stationary system.
(B) Tds = dU + pdν

eri
This equation holds good for any process reversible
or irreversible, undergone by a closed system.
(C) Tds = dU + δW This equation holds good for any process, reversible

e
or irreversible, and for any system.
gin
(D) δQ = dU + pdν This equation holds good for a closed system when
only pdν work is present. This is true only for a reversible (quasi-static)
process.
En

SOL 8.39 Option (A) is correct.

Given : νcri = 0.003155 m3 /kg , ν = 0.025 m3 , p = 0.1 MPa and m = 10 kg
arn

We know, Rigid means volume is constant.

Specific volume, νS = ν = 0.025 = 0.0025 m3 /kg
m 10
Le

We see that the critical specific volume is more than the specific volume and
during the heating process, both the temperature and the pressure remain
constant, but the specific volume increases to the critical volume (i.e. critical
w.

point). The critical point is defined as the point at which the saturated
liquid and saturated vapour states are identical.
ww

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 385

So, point (B) will touch the saturated liquid line and the liquid line will rise
at the point O.

SOL 8.40 Option (C) is correct.

Given : L = 250 mm = 0.25 m , D = 200 mm = 0.2 m ,
c
νc = 0.001 m3 , γ = p = 1.4
cv

.in
Swept volume νs = A # L = π (D) 2 # L
4
= π (0.2) 2 # 0.25 = 0.00785 m3

ng
4
Compression ratio r = νT = νc + νs = 0.001 + 0.00785 = 8.85
νc νc 0.001

eri
Air standard efficiency η = 1 − 1γ − 1 = 1 − 1
(r) (8.85) 1.4 − 1
= 1 − 1 = 1 − 0.418 = 0.582 or 58.2%
e
2.39
gin
SOL 8.41 Option (B) is correct.
We know, dryness fraction or quality of the liquid vapour mixture,
x = mv = 1
En

...(i)
mv + ml 1 + ml /mv
Where, mv " Mass of vapour and ml " Mass of liquid
The value of x varies between 0 to 1. Now from equation (i) if incorporation
arn

of reheater in a steam power plant adopted then Mass of vapour mv increase

and Mass of liquid ml decreases So, dryness fraction x increases.
In practice the use of reheater only gives a small increase in cycle efficiency,
Le

but it increases the net work output by making possible the use of higher
pressure.
w.

SOL 8.42 Option (A) is correct.

Following combination is correct
ww

(R) The work done by a closed system in an adiabatic is a point function.

(S) A liquid expands upon freezing when the slope of its fusion curve on
pressure-temperature diagram is negative.

SOL 8.43 Option (C) is correct.

In the given p − ν diagram, three processes are occurred.
(i) Constant pressure (Process 1 – 2)
(ii) Constant Volume (Process 2 – 3)
(iii) Adiabatic (Process 3 – 1)

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PAGE 386 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

We know that, Constant pressure and constant volume lines are inclined
curves in the T − s curve, and adiabatic process is drawn by a vertical line
on a T − s curve.

.in
ng
Given p − ν curve is clock wise. So T − s curve must be clockwise.

eri
SOL 8.44 Option (A) is correct.

e
gin
En
arn
Le

This cycle shows the Lenoir cycle.

For Lenoir cycle efficiency is given by
w.

ηL = 1 − γ f p p
r γ −1
rp − 1
ww

p
Where, rp = 2 = 400 = 4
p1 100
c
And γ = p = 1.4 (Given)
cv
1
(4) 1.4 − 1
So, ηL = 1 − 1.4 = G = 1 − 0.789 = 0.211
4−1
ηL = 21.1% - 21%

SOL 8.45 Option (D) is correct.

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 387

Given : T1 = 400 K , T2 = 300 K , T = 350 K , Q = 100 kJ

Q1 "Heat transferred to the source by the transformer
Q2 " Heat transferred to the sink by the transformer

.in
ng
eri
Applying energy balance on the system,
Q = Q1 + Q 2
Q2 = Q − Q1 = 100 − Q1 ...(i)
e
Apply Clausicus inequality on the system,
gin
Q Q Q
= 1+ 2
T T1 T2
100 = Q1 + Q2
En

350 400 300

Substitute the value of Q2 from equation (i),
100 = Q1 + 100 − Q1 = Q1 + 100 − Q1
400 b 300 l
arn

350 400 300 300

100 − 100 = Q 1 − 1
1:
350 300 400 300 D
Q
− 1 =− 1
Le

21 1200
So, Q1 = 1200 = 57.14 kJ
21
w.

Therefore the maximum amount of heat that can be transferred at 400 K is

57.14 kJ.
ww

SOL 8.46 Option (D) is correct.

When the temperature of a liquid is less than the saturation temperature at
the given pressure, the liquid is called compressed liquid (state 2 in figure).
The pressure and temperature of compressed liquid may vary independently
and a table of properties like the superheated vapor table could be arranged,
to give the properties at any p and T .
The properties of liquids vary little with pressure. Hence, the properties are
taken from the saturation table at the temperature of the compressed liquid.
So, from the given table at T = 45c C , Specific enthalpy of water
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PAGE 388 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

= 188.45 kJ/kg .

.in
ng
SOL 8.47 Option (A) is correct.

e eri
gin
En
arn

The thermal efficiency of a power plant cycle increases by increase the

average temperature at which heat is transferred to the working fluid in the
Le

boiler or decrease the average temperature at which heat is rejected from

the working fluid in the condenser. Heat is transferred to the working fluid
w.

with the help of the feed water heater.

So, (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct reason of (A).
ww

SOL 8.48 Option (D) is correct.

(A) Condenser is an essential equipment in a steam power plant because
when steam expands in the turbine and leaves the turbine in the form of
super saturated steam. It is not economical to feed this steam directly to the
boiler. So, condenser is used to condensed the steam into water and it is a
essential part (equipment) in steam power plant.
Assertion (A) is correct.
(R) The compressor and pumps require power input. The compressor is
capable of compressing the gas to very high pressures. Pump work very
much like compressor except that they handle liquid instead of gases. Now
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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 389

for same mass flow rate and the same pressure rise, a water pump require
very less power because the specific volume of liquid is very less as compare
to specific volume of vapour.

SOL 8.49 Option (D) is correct

Group Group (II) Group (III) Group (IV) Group (V)
(I)

.in
When added to Differential Function Phenomenon
the system
E G J K N

ng
F H J K M
So correct pairs are

eri
E-G-J-K-N and F-H-J-K-M

SOL 8.50 Option (A) is correct.

e
gin
We draw p − v diagram for the cycles.
(a) Rankine cycle
En
arn
Le
w.

Constant Pressure Process

Q1 = Heat addition at constant p and Q2 = Heat Rejection at constant p
ww

(b) Otto cycle

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PAGE 390 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

Constant Volume Process

Q1 = Heat addition at constant ν and Q2 = Heat Rejection at constant ν
(c) Carnot cycle

.in
ng
eri
Constant Temperature Process (Isothermal)
Q1 = Heat addition at constant T and Q2 = Heat Rejection at constant T
(d) Diesel cycle
e
gin
En
arn
Le

Constant Pressure and constant volume process

Q1 = Heat addition at constant p and Q2 = Heat rejection at constant V
w.

(e) Brayton cycle

ww

Constant pressure Process

Q1 = Heat addition at constant p and Q2 = Heat rejection at constant p
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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 391

From the Five cycles, we see that P − S − 5, R − U − 3, P − S − 1, Q − T − 2 are

the correct pairs.

SOL 8.51 Option (D) is correct.

Given : = 1 bar
pgauge
= patm + pgauge
pabsolute
So, = 1.013 + 1 = 2.013 bar
pabs patm = 1.013 bar

.in
T1= 15c C = (273 + 15) K = 288 K
T2= 5c C = (273 + 5) K = 278 K

ng
Volume = Constant
ν1 = ν2 = 2500 cm3 = 2500 # (10−2) 3 m3

eri
From the perfect gas equation,
pν = mRT
−2 3
2.013 # 10 # 2500 # (10 ) = m # 287 # 288
5

e
2.013 # 2500 # 10−1 = m # 287 # 288
gin
m = 2.013 # 250 = 0.0060 kg
287 # 288
For constant Volume, relation is given by,
En

Q = mcv dT cv = 0.718 J/kg K

= 0.0060 # 0.718 # (278 − 288) dT = T2 − T1
−3
Q =− 0.0437 =− 43.7 # 10 kJ
arn

=− 43.7 Joule Negative sign shows the heat lost

As the process is isochoric i.e. constant volume, So from the prefect gas
equation,
Le

p
= Constant
T
p1 p
w.

And = 2
T1 T2
p2 = T2 # p1 = 278 # 2.013 = 1.943 bar p1 = pabs
ww

T1 288
So, Gauge Pressure = Absolute pressure – atmospheric pressure
pgauge = 1.943 − 1.013 = 0.93 bar

SOL 8.52 Option (C) is correct.

It is a constant volume process, it means
p
= Constant
T
p1 T1
=
p2 T2
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PAGE 392 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

Substitute, T1 = 288 and T2 = 278

p2 = p2, gauge + patm. = 1 + 1.013
p2 = 2.013 bar
So, p1 = T1 # p2 = 288 # 2.013 = 2.08 bar
T2 278
Gauge pressure, pgauge = 2.08 − 1.013 = 1.067 - 1.07 bar

.in
SOL 8.53 Option (A) is correct.
From the first law of thermodynamics for a cyclic process,
ΔU = 0

ng
And # δQ = # δW

eri
The symbol # δQ , which is called the cyclic integral of the heat transfer
represents the heat transfer during the cycle and # δW , the cyclic integral
of the work, represents the work during the cycle.
e
We easily see that figure 1 and 2 satisfies the first law of thermodynamics.
gin
Both the figure are in same direction (clockwise) and satisfies the relation.
# δQ = # δW
En

SOL 8.54 Option (D) is correct.

arn
Le
w.
ww

From above figure, we can easily see that option (D) is same.

SOL 8.55 Option (A) is correct.

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 393

.in
Now check the given processes :-
(i) Show in p − ν curve that process 1-2 and process 3-4 are Reversible

ng
isothermal process.
(ii) Show that process 2-3 and process 4-1 are Reversible adiabatic

eri
(isentropic) processes.
(iii) In carnot cycle maximum and minimum cycle pressure and the clearance
volume are fixed.
e
(iv) From p − ν curve there is no polytropic process.
gin
So, it consists only one cycle [carnot cycle]
En

SOL 8.56 Option (B) is correct.

Given : p1 = 10 bar , ν1 = 1 m3 , T1 = 300 K , ν2 = 2 m3
Given that Nitrogen Expanded isothermally.
arn

So, RT = Constant
And from given relation,
a
a p + ν 2 k ν = RT = Constant
Le

p1 ν1 + a = p2 ν2 + a
ν1 ν2
w.

p2 ν2 = p1 ν1 + a − a
ν1 ν2
p2 = p1 a ν1 k + a c 1 − 12 m = 10 b 1 l + a b 1 − 1 l = 5 + a
ww

ν2 ν1 ν2 ν2 2 2 4 4
Here a > 0 , so above equation shows that p2 is greater than 5 and + ve .

SOL 8.57 Option (B) is correct.

Velocity of flow, u = u1 = u2 = constant
& W2 >> W1 W = Whirl velocity
Hence, it is a diagram of reaction turbine.

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PAGE 394 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

SOL 8.58 Option (B) is correct.

We know that efficiency,
ηOtto = ηBrayton = 1 − T1
T2
ηOtto = ηBrayton = 1 − 300 = 1 − 6 = 0.33
450 9
So, ηOtto = ηBrayton = 33%

.in
SOL 8.59 Option (A) is correct.

ng
e eri
gin
From the previous part of the question
T3 (Otto) = 600 K , T3 (Brayton) = 550 K
En

From the p − v diagram of Otto cycle, we have

WO = Q1 − Q2 = cv (T3 − T2) − cv (T4 − T1) ...(i)
arn

For process 3 - 4,
T3 = ν4 γ − 1 = ν1 γ − 1
T4 a ν3 k a ν2 k ν4 = ν1 , ν3 = ν2

For process 1 - 2,
Le

T2 = ν1 γ − 1
T1 a ν2 k
w.

So, T3 = T2
T4 T1
T4 = T3 # T1 = 600 # 300 = 400 K
ww

T2 450
And WO = cv (600 − 450) − cv (400 − 300)
= cv (150) − 100cv = 50cv ...(ii)
From p − ν diagram of brayton cycle, work done is,
WB = Q1 − Q2 = c p (T3 − T2) − c p (T4 − T1)
And T4 = T1 # T3 = 300 # 550 = 366.67 K
T2 450
WB = c p (550 − 450) − c p (366.67 − 300)= 33.33c p ...(iii)
Dividing equation (ii) by (iii), we get

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 395

WO = 50cv = 50 cp
= γ, γ = 1.4
WB 33.33c p 33.33γ cv
= 50 = 50 > 1
33.33 # 1.4 46.662
From this, we see that,
WO > WB

.in
SOL 8.60 Option (D) is correct.
From saturated ammonia table column 5 and 8 are the specific enthalpy
data column.

ng
SOL 8.61 Option (B) is correct.
The enthalpy of the fluid before throttling is equal to the enthalpy of fluid

eri
after throttling because in throttling process enthalpy remains constant.
h1 = h 2

e
371.43 = 89.05 + x (1418 − 89.05) h = h f + x (hg − h f )
gin
= 89.05 + x (1328.95)
x = 282.38 = 0.212
1328.95
En

SOL 8.62 Option (C) is correct.

W =− 5000 kJ (Negative sign shows that work is done on the system)
Q =− 2000 kJ (Negative sign shows that heat rejected by the system)
arn

From the first law of thermodynamics,

ΔQ = ΔW + ΔU
ΔU = ΔQ − ΔW =− 2000 − (− 5000) = 3000 kJ
Le

So,

SOL 8.63 Option (A) is correct.

w.

The T − s curve for simple gas power plant cycle (Brayton cycle) is shown
below :
ww

From the T − s diagram, Net work output for Unit Mass,

Wnet = WT − Wc = c p 6(T3 − T4) − (T2 − T1)@ ...(i)

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PAGE 396 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

And from the T − s diagram,

T3 = Tmax and T1 = Tmin
Apply the general relation for reversible adiabatic process, for process 3-4
and 1-2,
γ−1
T3 = p 3 c γ m
γ−1

T4 b p 4 l
= (rp) γ

γ−1 p 3 p2
T4 = T3 (rp) −c γ m = = rp = Pressure ratio

.in
p4 p1
γ−1 γ−1

T1 b p1 l
T2 = p2 γ
= (rp) γ

ng
T2 = T1 ^rp h
γ−1
γ

Wnet = c p 9T3 − T3 (rp) −c γ m − T1 (rp) γ + T1C

γ−1 γ−1
...(ii)

eri
Differentiating equation (ii) w.r.t. (rp) and on equating it to the zero, we get
dWnet = c − T − γ − 1 r −c γ −γ 1 m − 1 − T γ − 1 r c γ −γ 1 − 1m
3c
p=
γ m p 1c
γ m p G
drp

= c p =− T3 c− m
e
γ − 1 c − γ +γ1 − γ m
− T1 c
γ − 1 b− γ1 l
γ m p G
gin
rp r
γ
γ − 1 c 1 −γ2γ m γ − 1 b− γ1 l
= c p =− T3 c− m − T1 c
γ m p G
rp r
γ
En

T3 r pb γ l
− T1 r pb
1 −2 −1l
γ =0

T3 r pb γ l
1 −2
−1
= T1 r p γ
arn

−1
T3 = (rp) γ = (r ) − γ1 − γ1 + 2 = r 2 (γγ− 1)
p p
T1 1 −2
r pγ
Le

γ γ
So, (rp) opt = bT3 l2 (γ − 1) = bTmax l2 (γ − 1)
T1 Tmin
w.

SOL 8.64 Option (C) is correct.

ww

Stoichiometric mixture :
The S.M. is one in which there is just enough air for complete combustion
of fuel.

SOL 8.65 Option (A) is correct.

Given : m = 2000 kg , T1 = 1250 K , T2 = 450 K , T0 = 303 K , c = 0.5 kJ/kg K
Q1 = Available Energy + Unavailable energy
A.E. = Q1 − U.E. ...(i)
And Q1 = mcΔT

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 397

= 2000 # 0.5 # 103 # (1250 − 450)

Q1 = 800 # 106 = 800 MJoule
We know U.E. = T0 (Δs) ...(ii)
ΔS = mc ln T1 = 2000 # 0.5 # 103 ln 1250
T2 450
= 106 ln 1250 = 1.021 # 106 J/kg
450

.in
Now, Substitute the value of Q1 and U.E. in equation (i),
A.E. = 800 # 106 − 303 # 1.021 # 106 From equation (ii)
= 106 # 6800 − 309.363@

ng
= 490.637 # 106 = 490.637 b 490.44 MJ

eri
SOL 8.66 Option (C) is correct.
When all cylinders are firing then, power is 3037 kW = Brake Power
Power supplied by cylinders (Indicated power) is given below :
e
gin
Cylinder No. Power supplied (I.P.)
1. I.P. 1 = 3037 − 2102 = 935 kW
2. I.P. 2 = 3037 − 2102 = 935 kW
En

3. I.P. 3 = 3037 − 2100 = 937 kW

4. I.P. 4 = 3037 − 2098 = 939 kW
arn

I.P.Total = I.P. 1 + I.P. 2 + I.P. 3 + I.P. 4

= 935 + 935 + 937 + 939 = 3746 kW
And, ηmech = B.P. = 3037 = 0.8107 or 81.07%
Le

I.P. 3746

SOL 8.67 Option (D) is correct.

Given : D = 10 cm = 0.1 meter , L = 15 cm = 0.15 meter
w.

c
γ = p = 1.4 , νc = 196.3 cc , Q = 1800 kJ/kg
cv
ww

νs = A # L = π D2 # L = π # (10) 2 # 15 = 1500π = 1177.5 cc

4 4 4
And Compression ratio, r = νT = νc + νs = 196.3 + 1177.5 = 6.998 - 7
νc νc 196.3
Cycle efficiency, ηOtto = 1 − 1γ − 1 = 1 − 11.4 − 1
(r) (7)
= 1 − 1 = 1 − 0.4591 = 0.5409
2.1779
ηOtto = 54.09%
Work output
We know that, η =
Heat Supplied
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PAGE 398 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

Work output = η # Heat supplied

= 0.5409 # 1800 = 973.62 kJ - 973.5 kJ

SOL 8.68 Option (A) is correct.

.in
ng
eri
Solar collector receiving solar radiation at the rate of 0.6 kW/m2 . This
e
radiation is stored in the form of internal energy. Internal energy of fluid
gin
after absorbing
Solar radiation, ΔU = 1 # 0.6 Efficiency of absorbing radiation is 50%
2
En

= 0.3 kW/m2
ηEngine = 1 − T2 = Wnet
T1 Q1
arn

Q1 = Wnet # T1 = 2.5 # 350 = 25 kW

T1 − T2 350 − 315
Let, A is the minimum area of the solar collector.
So, Q1 = A # ΔU = A # 0.3 kW/m2
Le

Q
A = 1 = 25 = 250 = 83.33 m2
0.3 0.3 3
w.

SOL 8.69 Option (B) is correct.

Given : h1 = 29.3 kJ/kg , h 3 = 3095 kJ/kg , h 4 = 2609 kJ/kg , h5 = 3170 kJ/kg
ww

h6 = 2165 kJ/kg
Heat supplied to the plant,
QS = (h 3 − h1) + (h5 − h 4) At boiler and reheater
= (3095 − 29.3) + (3170 − 2609) = 3626.7 kJ
Work output from the plant,
WT = (h 3 − h 4) + (h5 − h6) = (3095 − 2609) + (3170 − 2165) = 1491 kJ
W − Wp WT
Now, ηthermal = T = Given, Wp = 0
Qs Qs
= 1491 = 0.411 = 41.1%
3626.7
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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 399

SOL 8.70 Option (D) is correct.

From the figure, we have enthalpy at exit of the pump must be greater than
at inlet of pump because the pump supplies energy to the fluid.
h 2 > h1
So, from the given four options only one option is greater than h1
h2 = 33.3 kJ/kg

.in
SOL 8.71 Option (B) is correct.
Equivalence Ratio or Fuel Air Ratio b F l
A

ng
bAl
F
φ = Actual Fuel − Air ratio
= actual

bAl
stoichiometric Fuel air Ratio F

eri
stoichiometric

If φ = 1, & stoichiometric (Chemically correct) Mixture.

If φ > 1, & rich mixture.
e
gin
If φ < 1, & lean mixture.
Now, we can see from these three conditions that φ > 1, for both idling and
peak power conditions, so rich mixture is necessary.
En

SOL 8.72 Option (C) is correct.

The compression ratio of diesel engine ranges between 14 to 25 where as for
arn

S.I, engine between 6 to 12. Diesel Engine gives more power but efficiency
of diesel engine is less than compare to the S.I. engine for same compression
ratio.
Le

SOL 8.73 Option (C) is correct.

w.
ww

Fig : T − s curve of simple Rankine cycle

From the observation of the T − s diagram of the rankine cycle, it reveals that
heat is transferred to the working fluid during process 2 − 2' at a relatively

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PAGE 400 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

low temperature. This lowers the average heat addition temperature and
thus the cycle efficiency.
To remove this remedy, we look for the ways to raise the temperature of the
liquid leaving the pump (called the feed water ) before it enters the boiler.
One possibility is to transfer heat to the feed water from the expanding
steam in a counter flow heat exchanger built into the turbine, that is, to use
regeneration.

.in
A practical regeneration process in steam power plant is accomplished by
extracting steam from the turbine at various points. This steam is used
to heat the feed water and the device where the feed water is heated by

ng
regeneration is called feed water heater. So, regeneration improves cycle
efficiency by increasing the average temperature of heat addition in the
boiler.

eri
SOL 8.74 Option (D) is correct.

e
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

Easily shows that the diagram that static pressure remains constant, while
velocity decreases.

SOL 8.75 Option (C) is correct.

Given : p = 2 kW = 2 # 103 W , t = 20 minutes = 20 # 60 sec ,
c p = 4.2 kJ/kgK
Heat supplied, Q = Power # Time
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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 401

= 2 # 103 # 20 # 60 = 24 # 105 Joule

And Specific heat at constant pressure,
Q = mc p ΔT
ΔT = 24 # 105 = 24 # 100 = 14.3c C
40 # 4.2 # 1000 40 # 4.2

SOL 8.76 Option (D) is correct.

The Tds equation considering a pure, compressible system undergoing an

.in
internally reversible process.
From the first law of thermodynamics

ng
(δQ) rev. = dU + (δW ) rev ...(i)]
By definition of simple compressible system, the work is
(δW ) rev = pdν

eri
And entropy changes in the form of
δQ
ds = b
T lrev
(δQ) rev = Tds e
gin
From equation (i), we get
Tds = dU + pdν
This equation is equivalent to the Ist law, for a reversible process.
En

SOL 8.77 Option (A) is correct.

arn
Le
w.
ww

Given : c p = 0.98 kJ/kgK , ηisen = 0.94 , cv = 0.7538 kJ/kgK , T3 = 1500 K

p 3 = 20 bar = 20 # 105 N/m2 , p 4 = 1 bar = 1 # 105 N/m2
c
γ = p = 0.98 = 1.3
cv 0.7538
Apply general Equation for the reversible adiabatic process between point 3
and 4 in T − s diagram,
γ−1

bT4 l = b p 4 l
T3 p3 γ

1.3 − 1
1500 = 20 # 105 1.3 = (20) 10..33
T4 c 1 105 m
#
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PAGE 402 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

T4 = 15000.3 = 751.37 K
(20) 1.3
Actual output T3 − T4l
And ηisentropic = =
Ideal output T3 − T4
0.94 = 1500 − T4l
1500 − 751.37

.in
0.94 # 748.63 = 1500 − T4l
T4l = 1500 − 703.71 = 796.3 K
Turbine work, Wt = c p (T3 − T4l) = 0.98 (1500 − 796.3) = 698.64 kJ/kg

ng
SOL 8.78 Option (A) is correct.

eri
m
Given : φ = F = f = 0.05 , ηv = 90% = 0.90 , ηith = 30% = 0.3
A ma
CVfuel = 45 MJ/kg , ρair = 1 kg/m3

e
We know that, volumetric efficiency is given by,
gin
ηv = Actual Volume = νac
Swept Volume νs
νac = ηv νs = 0.90Vs ...(i)
ma = ρair # νac = 1 # 0.9νs = 0.9νs
En

Mass of air,
m f = 0.05 # ma = 0.045νs
I.P. p LAN
ηith = = im I.P. = pim LAN
arn

m f # CV m f # CV
η m CV
pim = ith # f # LAN = νs
LAN
0.30 # 0.045 # νs # 45 # 106 = 0.6075 106
Le

νs #

= 6.075 # 105 Pa = 6.075 bar 1 bar = 105 Pa

w.

SOL 8.79 Option (D) is correct.

νc = 10% of νs = 0.1νs
ww

Given:
νs = 1 = 10
νc 0.1
And specific heat ratio c p /cv = γ = 1.4
We know compression ratio,
r = νT = νc + νs = 1 + νs = 1 + 10 = 11
νc νc νc
Efficiency of Otto cycle,
ηOtto = 1 − 1γ − 1 = 1 − 1
(r) (11) 1.4 − 1

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 403

= 1− 1 = 1 − 0.3832 = 0.6168 - 61.7%

(11) 0.4

SOL 8.80 Option (B) is correct.

Given : p1 = 2 bar = 2 # 105 N/m2 , T1 = 298 K = T2 , ν1 = 1 m3 , ν2 = 2 m3
The process is isothermal,
W = p1 ν1 ln 1 = p1 ν1 ln a ν2 k = 2 # 105 # 1 ln :2D
p
So,
p2 ν1 1

.in
= 2 # 0.6931 # 105 = 138.63 kJ - 138.6 kJ

ng
SOL 8.81 Option (A) is correct.
ΔQ
Entropy, ΔS = ...(i)
T

eri
From first law of thermodynamics,
Δ Q = Δ U + ΔW
For isothermal process,
ΔU = 0 e
gin
ΔQ = ΔW
From equation (i),
ΔS = ΔW = 138.63 kJ = 0.4652 kJ/K
En

T 298 K

SOL 8.82 Option (A) is correct.

arn

The Joule-Thomson coefficient is a measure of the change in temperature

with pressure during a constant enthalpy process.
μ = c2T m
2p h
Le

Z< 0 temperature increases

]
If μJT = [= 0 Temperature remains constan t
w.

]> 0 Temperature decreases during a throttling process

\
ww

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PAGE 404 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

SOL 8.83 Option (B) is correct.

.in
ng
The greatest velocity and lowest pressure occurs at the throat and the
diverging portion remains a subsonic diffuser. For correctly designed

eri
convergent divergent nozzle, the throat velocity is sonic and the nozzle is
now chocked.

SOL 8.84 Option (B) is correct.

e
gin
Given : η = 0.75 , T1 = 727c C = (727 + 273) = 1000 K
The efficiency of Otto cycle is given by,
η = Wnet = T1 − T2 = 1 − T2
Q1 T1 T1
En

T2 = 1 − η & T2 = (1 − η) T1
T1
arn

T2 = (1 − 0.75) 1000 = 250 K or − 23c C

SOL 8.85 Option (A) is correct.

Given : r = 8.5 , γ = 1.4
Le

The efficiency of Otto cycle is,

η = 1 − 1γ − 1 = 1 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 57.5%
w.

(r) (8.5) 1.4 − 1 2.35

SOL 8.86 Option (B) is correct.

ww

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CHAP 8 THERMODYNAMICS PAGE 405

The average temperature at which heat is transferred to steam can be

increased without increasing the boiler pressure by superheating the steam
to high temperatures. The effect of superheating on the performance of
vapour power cycle is shown on a T -s diagram the total area under the
process curve 3 − 3l represents the increase in the heat input. Thus both the
net work and heat input increase as a result of superheating the steam to a
higher temperature. The overall effect is an increase in thermal efficiency,

.in
since the average temperature at which heat is added increases.

SOL 8.87 Option (A) is correct.

ng
The Rateau turbine is a pressure compounded turbine.

eri
SOL 8.88 Option (B) is correct.

e
gin
En
arn

When μ < 0 then temperature increases and become warmer.

Option (A) is correct.

Le

SOL 8.89
Given : Wnet = 50 kJ , η = 75% = 0.75
w.
ww

We know, efficiency of heat engine is,

η = Wnet & Q1 = Wnet
Q1 η
Where Q1 = Heat transferred by the source to the system.
Q1 = 50 = 66.67 kJ
0.75
From the figure heat rejected Q2
(From the energy balance)

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PAGE 406 THERMODYNAMICS CHAP 8

Q1 = Q2 + Wnet
Q2 = Q1 − Wnet = 66.67 − 50 = 16.67 = 16 2 kJ
3

SOL 8.90 Option (C) is correct.

Given : p1 = 1 bar , p2 = 16 bar
The intermediate pressure px (pressure ratio per stage) has an optimum
value for minimum work of compression.

.in
And px = p1 p2 = 1 # 16 = 4 bar

ng
SOL 8.91 Option (B) is correct.
Let h1 and h2 are the enthalpies of steam at the inlet and at the outlet.
Given : h1 − h2 = 0.8 kJ/kg

eri
V1 = 0
From the energy balance for unit mars of steam, the total energy at inlet

e
must be equal to total energy at outlet.
gin
2 2
So, h1 + V 1 = h 2 + V 2
2 2
V 22 = 2 (h1 − h2)
V2 = 2 # 0.8 # 103 = 40 m/ sec
En

SOL 8.92 Option (B) is correct.

arn

Given : r = 5.5 , W = 23.625 # 105 # νc

5
We know, pmep = Wnet = 23.625 # 10 ...(i)
νs νs /νc
Where νs = swept volume
Le

And r = ν = νc + νs = 1 + νs
νc νc νc
νs = (r − 1)
w.

νc
Where νt = Total volume
ww

νc = clearance volume
Substitute this value in equation (i), we get
5 5
pmep = 23.625 # 10 = 23.625 # 10 = 5.25 # 105 = 5.25 bar
r−1 5.5 − 1

********

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