DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE COMMAND DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE COMMAND

SQL> create table emp

2 (empno number(4), SQL> insert into emp values(1001,'shridhar','m',3000,10);
3 ename varchar2(20),
4 gender char(1), 1 row created.
5 sal number(10,2),
6 deptno number(2)); SQL> insert into emp values
2 (1002,'joe','m',4000,20);
Table created.
1 row created.
SQL> create table student
2 (roll number(3), SQL> insert into emp values(1003,'max','m',2000,30);
3 sname varchar2(20),
4 course varchar2(20), 1 row created.
5 fee number(5));
SQL> insert into emp values(1004,'scott','m',5000,40);
Table created.
1 row created.
SQL> alter table emp add job varchar2(20);
SQL> insert into emp (empno,ename,gender) values(1005,'lara','m');
Table altered.
1 row created.
SQL> alter table student add (cellno number(10),addr varchar2(20));
SQL> update emp set sal=sal+100;
Table altered.
5 rows updated.
SQL> alter table emp modify (ename varchar2(50), sal number(12,2));
SQL> update emp set sal=sal+500 where empno=1003;
Table altered.
1 row updated.
SQL> alter table student modify sname varchar2(50);
SQL> delete from emp where deptno=40;
Table altered.
1 row deleted.
SQL> alter table emp rename column ename to empname;
SQL> select *from emp;
Table altered.
SQL> delete from emp;
SQL> alter table emp rename column sal to salary;
4 rows deleted.
Table altered.
SQL> select * from emp;
SQL> alter table student drop column cellno;
no rows selected
Table altered.

SQL> rename emp to employ;

Table renamed.

SQL> drop table employ;

Table dropped.
SQL> desc employ;
ERROR:
ORA-04043: object employ does not exist
 SQL> select empno,ename,sal,sal*.25,sal*.35,sal*.15,sal*sal*.25+sal*.35-sal*.15 from emp;
DATA QUERY LANGUAGE COMMAND EMPNO ENAME SAL SAL*.25 SAL*.35 SAL*.15 SAL*SAL*.25+SAL*.35-SAL*.15
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL> select *from emp;
1001 shridhar 3000 750 1050 450 2250600
EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO
1002 joe 4000 1000 1400 600 4000800
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
1001 shridhar m 3000 10
1003 max 2000 500 700 300 1000400
1002 joe m 4000 20
1003 max m 2000 30
1004 scott 5000 1250 1750 750 6251000
1004 scott m 5000 40
1005 lara m
1005 lara
SQL> select empno,ename,sal from emp;

EMPNO ENAME SAL

---------- -------------------- ----------
1001 shridhar 3000
1002 joe 4000
1003 max 2000
1004 scott 5000
1005 lara

SQL> select *from emp where deptno=10;

EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO

---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
1001 shridhar m 3000 10

SQL> select empno,ename,deptno from emp where sal>=3000;

EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO

---------- -------------------- ----------
1001 shridhar 10
1002 joe 20
1004 scott 40

SQL> select *from emp where deptno=10 and empno=1001;

EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO

---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
1001 shridhar m 3000 10

SQL> select *from emp where sal>=3000 and sal<=4000;

EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO

---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
1001 shridhar m 3000 10
1002 joe m 4000 20

SQL> select *from emp where empno=1003 or empno=1002 or empno=1008;

EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO

---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
1002 joe m 4000 20
1003 max m 2000 30
 TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGAUAGE SQL> insert into emp values (312,'banta','peon','m',1300,50);
1] Explicit commit and Rollback
1 row created.
====================================================================
SQL> insert into emp values (108,'petter','peon','m',10000,50);
SQL> select *from emp where ename in ('santa','banta');
1 row created.
EMPNO ENAME JOB G SAL DEPTNO
---------- -------------------- ---------- - ---------- ----------
SQL> insert into emp values (109,'tom','teacher','m',3000,40);
213 santa peon m 1200 50
312 banta peon m 1300 50
1 row created.
SQL> create table test (srno number(3));
SQL> insert into emp values (110,'jerry','servent','m',7000,10);
Table created.
1 row created.
SQL> select *from emp where ename like '%ta';
SQL> select *from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB G SAL DEPTNO
15 rows selected.
---------- -------------------- ---------- - ---------- ----------
213 santa peon m 1200 50
SQL> commit;
312 banta peon m 1300 50
Commit complete.
SQL> rollback;
SQL> select *from emp;
Rollback complete.
SQL> insert into emp values(110,'pinki','clerk','f',1200,40);
SQL> select *from emp where ename like '___ta';
1 row created.
EMPNO ENAME JOB G SAL DEPTNO
---------- -------------------- ---------- - ---------- ----------
SQL> insert into emp values(231,'raja','peon','m',8000,10);
213 santa peon m 1200 50
312 banta peon m 1300 50
1 row created.
====================================================================
SQL> select *from emp;
3] Savepoint and Rollback
====================================================================
SQL> rollback;
SQL> insert into emp values (350,'ramesh','clerk','m',2300,10);
Rollback complete.
1 row created.
SQL> select *from emp;
SQL> select *from emp;
SQL> commit;
18 rows selected.
Commit complete.
SQL> savepoint s1;
====================================================================
2] Implicit commit and Rollback
Savepoint created.
=====================================================================
SQL> update emp set sal=6000 where empno=105;
SQL> select *from emp;
4 rows updated.
15 rows selected.
SQL> savepoint s2;
SQL> insert into emp values (213,'santa','peon','m',1200,50);
Savepoint created.
1 row created.
SQL> delete from emp where ename='petter';
DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE
1 row deleted.
SQL> desc dba_users;
SQL> select *from emp where ename like 'pet%';
SQL> select username,account_status from dba_users where username in ('SCOTT','ROSE');
no rows selected
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS
------------------------------ --------------------------------
SQL> rollback to savepoint s2
ROSE OPEN
2 ;
SCOTT OPEN
Rollback complete.
SQL> create user joe identified by joe;
SQL> select *from emp where ename like 'pet%';
User created.
EMPNO ENAME JOB G SAL DEPTNO
SQL> select username,account_status from dba_users where username in
---------- -------------------- ---------- - ---------- ----------
('SCOTT','ROSE','JOE');
108 petter peon m 10000 50
USERNAME ACCOUNT_STATUS
SQL> commit;
------------------------------ --------------------------------
JOE OPEN
Commit complete.
ROSE OPEN
SCOTT OPEN

SQL> conn sys as sysdba

Connected.
SQL> show user;
USER is "SYS"
SQL> grant connect,resource to rose;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> grant connect,resource to joe;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> conn scott/tiger;

Connected.

SQL> show user

USER is "SCOTT"

SQL> select *from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------
BONUS TABLE
SALGRADE TABLE
BIN$b0sFX/0eRQiMChjL02pWJg==$0 TABLE
BIN$FSgDdDR/TIitLD6CdeKFHQ==$0 TABLE
BCS1 TABLE

SQL> desc bcs1;

SQL> select *from bcs1;

no rows selected
SQL> insert into bcs1 values ('shafiq',9840398454,'m','prog in c'); SQL> grant select on bcs1 to rose;

1 row created. Grant succeeded.

SQL> insert into bcs1 values ('khaja',9923891000,'m','dbms'); SQL> conn rose/rose;

Connected.
1 row created. SQL> select *from scott.bcs1;

SQL> insert into bcs1 values ('kulkarni mm',9433257837,'f','foc'); TNAME CONTACT G SUB
-------------------- ---------- - --------------------
1 row created. shafiq 9840398454 m prog in c
khaja 8483891000 m dbms
SQL> commit; kulkarni mm 9433257837 f foc
jinturkar sir 9845039456 m html
Commit complete.
SQL> conn scott/tiger;
SQL> grant insert on bcs1 to rose; Connected.

Grant succeeded. SQL> grant all on bcs1 to rose with grant option;

SQL> show user; Grant succeeded.

USER is "SCOTT"
SQL> conn rose/rose
SQL> conn rose/rose; Connected.
Connected.
SQL> select *from scott.bcs1;
SQL> desc bcs1;
ERROR: TNAME CONTACT G SUB
ORA-04043: object bcs1 does not exist -------------------- ---------- - --------------------
shafiq 9840398454 m prog in c
khaja 9923891000 m dbms
SQL> select *from tab; kulkarni mm 9433257837 f foc
jinturkar sir 9845039456 m html
no rows selected
SQL> update scott.bcs1 set contact=9890000010 where tname='shafiq';
SQL> insert into scott.bcs1 values ('Khaja sir',9845039456,'m',’Oracle');
1 row updated.
1 row created.
SQL> grant insert,select on scott.bcs1 to joe;
SQL> select *from scott.bcs1; Grant succeeded.
select *from scott.bcs1
* SQL> conn joe/joe
ERROR at line 1: Connected.
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges SQL> select *from scott.bcs1;

TNAME CONTACT G SUB

SQL> conn scott/tiger; -------------------- ---------- - --------------------
Connected. shafiq 9890000010 m prog in c
khaja 9923891000 m dbms
SQL> select *from bcs1; kulkarni mm 9433257837 f foc
jinturkar sir 9845039456 m html
TNAME CONTACT G SUB
-------------------- ---------- - -------------------- SQL> select *from rose.bcs1;
shafiq 9840398454 m prog in c select *from rose.bcs1
khaja 9923891000 m dbms *ERROR at line 1:
kulkarni mm 9433257837 f foc ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
Khaja sir 9845039456 m Oracle
SQL> conn scott/tiger
Connected.
DATA CONSTRAINTS
SQL> revoke all on bcs1 from rose; Primary Key Constraints

Revoke succeeded. There are Two types to define Constraints

1] Column Level Constraint
SQL> conn joe/joe 2] Table Level Constraint
Connected. ==============================================
SQL> select *from scott.bcs1; 1] Column Level Constraint
select *from scott.bcs1
* SQL> create table dept
ERROR at line 1: 2 (deptno number (2) primary key,
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist 3 dname varchar2(20),
4 loc varchar2(20));
SQL> conn scott/tiger
Connected. Table created.

SQL> conn rose/rose; SQL> insert into dept values (10,'sales','mumbai');

Connected.
1 row created.
SQL> revoke insert,select on scott.bcs1 from joe;
revoke insert,select on scott.bcs1 from joe SQL> insert into dept values (30,'sales','hyd');
*
ERROR at line 1: 1 row created.
ORA-01927: cannot REVOKE privileges you did not grant
SQL> insert into dept values (40,'stock','goa');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into dept values (10,'hr','pune');

insert into dept values (10,'hr','pune')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (MOHI.SYS_C005394) violated

SQL> insert into dept values (null,'finance','ban');

insert into dept values (null,'finance','ban')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("MOHI"."DEPT"."DEPTNO")

SQL> insert into dept values (50,'hr','pune');

1 row created.

SQL> drop table dept;

Table dropped.

=========================================================

2] Table Level Constraint

SQL> create table dept

2 (deptno number(2),
3 dname varchar2(20),
4 loc varchar2(20),
 5 primary key (deptno)); SQL> insert into dept values (null,'hr','pune');
Table created. insert into dept values (null,'hr','pune')
*
SQL> insert into dept values (10,'sales','mumbai'); ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("MOHI"."DEPT"."DEPTNO")
1 row created.
SQL> insert into dept values (10,'admin','hyderabad');
SQL> insert into dept values (30,'sales','hyd'); insert into dept values (10,'admin','hyderabad')
*
1 row created. ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (MOHI.SYS_C005397) violated
SQL> insert into dept values (40,'stock','goa');
SQL> insert into dept values(30,'sales','goa');
1 row created.
1 row created.
SQL> insert into dept values (10,'hr','pune');
insert into dept values (10,'hr','pune') SQL> insert into dept values(40,null,'aurgabad');
* insert into dept values(40,null,'aurgabad')
ERROR at line 1: *
ORA-00001: unique constraint (MOHI.SYS_C005395) violated ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("MOHI"."DEPT"."DNAME")

SQL> insert into dept values (null,'finance','ban'); SQL> select *from dept;
insert into dept values (null,'finance','ban')
* DEPTNO DNAME LOC
ERROR at line 1: ---------- -------------------- --------------------
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("MOHI"."DEPT"."DEPTNO") 10 sales mumbai
30 sales goa
SQL> insert into dept values (50,'hr','pune');
SQL> drop table dept;
1 row created.
Table dropped.
SQL> select *from dept; =====================================================
UNIQUE Constraints
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------------- -------------------- SQL> create table dept
10 sales mumbai 2 (deptno number (2) primary key,
30 sales hyd 3 dname varchar2(20) not null unique,
40 stock goa 4 loc varchar2(20));
50 hr pune
Table created.
SQL> drop table dept;
SQL> desc dept;
Table dropped. Name Null? Type
==================================================== ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
NOT NULL Constraint DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(2)
DNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)
SQL> create table dept LOC VARCHAR2(20)
2 (deptno number(2) primary key,
3 dname varchar2(20) not null, SQL> insert into dept values (10,'sales','mumbai');
4 loc varchar2(20));
1 row created.
Table created.
SQL> insert into dept values (20,'stock','pune');
SQL> insert into dept values (10,'sales','mumbai');
1 row created.
1 row created.
SQL> insert into dept values (10,null,'hyderabad');
insert into dept values (10,null,'hyderabad')
ERROR at line 1: SQL> insert into emp values(106,'petter','d',2100);
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("MOHI"."DEPT"."DNAME") insert into emp values(106,'petter','d',2100)
*
ERROR at line 1:
SQL> insert into dept values (10,'comp','banlore'); ORA-02290: check constraint (MOHI.SYS_C005402) violated
insert into dept values (10,'comp','banlore')
* SQL> insert into emp values(101,'petter','m',5400);
ERROR at line 1: insert into emp values(101,'petter','m',5400)
ORA-00001: unique constraint (MOHI.SYS_C005399) violated *
ERROR at line 1:
SQL> insert into dept values(40,'sales','aurangabad'); ORA-00001: unique constraint (MOHI.SYS_C005403) violated
insert into dept values(40,'sales','aurangabad')
* SQL> select *from emp;
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (MOHI.SYS_C005400) violated EMPNO ENAME G SAL
---------- -------------------- - ----------
SQL> insert into dept values (40,'comp','banglore'); 101 scott m 2000
102 marshal m 3200
1 row created. 103 rose f 4300

SQL> select *from dept; =================================================================

REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------------- --------------------
It is also called as FOREIGN KEY Constraint
=========================================================
10 sales mumbai
20 stock pune
SQL> create table dept
40 comp banglore
2 (deptno number (2) primary key,
======================================================
3 dname varchar2(20),
CHECK Constraint 4 loc varchar2(20));
SQL> create table emp Table created.
2 (empno number(4) primary key,
3 ename varchar2(20) not null, SQL> create table emp
4 gender char(1) check (gender in ('m','f')), 2 (empno number (4) primary key,
5 sal number(10,2)); 3 ename varchar2(20),
4 gender char(1),
Table created. 5 salary number(10,2),
6 deptno number(2) references dept on delete cascade);
SQL> desc emp;
Name Null? Type Table created.
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4) SQL> insert into dept values (10,'finance','hyderabad');
ENAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)
GENDER CHAR(1) 1 row created.
SAL NUMBER(10,2)
SQL> insert into dept values (20,'marketing','pune');
SQL> insert into emp values(101,'scott','m',2000);
1 row created.
1 row created.
SQL> insert into dept values (30,'sales','mumbai');
SQL> insert into emp values(102,'marshal','m',3200);
1 row created.
1 row created.
SQL> insert into dept values (40,'computer','banlore');
SQL> insert into emp values(103,'rose','f',4300);
1 row created.
1 row created.
SQL> insert into dept values (50,'hr','nagpur');
SPECIAL OPERATORS
1 row created.
SQL> select *from emp where empno in (1001,1002,1005);
SQL> select *from dept;
EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
SQL> desc emp;
1001 shridhar m 3000 10
SQL> insert into emp values (101,'scott','m',3000,10);
1002 joe m 4000 20
1005 lara m
1 row created.

SQL> insert into emp values (120,'marshal','m',2100,20);

SQL> select *from emp where sal between 2000 and 4000;
1 row created.
EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
SQL> insert into emp values (321,'petter','m',5400,30);
1001 shridhar m 3000 10
1002 joe m 4000 20
1 row created.
1003 max m 2000 30
SQL> insert into emp values (222,'rose','f',1200,40);
SQL> select *from emp where sal not between 2000 and 4000;
1 row created.
EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
SQL> insert into emp values (410,'mohi','m',6500,50);
1004 scott m 5000 40
1 row created.
SQL> select *from emp where ename like 's%';
SQL> insert into emp values (320,'rahul','m',2190,10);
EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
1 row created.
1001 shridhar m 3000 10
1004 scott m 5000 40
SQL> insert into emp values (610,'johnson','m',3900,60);
insert into emp values (610,'johnson','m',3900,60)
SQL> select *from emp where ename like 's%' or ename like 'S%';
*
ERROR at line 1:
EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO
ORA-02291: integrity constraint (KHAJA.SYS_C005406) violated - parent key not
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
found
1001 shridhar m 3000 10
1004 scott m 5000 40
SQL> select *from emp;
SQL> select *from emp where ename like '%e';
6 rows selected.
EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO
SQL> select *from dept;
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
1002 joe m 4000 20
SQL> insert into dept values (60,'stock','pbn');
SQL> select *from emp where ename like 's%r';
1 row created.
EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO
SQL> insert into emp values (610,'johnson','m',3900,60);
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
1001 shridhar m 3000 10
1 row created.
SQL> select *from emp where ename like '_ _ _';
SQL> select *from emp;
EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO
7 rows selected.
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
1002 joe m 4000 20
SQL> delete from emp where deptno=60;
1003 max m 2000 30
1 row deleted.
SQL> select *from emp where ename like '_h%';
SQL FUNCTION
EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO Number Function
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
1001 shridhar m 3000 10 SQL> select abs(-28), abs(20*455-50*30) from dual;

SQL> select *from emp where ename like '%dh%'; ABS(-28) ABS(20*455-50*30)
---------- -----------------
EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO 28 7600
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
1001 shridhar m 3000 10 SQL> select sqrt(625),power(4,2) from dual;

SQL> select *from emp; SQRT(625) POWER(4,2)

---------- ----------
EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO 25 16
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
1001 shridhar m 3000 10 SQL> select mod(11,2) from dual;
1002 joe m 4000 20
1003 max m 2000 30 MOD(11,2)
1004 scott m 5000 40 ----------
1005 lara m 1

SQL> select sin(30),cos(45),tan(60) from dual;

SIN(30) COS(45) TAN(60)

---------- ---------- ----------
-.98803162 .525321989 .320040389

SQL> select ln(35),log(2,35),log(10,35),exp(1.17) from dual;

LN(35) LOG(2,35) LOG(10,35) EXP(1.17)

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
3.55534806 5.12928302 1.54406804 3.22199264

SQL> select sign(100+300),sign (500-50*1000),sign(500-50*10) from dual;

SIGN(100+300) SIGN(500-50*1000) SIGN(500-50*10)

------------- ----------------- ---------------
1 -1 0

SQL> select round (19.7678), round (19.7678,2), round (20.2324), round (20.2342,2) from dual;

ROUND(19.7678) ROUND(19.7678,2) ROUND(20.2324) ROUND(20.2342,2)

-------------- ---------------- -------------- ----------------
20 19.77 20 20.23

SQL> select ename,job,round (sal*.15) pf from emp;

SQL> select trunc (19.7678), trunc(19.7678,2), trunc (20.2324), trunc(20.2324,2) from dual;

TRUNC(19.7678) TRUNC(19.7678,2) TRUNC(20.2324) TRUNC(20.2324,2)

-------------- ---------------- -------------- ----------------
19 19.76 20 20.23

SQL> select round(24.121),ceil(24.121) from dual;

ROUND(24.121) CEIL(24.121)
------------- ------------ CCCC
24 25 ----
ABab
SQL> select trunc(25.8867),floor(25.8867), trunc(25.8867,2) from dual;
SQL> select concat('Oracle','10g') from dual;
TRUNC(25.8867) FLOOR(25.8867) TRUNC(25.8867,2)
-------------- -------------- ---------------- CONCAT('O
25 25 25.88 ---------
Oracle10g
CHARACTER FUNCTION
SQL> select 'Galaxy'||' '|| 'Computers' from dual;
SQL> desc emp;
Name Null? Type 'GALAXY'||''||'C
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------- ----------------
EMPNO NUMBER(5) Galaxy Computers
ENAME VARCHAR2(20)
JOB VARCHAR2(10) SQL> select ename,lpad(ename,10,'*') left, rpad(ename,10,'*') right from emp;
GENDER CHAR(1)
SAL NUMBER(10,2) ENAME LEFT RIGHT
DEPTNO NUMBER(2) -------------------- ---------- ----------
petter ****petter petter****
SQL> select *from emp; tom *******tom tom*******
jerry *****jerry jerry*****
EMPNO ENAME JOB G SAL DEPTNO santa *****santa santa*****
---------- -------------------- ---------- - ---------- ---------- banta *****banta banta*****
108 petter peon m 10000 50
109 tom teacher m 3000 40 SQL> select lpad(rpad('5000',7,'*'),10,'*') from dual;
110 jerry servent m 7000 10
213 santa peon m 1200 50 LPAD(RPAD(
312 banta peon m 1300 50 ----------
***5000***

ENAME INITCAP(ENAME) UPPER(ENAME) LOWER(ENAME) SQL> select ename,lpad(rpad(ename,length(ename)+3,'*'),length(ename)+6,'*') "padding" from

-------------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- emp;
petter Petter PETTER petter
tom Tom TOM tom ENAME padding
jerry Jerry JERRY jerry ----------------------------------------
santa Santa SANTA santa petter ***petter***
banta Banta BANTA banta
tom ***tom***
SQL> select ename,length(ename),reverse(ename) from emp; jerry ***jerry***
ENAME
ENAME LENGTH(ENAME) REVERSE(ENAME) santa ***santa***
-------------------- ------------- -------------------- banta ***banta***
petter 6 rettep
tom 3 mot SQL> select ltrim('sssjoe','s'),rtrim('joesss','s'),trim('s' from 'sssjoesss') from dual
jerry 5 yrrej
santa 5 atnas LTR RTR TRI
banta 5 atnab --- --- ---
joe joe joe
SQL> select ascii('A'),ascii('B'),ascii('a'),ascii('b') from dual;
SQL> select *from emp where lower(trim(ename))='jerry';
ASCII('A') ASCII('B') ASCII('A') ASCII('B')
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- EMPNO ENAME JOB G SAL DEPTNO
65 66 97 98 ---------- -------------------- ---------- - ---------- ----------
110 jerry servent m 7000 10
SQL> select chr(65),chr(66),chr(97),chr(98) from dual;
SQL> select replace('jack and jue','j','Bl') from dual;
SYSDATE ADD_MONTH ADD_MONTH
REPLACE('JACKA --------- --------- ---------
-------------- 01-JAN-06 01-JAN-07 01-JAN-05
Black and Blue
SQL> select next_day(sysdate,'sunday'),next_day(sysdate,'monday') from dual;
SQL>select ename,translate(ename,'aeiou','AEIOU') from emp
NEXT_DAY( NEXT_DAY(
ENAME TRANSLATE(ENAME,'AEI --------- ---------
-------------------- -------------------- 08-JAN-06 02-JAN-06
petter pEttEr
tom tOm SQL> select last_day(sysdate),last_day('10-feb-14'),last_day('10-apr-14') from dual;
jerry jErry
santa sAntA LAST_DAY( LAST_DAY( LAST_DAY(
banta bAntA --------- --------- ---------
31-JAN-06 28-FEB-14 30-APR-14
SQL> select soundex('Oracle'),soundex('Galaxy') from dual;
SQL> select last_day(sysdate),substr(last_day('10-feb-09'),1,2),last_day('16-apr-09') from dual;
SOUN SOUN
---- ---- LAST_DAY( SU LAST_DAY(
O624 G420 --------- -- ---------
31-JAN-06 28 30-APR-09
SQL> select substr('Oracle 9i',7) from dual;
SQL> select sysdate,sysdate+10,sysdate-10 from dual;
SUB
--- SYSDATE SYSDATE+1 SYSDATE-1
9i --------- --------- ---------
01-JAN-06 11-JAN-06 22-DEC-05
SQL> select substr('i logic',2) from dual;
SQL> select round(sysdate,'day'),
SUBSTR 2 round(sysdate,'month'),
------ 3 round(sysdate,'year') from dual;
logic
ROUND(SYS ROUND(SYS ROUND(SYS
SQL> select ename,substr(ename,1,3),substr(ename,1,5),substr(ename,5) from emp; --------- --------- ---------
01-JAN-06 01-JAN-06 01-JAN-06
ENAME SUB SUBST SUBSTR(ENAME,5)
-------------------- --- ----- ---------------- SQL>select to_char(sysdate,'ddd,day,month,year') from dual
petter pet pette er
tom tom tom TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DDD,DAY,MONTH,YEAR')
jerry jer jerry y ------------------------------------------------------------------
santa san santa a 001,sunday ,january ,two thousand six
banta ban banta a
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'dd/mm/yyyy HH24:mi:ss am') from dual;
SQL> select instr('ANAND','A',1,1),instr('ANAND','A',1,2) from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD/MM
INSTR('ANAND','A',1,1) INSTR('ANAND','A',1,2) ----------------------
---------------------- ---------------------- 01/01/2006 01:19:18 am

DATE FUNCTION SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'cc'),

2 to_char(sysdate,'Q'),
SQL> select sysdate from dual; 3 to_char(sysdate,'ddsp'),
4 to_char(sysdate,'ww'),
SYSDATE 5 to_char(sysdate,'w') from dual;
---------
01-JAN-06 TO T TO_CHAR(SYSD TO T
-- - ------------ -- -
SQL>select sysdate,add_months(sysdate,12),add_months(sysdate,-12) from dual 21 1 one 01 1
SQL> select to_date('100','ddd') from dual;
Group Function / Aggregate Function
SQL> select *from emp;
TO_DATE('
---------
EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO
10-APR-06
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
1001 shridhar m 3000 10
SQL> select to_date('12/25/2009 18:30','mm/dd/yy hh24:mi') from dual;
1002 joe m 4000 20
1003 max m 2000 30
TO_DATE('
1004 scott m 5000 40
---------
1005 lara m
25-DEC-09
SQL> select count(*) from emp;
CONVERSION FUNCTIONS
COUNT(*)
1. To_Char function ----------
5
SQL> select to_char(3000,'$9999')from dual;
SQL> select sum(sal) from emp;
TO_CHA
------ SUM(SAL)
$3000 ----------
14000
2.To_Date function
SQL> select avg(sal) from emp;
SQL> select to_date('01-06-2014','dd-mm-yy')from dual;
AVG(SAL)
TO_DATE(' ----------
--------- 3500
01-JUN-14
SQL> select min(sal) from emp;
3. NVL function
MIN(SAL)
SQL> select nvl(null,1)from dual; ----------
2000
NVL(NULL,1)
----------- SQL> select max(sal) from emp;
1
MAX(SAL)
4.To_Number function ----------
5000
SQL> select to_number('2009')+1 from dual;
SQL> select stddev(sal) from emp;
TO_NUMBER('2009')+1
------------------- STDDEV(SAL)
2010 -----------
1290.99445
SQL> select to_number(substr('ora1001',4))+1 from dual;
SQL> spool off
TO_NUMBER(SUBSTR('ORA1001',4))+1
--------------------------------
1002
 VIEWS JOIN TABLES
SQL> select *from customer;
SQL> select * from emp;
ID NAME AGE ADDR SALARY
8 rows selected. ---------- -------------------- ---------- -------------------- ----------
1 ramesh 32 ahmedabad 2000
SQL> create view vemp as select *from emp; 2 robin 25 delhi 1500
3 smith 23 kota 2000
View created. 4 brain 25 west indis 3000
5 lara 30 newzeeland 1200
SQL> desc vemp; 6 sehwag 29 india 3400
SQL> select *from emp; 7 adam 33 australia 2300

8 rows selected. 7 rows selected.

SQL> insert into emp values(900,'jackson','m','peon',60); SQL> select *from orders;

1 row created. OID CUST_ID AMOUNT

---------- ---------- ----------
SQL> select *from emp; 102 3 3000
100 3 1500
9 rows selected. 101 2 1560
103 4 2060
SQL> select *from vemp;
SIMPLE JOIN
9 rows selected.
SQL> select id,name,age,amount from customer,orders where customer.id=orders.cust_id;
SQL> insert into vemp values(500,'umar','m','dba',60);
ID NAME AGE AMOUNT
1 row created.
---------- -------------------- ---------- ----------
2 robin 25 1560
SQL> select *from vemp;
3 smith 23 1500
3 smith 23 3000
10 rows selected.
4 brain 25 2060
SQL> select *from emp;
NATURAL JOIN
10 rows selected. ==========================================================================
=
SQL> update emp set deptno=20 where ename='umar'; SQL> select *from customer natural join orders;

1 row updated. ID NAME AGE ADDR SALARY OID CUST_ID AMOUNT

---------- -------------------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
SQL> select *from emp where empno=500; 1 ramesh 32 ahmedabad 2000 102 3 3000
2 robin 25 delhi 1500 102 3 3000
EMPNO ENAME G JOB DEPTNO 3 smith 23 kota 2000 102 3 3000
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ---------- 4 brain 25 west indis 3000 102 3 3000
500 umar m dba 20 5 lara 30 newzeeland 1200 102 3 3000
6 sehwag 29 india 3400 102 3 3000
10 rows selected. 7 adam 33 australia 2300 102 3 3000
1 ramesh 32 ahmedabad 2000 100 3 1500
SQL> select *from vemp where empno=500; 2 robin 25 delhi 1500 100 3 1500
EMPNO ENAME G JOB DEPTNO 3 smith 23 kota 2000 100 3 1500
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ---------- 4 brain 25 west indis 3000 100 3 1500
500 umar m dba 20
ID NAME AGE ADDR SALARY OID CUST_ID AMOUNT
SQL> delete from emp where empno=211; ---------- -------------------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
5 lara 30 newzeeland 1200 100 3 1500
6 sehwag 29 india 3400 100 3 1500 AGE NUMBER(2)
7 adam 33 australia 2300 100 3 1500 ADDR VARCHAR2(20)
1 ramesh 32 ahmedabad 2000 101 2 1560 SALARY NUMBER(10,2)
2 robin 25 delhi 1500 101 2 1560
3 smith 23 kota 2000 101 2 1560 SQL> desc orders;
4 brain 25 west indis 3000 101 2 1560 Name Null? Type
5 lara 30 newzeeland 1200 101 2 1560 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 sehwag 29 india 3400 101 2 1560 OID NUMBER(3)
7 adam 33 australia 2300 101 2 1560 CUST_ID NUMBER(2)
1 ramesh 32 ahmedabad 2000 103 4 2060 AMOUNT NUMBER(4)

ID NAME AGE ADDR SALARY OID CUST_ID AMOUNT CROSS JOIN OR CARTESIAN JOIN
--------- -------------------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- =====================================================================
2 robin 25 delhi 1500 103 4 2060 SQL> select customer.name,customer.addr,orders.oid,orders.amount from customer cross join
3 smith 23 kota 2000 103 4 2060 orders;
4 brain 25 west indis 3000 103 4 2060
5 lara 30 newzeeland 1200 103 4 2060 NAME ADDR OID AMOUNT
6 sehwag 29 india 3400 103 4 2060 -------------------- -------------------- ---------- ----------
7 adam 33 australia 2300 103 4 2060 ramesh ahmedabad 102 3000
robin delhi 102 3000
28 rows selected. smith kota 102 3000
SELF JOIN brain west indis 102 3000
========================================================================== lara newzeeland 102 3000
=SQL> select a.id,b.name,a.salary from customer a, customer b where a.salary<b.salary; sehwag india 102 3000
adam australia 102 3000
ID NAME SALARY ramesh ahmedabad 100 1500
---------- -------------------- ---------- robin delhi 100 1500
5 robin 1200 smith kota 100 1500
5 ramesh 1200 brain west indis 100 1500
5 smith 1200
5 adam 1200 NAME ADDR OID AMOUNT
5 brain 1200 -------------------- -------------------- ---------- ----------
5 sehwag 1200 lara newzeeland 100 1500
2 ramesh 1500 sehwag india 100 1500
2 smith 1500 adam australia 100 1500
2 adam 1500 ramesh ahmedabad 101 1560
2 brain 1500 robin delhi 101 1560
2 sehwag 1500 smith kota 101 1560
brain west indis 101 1560
ID NAME SALARY lara newzeeland 101 1560
---------- -------------------- ---------- sehwag india 101 1560
1 adam 2000 adam australia 101 1560
1 brain 2000 ramesh ahmedabad 103 2060
1 sehwag 2000
3 adam 2000 NAME ADDR OID AMOUNT
3 brain 2000 -------------------- -------------------- ---------- ----------
3 sehwag 2000 robin delhi 103 2060
7 brain 2300 smith kota 103 2060
7 sehwag 2300 brain west indis 103 2060
4 sehwag 3000 lara newzeeland 103 2060
sehwag india 103 2060
20 rows selected. adam australia 103 2060

SQL> desc customer; 28 rows selected.

Name Null? Type LEFT OUTER JOIN
------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- =====================================================================
ID NUMBER(2) SQL> select customer.name,customer.addr,orders.oid,orders.amount
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
 from customer left outer join orders on customer.id=orders.cust_id;
STRUCTURE OF PL/SQL BLOCK
Example : 1
NAME ADDR OID AMOUNT
-------------------- -------------------- ---------- ----------
Write a PL/SQL Block to retrive the data from emp table
smith kota 102 3000
smith kota 100 1500
robin delhi 101 1560
SQL> set serveroutput on
brain west indis 103 2060
SQL> desc emp;
lara newzeeland
Name Null? Type
ramesh ahmedabad
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
sehwag india
EMPNO NUMBER(4)
adam australia
ENAME VARCHAR2(20)
GENDER CHAR(1)
8 rows selected.
SAL NUMBER(10,2)
RIGHT OUTER JOIN DEPTNO NUMBER(2)
=====================================================================
SQL>select customer.name,customer.addr,orders.oid,orders.amount SQL> select * from emp;
from customer right outer join orders on customer.id=orders.cust_id
EMPNO ENAME G SAL DEPTNO
---------- -------------------- - ---------- ----------
NAME ADDR OID AMOUNT 1001 shridhar m 3000 10
-------------------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- 1002 joe m 4000 20
robin delhi 101 1560 1003 max m 2000 30
smith kota 100 1500 1004 scott m 5000 40
smith kota 102 3000 1005 lara m
brain west indis 103 2060
declare
FULL OUTER JOIN eno number(4):=1002;
===================================================================== empn varchar2(20);
SQL>select * from customer full outer join orders on customer.id=orders.cust_id gen varchar2(2);
esal number(10,2);
edpt number(2);
ID NAME AGE ADDR SALARY OID CUST_ID AMOUNT begin
----- -------------------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- select empno,ename,gender,sal,deptno into eno,empn,gen,esal,edpt from emp where empno=eno;
3 smith 23 kota 2000 102 3 3000 dbms_output.put_line('Employee Details are');
3 smith 23 kota 2000 100 3 1500 dbms_output.put_line(eno||' '||empn||' '||gen||' '||esal||' '||edpt);
2 robin 25 delhi 1500 101 2 1560 end;
4 brain 25 west indis 3000 103 4 2060 /
5 lara 30 newzeeland 1200
1 ramesh 32 ahmedabad 2000 SQL> save retrive
6 sehwag 29 india 3400 Created file retrive.sql
7 adam 33 australia 2300
SQL> start retrive
8 rows selected.
Employee Details are
1002 joe m 4000 20

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Example : 2

Write a PL/SQL Block for Arithmatic Operation

declare
add number(4);
sub number(4);
mul number(4);
div number(4); 5 begin
a number(4):=60; 6 radius := 3;
b number(4):=20; 7 while radius <=7
begin 8 loop
add:=a+b; 9 area := pi*power(radius,2);
sub:=a-b; 10 insert into areas values (radius,area);
mul:=a*b; 11 radius := radius+1;
div:=a/b; 12 end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(add); 13* end;
dbms_output.put_line(sub); SQL> /
dbms_output.put_line(mul);
dbms_output.put_line(div); PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
end;
/ SQL> select *from areas;
SQL> save math
Created file math.sql RADIUS AREA
---------- ----------
SQL> start math 3 28.26
80 4 50.24
40 5 78.5
1200 6 113.04
3 7 153.86

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. SQL> spool off

Example : 3

PL/SQL Block for calculating the area of circle

SQL> declare
2 pi constant number(9,7):=3.14;
3 radius integer(5);
4 area number(14,2);
5 begin
6 radius:=3;
7 area:=pi*power(radius,2);
8 insert into areas values(radius,area);
9 end;
10 /

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select *from areas;

RADIUS AREA
---------- ----------
3 28.26

SQL>

Example : 4

PLSQL BLOCK FOR AREA OF CIRCLE USING WHILE LOOP

SQL> declare
2 pi constant number(9,7) := 3.14;
3 radius integer (5);
4 area number(14,2);