DOI: 10.1002/vms3.

488

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Comparative study of antimicrobial action of aloe vera and

antibiotics against different bacterial isolates from skin
infection

Safia Arbab1,2,3 | Hanif Ullah4 | Wang Weiwei1,2,3 | Xiaojuan Wei1,2,3 |

Salah Uddin Ahmad1,2,3 | Lingyu Wu1,2,3 | Jiyu Zhang1,2,3

1
Key Laboratory of Veterinary
Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Abstract
Agriculture, Lanzhou, China Background: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of Aloe Vera gel extract and anti-
2
Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and
biotic resistance against in Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella spp and Staphylococcus
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy
of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China aureus were isolated from animal’s skin infection.
Objective: The purpose of this study was has been designed to check the antibacte-
3
Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug
Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
4
rial effect of Aloe Vera against some common skin pathogens, and its comparison to
Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, commonly used antibiotics, with the aim to provide the cheap source of medication.
Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Material and Methods: We performed a prospective study to determine 150 Skin
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
Shanghai, China infections were isolates obtained from septic wounds with sterile cotton swab at
different Animal and applied to freshly prepared slants of nutrient agar, Mannitol
Correspondence
Jiyu Zhang, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry Salt agar (Oxoid), and further conformation Catalase and a coagulase test were per-
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese formed for biochemical characterization. We used Skin wound isolates were sub-
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou
730050, China. jected to antibiotic resistance and Aloe Vera gel screening by disk diffusion method.
Email: [email protected] Result: Four bacterial spp. strains were isolated from 150 skin infection of animals, the
Funding information prevalence of organisms were found positive for Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella
This work was supported by grants from Spp and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Antibiotic resistance and susceptibility
the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (No: 31872520) and China Agriculture pattern of above isolates was also studies against 10 different clinically significant
Research System (CARS-37). antibiotics. Aloe Vera leave gels were extracted with four different solvent were used
during research. This result showed that ethanol extracts of Aloe Vera both leaf and
root can be used alongside conventional antibiotics to fight agents of infections that
are so prevalent in the skin infection.
Conclusion: This investigation further assures that the plant extracts could be used
for the treatment of microbial infections, our present findings we recommended that
Aloe Vera gel at optimum concentration could be used as an antiseptic for prevention
of some microbial skin wound infections. It is believed that this study could be used
to identify new and more potent antimicrobial drugs of natural origin.

KEYWORDS

Aloe vera, antibacterial, extract, skin infection, zone inhibition

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
© 2021 The Authors Veterinary Medicine and Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Vet Med Sci. 2021;7:2061–2067.

Vet Med Sci. 2021;00:1–7.
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1 | I NTRO D U C TI O N 2 | M ATE R I A L A N D M E TH O DS

In recent years, multiple drug resistance in human pathogenic micro- 2.1 | Samples collection
organisms has developed due to indiscriminate usage of commercial
antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases. This sce- Skin infection isolates were obtained from septic wounds at
nario forced scientists for searching new antimicrobial products from different animal. Wound exudates were obtained from the in-
distinct sources, like medicinal plants, which are the better sources of fected sites of each animal with sterile cotton swabs and ap-
novel antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents. Infectious diseases are plied to freshly prepared slants of nutrient agar and Mannitol
concerned to be pursued in majority of health institutions, pharma- Salt agar (Oxoid). The cultures were then transferred to the
ceutical companies and governments all over the world (accounting laboratory where they were incubated at 37°C for 24 hr (Huys
for over 50,000 deaths every day), especially with the current raising et al., 2002).
trends of multidrug resistance among emerging and reemerging bacte-
rial pathogens to the available modern drugs or antibiotics. The search
for newer sources of antibiotics is a global challenge in preoccupying 2.2 | Bacterial isolates, culture media and species
research institutions, pharmaceutical companies and academia, since identification
many infectious agents are becoming resistant to synthetic drugs. It is
therefore very necessary that the process of searching newer antibi- Colonies growing on slants were streaked on top of freshly prepared
otic sources. Plants are the cheapest and safer alternative sources of plates of Mannitol Salt agar and Brain Heart Infusion agar and incu-
antimicrobials (Kumar et al., 2012). bated again. Primary characterization of isolates was based on the
Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) is a plant, which belongs to Gram stain, morphological and cultural characteristics. Identification
the family of Liliaceae and is mostly succulent with a whorl of elon- also includes growth on different media including Nutrient agar,
gated, pointed leaves (Muir-Beckford & Badrie, 2000; Strickland nutrient broth at 37°C for the determination of microbial growth
et al., 2004). The name is derived from the Arabic word ‘alloeh’ and then subcultured on to blood agar, chocolate agar, Sorbitol
which means ‘bitter’, referring to the taste of the liquid contained Macconkey Agar, Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, and Salmonella agar
in the leaves. The term ALOE refers to a solid residue obtained by plates incubated at 37°C for 24 hr (Oxoid). Catalase and coagulase
evaporating the latex derived from the outer layers of the plant leaf. tests were also performed for biochemical characterization (Udo
Taxonomists now refer to aloe barbadensis as aloe vera. The cen- et al., 2006).
tral bulk of the leaf contains colorless mucilaginous pulp, made up of
large, thin-walled mesophyll cells containing the aloe vera gel itself.
Despite its wide use as a folk remedy over a long period of time, the 2.3 | Maintenance of clinical isolates
biochemical details of its action on physiologica pathophysiological
functions have not been systematically investigated (Rajasekaran Stock cultures were maintained in vials by growing the skin isolates
et al., 2006). in 3-ml nutrient broth and next day overlaying with 3 ml 40% glyc-
Medicinal plants of the lily family (Liliaceae), genus Aloe, erol. Vials were than frozen at −70°C (Richardson et al., 2005).
have been used for the treatment of skin diseases for more than
5,000 years. Among more than 360 Aloe species, aloe vera (Aloe
barbadensis miller) has been the most popular in both folk and of- 2.4 | Determination of antibiotic resistance profile
ficinal medicine (Millikan, 2003). Aloe vera extracts are widely used
in a variety of over-the-counter and dermatological products. Many Skin wound isolates were subjected to antibiotic resistance screen-
studies report the effective use of this plant when applied topically ing by disk diffusion method. For this purpose, inoculates were pre-
for the treatment of burns, sunburns, inflammatory skin disorders pared by diluting overnight cultures in sterile sodium chloride (0.9%)
and wounds (Dal'Belo et al., 2006). suspension and then match with the 0.5 standard Mac Farland index.
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is increasingly becoming a con- Bacterial suspensions were then plated onto Mueller-Hinton agar
cern to animal health. Currently used antibiotic agents are failing to (Oxoid) and the commercially available antibiotic discs were placed
end many bacterial infections due to super resistant strains. For this on lawn of culture and the plates were incubated over night at 37°C
reason, the search is ongoing for new antimicrobial agents, either (Kos et al., 2006). Sensitivity, intermediate sensitivity and resist-
by the design and synthesis of new agents or through the search of ances were determined by the zone of complete growth inhibition
natural sources for as yet undiscovered antimicrobial agents. Herbal around each disk according to reference standards. The following
medications in particular have seen a revival of interest due to a per- antibiotic discs were used ampicillin (AMC) (10 μg), amoxicillin (AMX)
ception that there is a lower incidence of adverse reactions to plant (25 μg), augmentin (AUG) (30 μg), cefotaxime (CTX) (30 μg), ceftazi-
preparations compared to synthetic pharmaceuticals. Coupled with dime (CAZ) (30 μg), cefuroxime (CXM) (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (CPX)
the reduced costs of plant preparations, this makes the search for (10 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), cefpodoxime (CP) (10 μg) and imipenem
natural therapeutics an attractive option. (10 μg).
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2.5 | Preparation of aloe vera gel and extracts all the pathogens tested, and the results are comparable to the con-
ventional antibiotics. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts and
Aloe vera plants were purchased from a nursery. The gel was taken their potency was quantitatively assessed by the presence of inhibi-
from the leaves into a clean container and used as such (Agarry tion zone and zone diameter. Result indicated that 100 µl of leaf ex-
et al., 2005). While the leaves from which the gel has been drained tract of aloe vera and root extract of aloe vera produced a clear zone
were air dried (50 g), macerated with 100-ml sterile distilled water and organisms showed quite sensitive reaction was formed around
in a warning blender for 10 min. The macerate was first filtered the disc, whereas aloe leaf ethanol extract and aloe root ethanol ex-
through doubled layered muslin cloth and then centrifuged at tract showed greater susceptibility against gram-negative bacteria
4,000 g for 30 min. The supernatant fluid was filtered through isolates and the results are given in Figure 1.
Wattman No. 1 filter paper and heat sterilized. The extract was Staphylococcus aureus had the quite zone of inhibition diameter
preserved aseptically in a brown bottle at 5°C until used (Kaneko of on both aloe leaf and root extract respectively at 100 µl, whereas
et al., 2003). the ethanol extract had significant effect on the zone of inhibition
of S. aureus. At 100 µl of the ethanol extract, the highest zone of
inhibition of (aloe leaf ethanol and aloe root ethanol, susceptibility
2.6 | Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of aloe vera against gram-positive bacteria isolates and the results are given in
Figure 2).
Sterile agar (at 45°C) was poured into sterile Petri dishes, which
had been inoculated with the test organisms. The plates were al-
lowed to gel for an hour. Wells (10-mm diameter) were made with 3.3 | Susceptibility of isolated organisms against
the aid of flamed cork borer on the surface of the agar plates. different antibiotics
About 0.1 ml of each of the gel and the leaf extracts were de-
livered into each of the wells. These were incubated at 37°C for In present study, it was found that the effect of antibiotics for
24 hr. The presence of zones of inhibition was regarded as the gram-negative as well as gram-positive. The effect of antibiot-
presence of. ics showed greater susceptibility followed by (AMC, CXM, CTX,
AUG, CAZ and imipenem) on E. coli, Shigella spp. (imipenem, CXM,
CP, tetracycline and AMC) and Salmonella spp. (CTX, CPX, tetra-
2.7 | Statistical analysis cycline and CAZ) respectively, and the results are presented in
Figure 3.
The graphic representation was performed using the program Whereas (ceftazidme, AMC, CTX and imipenem) produced max-
(Microsoft Office Excel, 2007). imum susceptibility for S. aureus, antibiotics showed susceptibility
against gram isolate and the results are given in Figure 4.

3 | R E S U LT S
3.4 | Comparison of antibacterial activity of
3.1 | Confirmation of bacterial isolates different extract of aloe vera with standard antibiotics
against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria
The overall percentage prevalence of positive bacteria isolates from
skin wounds of animal. A total of 150 wound samples were examined It was found that at 100 µl concentration of aloe vera leaf and
and all were recorded positive for different organisms. The percent- root extract showed similar sensitivity as that of standard anti-
age prevalence of organisms is presented in (Table 1). Out of 150 biotics used against all bacterial isolates Gram-negative as well
samples, 55, 35, 10 and 40 were found positive for Escherichia coli, as Gram-positive, respectively. Whereas the antibiotic activity
Shigella, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. All
organisms were identified on their morphological, cultural charac- TA B L E 1 The number and percentage prevalence of bacterial
teristics and staining reactions. Organisms were further confirmed organisms isolated from skin infection of animal
by their biochemical reactions. Total number of Total
Isolates organisms percentage

Gram–negative 100
3.2 | Susceptibility of isolated organisms against Escherichia coli 55 36.66%
different extract of aloe vera
Shigella spp. 35 23.33%
Salmonella spp. 10 6.66%
In our study, in vitro antimicrobial properties of aloe vera gel 100 µl
Gram-positive 50
were investigated against various common pathogenic bacteria. The
Staphylococcus aureus 40 26.66%
well diffusion method showed significant zone of inhibition against
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35

% inhabition (mm)
30

25

20

15

10

0
Aloe leaf extract 23 23 22
Aloe root extract 24 24 26
Aloe leaf ethanol extract 29 28 28 F I G U R E 1 Effect of aloe vera
Aloe root ethanol extract 30 30 29 on Gram-negative bacteria against
Escherichia coli, Shigella and Salmonella spp

35 Four bacterial species were recognized from skin wound sam-

30
ples, S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella spp. which were the
% inhabition (mm)

most prevalent bacteria encountered in skin wounds. This is re-

25
Aloe leaf extract ported that E. coli, S. aureus, and Shigella and Salmonella spp., their
20
Aloe root extract incidence percentages recorded were 36.66%, 26.66%, 23.33%,
Aloe leaf ethanol extract
15 and 6.66%. In a similar manner, various workers throughout world
Aloe root ethanol extract
10 did high rate to isolate the bacterial organisms from wound sam-
5 ples of animals. However, the comparison of the present figures
can be compared with the results of (Arbab et al., 2021; Rind &
0
Khan, 2000).

F I G U R E 2 Effect of aloe vera on Gram-positive bacteria The large sizes of zones growth inhibition produced by aloe ex-
Staphylococcus aureus tracts and the 10 antibiotics (AMC, AMX, AUG, CTX, CAZ, CXM,
CPX, tetracycline, CP and imipenem) against the four bacterial E. coli,
Shigella spp. Salmonella spp. and S. aureus indicated the potency of
at 100 µl of ethanol leaf and ethanol root extract of aloe vera the active constituents in aloe vera and those antibiotics. The aloe
showed greater susceptibility against all organisms isolated, dur- root ethanol extract showed the greatest effect on both all isolates
ing in this study is somewhat exhibited by some standard antibi- organisms compared to the leaf and root water extract and the leaf
otics showed less susceptibility. Hence, it is proved that different ethanol extract. This is an indication that aloe is effective against
extract of ethanol extracted aloe vera produced showed highest S. aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
activity as compare to standard antibiotics and the results are S. pyogene infections. The phytoconstituents of aloe have longed
given in Figure 5. been known as its antibacterial properties have been widely re-
ported (Arbab et al., 2020; Bashir et al., 2011). However, most re-
ports on the activity of aloe have focused mainly on the commensal
4 | D I S CU S S I O N micro flora and community acquired infections, while information is
on its activity against animal-based pathogens is scanty.
Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) is a cactus-like xerophytes plant, Another researcher study conducted to check the antibacterial
and about 360 species have been identified. It is used to treat vari- activity of ethanol and chloroform extract of Aloe Vera, ethanol
ous skin problems (skin irritation, burns, wound, acne and dermati- extract of aloe vera exhibited maximum inhibition against S. aureus,
tis) and has also been used to heal skin exposure to ultra violet and S. pneumonia and B. subtilis (Jothi et al., 2014). This finding is also
gamma radiation (Zhang et al., 2006). This plant is recognized to have consistent with other reports investigation was carried out and eth-
medicinal properties and has been used for wide variety of ailments anol extract showed the greatest effect on S. aureus, E. coli, Klebisella
such as mild fever, wounds and burns, gastrointestinal disorders, dia- pneumonia and Shigella compared to pure aloe extract. Using ethanol
betes, sexual vitality, fertility problems, cancer, immune modulation, extracts the zones of inhibition (Rudrangshu et al., 2015).
AIDS and various skin diseases (Chatterjee et al., 2015). Numerous The current study also showed agreement with the previous
studies report the effectual use of this plant when functioning topi- studies (Agarry et al., 2005). The result of current study is generally
cally for the healing of burns, sunburns, inflammatory skin disorders the ethanol extract showed 100% efficacy and susceptibility against
and wounds (Dal'Belo et al., 2006). Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative isolates showed greater result
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F I G U R E 3 Effect of antibiotics against 35

Gram-negative bacteria
30

% inhibition (mm)
25

20

15

10

0
AMC AMX AUG CTX CAZ CXM CPX TE CP IMP
Escherchia coli 27 20 25 26 25 27 12 19 23 25
Shigella spp 24 13 20 23 22 27 19 24 25 23
Salmonella spp 23 15 23 25 24 20 25 25 23 20

F I G U R E 4 Effect of antibiotics of
Gram-positive bacteria. AMC, ampicillin;
AMX, amoxicillin; AUG, augmentin; 35 Staphylococus aureus
CAZ, ceftazidime; CP, cefpodoxime;
% inhibition (mm)

30
CPX, ciprofloxacin; CTX, cefotaxime;
CXM, cefuroxime; IPM, imipenem; TE, 25
tetracycline 20

15

10

0
AMC AMX AUG CTX CAZ CXM CPX TE CP IMP

AMX
30
Aloe root ethanol
CTX
extract 25
20
15
Aloe leaf ethanol
CAZ
extract
10
5
0

Aloe root extract CXM

Gram-positive

Aloe leaf extract IMP Gram-negative

F I G U R E 5 Comparison of antibacterial CPX

activity of aloe vera gel extract with
standard antibiotics against Gram-
negative and Gram-positive bacteria
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as compare to crude extract because ethanol's are more polar than Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
water (Matu & Van Staden, 2003). A similar kind of investigation was The certificate number was SCXK (Gan) 2019–001.
carried out and ethanol extract showed the greatest effect on S. au-
reus, E. coli, Klebisella pneumonia and shigella (Rudrangshu et al., 2015). PEER REVIEW
Aloe vera is a promising plant material with numerous biolog- The peer review history for this article is available at https://publo
ical activities. Various solvents were used for extraction of bioac- ns.com/publon/10.1002/vms3.488.
tive compound from aloe and the extract yields were measured.
Highest percentage yield obtained with ethanol followed by water. DATA AVA I L A B I L I T Y S TAT E M E N T
Antimicrobial activity of these extract was tested with two different The data that support the findings of this study are openly available
pathogenic bacteria by disc method. The results of this testing shed in repository.
light into the antimicrobial abilities of test substance, potentially pro-
viding ground for natural alternatives to pharmaceutical antibiotics ORCID
medication. This study has consistently demonstrated the effective- Safia Arbab https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9940-9708
ness of aloe as an antibacterial agent against gram-negative and as Hanif Ullah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1052-8522
well as gram-positive bacteria whereas the 10 antibiotics tested also
showed the ability to inhibit the growth of bacterial pathogen. Aloe REFERENCES
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How to cite this article: Arbab S, Ullah H, Weiwei W, et al.
Rind, R., & Khan, T. (2000). Bacteriological studies on surgical and non-
Comparative study of antimicrobial action of aloe vera and
surgical wounds located on body surface of animals. Pakistan Journal
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Rudrangshu, C., Dushyant, S., Dimri, A. G., Ankita, P., Shiwani, C., & infection. Vet Med Sci. 2021;7:2061–2067. https://doi.org/
Aggarwal, M. (2015). Comparative study of antimicrobial activ-
10 1002/
. vms3.488
ity of Aloe vera gel and antibiotics against isolates from fast food.