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Lecture-class Problem-thermal desalination

The document presents a series of problems related to thermal desalination and evaporation processes, focusing on calculations for evaporators. Key tasks include determining vapor and liquid product amounts, heat transfer areas, steam consumption, and the economy of evaporators under various conditions. It also discusses the impact of temperature and heat transfer coefficients on the efficiency of multiple-effect evaporators.

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mohd7omy
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7 views

Lecture-class Problem-thermal desalination

The document presents a series of problems related to thermal desalination and evaporation processes, focusing on calculations for evaporators. Key tasks include determining vapor and liquid product amounts, heat transfer areas, steam consumption, and the economy of evaporators under various conditions. It also discusses the impact of temperature and heat transfer coefficients on the efficiency of multiple-effect evaporators.

Uploaded by

mohd7omy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

LECTURE CLASS PROBLEM


On
Thermal Desalination-Evaporation

Q1 A continuous single-effect evaporator concentrates 9072 kg/hr of a 1.0


0
wt% salt solution entering at 311.0 K (37.8 C) to a final concentration of
1.5 wt%. The vapor space of the evaporator is at 101.325 kPa (1.0 atm abs)
and the steam supplied is saturated at 143.3 kPa. The overall heat
2
transfer coefficient, U = 1704 W/m K.

Calculate:

a) The amount of vapor & liquid product

b) The heat transfer area required

c) The economy of the evaporator

Given; Specific heat of the feed = 4.14 KJ/Kg K (from steam table)
Enthalpy of vapour generated at 100 0C and a atm pressure from steam table = 2680
KJ/Kg
Latent heat of steam condensation at Ts= 2214

Q2 A single effect evaporator is to be designed to concentrate 10000 kg/hr of a


chemical solution from 10% to 20% solids by weight. Feed enters at 30 0C. Saturated
steam at 1100C (latent heat of 540 kcal/kg) is available. Condensate leaves at saturation
temperature. The solution boils at 45 0C (latent heat = 570 kcal/kg). Specific heats of all
solutions may be taken as 1Kcal/Kg 0C. Overall heat transfer coefficient may be taken
as 1800 kcal/hr m2 0C. Calculate:

1. Steam consumption, kg/hr


2. Heat transfer area

Formula:
Heat transfer equation is
Q = U A ∆T
U = overall heat transfer coefficient in case of boiling
A = area of heat transfer
∆T = temperature difference between the heating medium and the boiling liquor
Energy balance:

FhF + SHS = EHE + PhP + S hC


Or F hF + S λs = E HE + PhP
Where
S = Steam; F = Feed; E = Evaporation; and P = Product
xF and xP are solute concentrations in feed and product respectively.
hF = feed enthalpy
2

hP = product enthalpy
Λs = latent heat of steam
HE = enthalpy of vapour

Q3. An evaporator is fed with 5000 kg/hr of a 20 % solution of sodium hydroxide at


380C (hF = 30 kcal/kg). This is to be concentrated to 50% solution (h L = 115 kcal/kg and
T1 = 92 0C). The evaporator is supplied with saturated steam at 0.35 kg/cm2, gauge (HS =
590 kcal/kg, hS = 100 kcal/kg and TS = 109 0C) and operates at a vacuum of 750 mm
referred to 760 mm barometer (HV = 565 kcal/kg, T = 52 0C). There is negligible
entrainment. Condensate may be assumed to leave at steam temperature and radiation
losses may be neglected. What is the steam consumption rate? Assume specific heat
of superheated steam to be 0.46 kcal/kg 0C. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is
1940 kcal/hr m2 0C, what is the heating surface required ? The evaporator is provided
with a barometric counter-current condenser fed with water at 22 0C. The exit water
temperature is 55 0C. How much cooling water is required per hour??

Formula:
Heat transfer equation is
Q = U A ∆T
U = overall heat transfer coefficient in case of boiling
A = area of heat transfer
∆T = temperature difference between the heating medium and the boiling liquor
Energy balance:

FhF + SHS = VHE + LhL + S hs


Or F hF + S λs = V Hv + LhL
Where
S = Steam; F = Feed; V = Evaporation; and L = Product
xF and xL are solute concentrations in feed and product respectively.
hF = feed enthalpy
hL = product enthalpy
Λs = latent heat of steam
HV = enthalpy of vapour

Q4. A triple-effect evaporator is concentrating a liquid that has no appreciable


elevation in boiling point. The temperature of the steam to the first effect is 108 0C and
the boiling point of the solution in the last effect is 52 0C. The overall heat transfer
coefficients in W/m2 0C, are 2500 in the first effect, 2000 in the second effect and 1500
in the third effect (As the solution becomes more concentrated, the viscosity increases
and the overall coefficient is reduced). At what temperature will the liquid boil in the
first and second effects?

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