Name: Dang Nguyen Anh Tai

ID: DE190136
Class: SE19B01

INTERNET

Introduct about the internet

JUNE 25, 2024

Table of Contents
1. History of the Internet................................................................................2
2. How Internet changes our life?............................................................................4

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1. History of the Internet
The history of the Internet has its origin in the efforts of scientists and engineers to build
and interconnect computer networks. The Internet Protocol Suite, the set of rules used
to communicate between networks and devices on the Internet, arose from research
and development in the United States and involved international collaboration,
particularly with researchers in the United Kingdom and France.

Computer science was an emerging discipline in the late 1950s that began to
consider time-sharing between computer users, and later, the possibility of achieving
this over wide area networks. J. C. R. Licklider developed the idea of a universal
network at the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of the United
States Department of Defense (DoD) Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).
Independently, Paul Baran at the RAND Corporation proposed a distributed network
based on data in message blocks in the early 1960s, and Donald Davies conceived
of packet switching in 1965 at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), proposing a
national commercial data network in the United Kingdom.

ARPA awarded contracts in 1969 for the development of the ARPANET project,
directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. ARPANET adopted the
packet switching technology proposed by Davies and Baran. The network of Interface
Message Processors (IMPs) was built by a team at Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, with
the design and specification led by Bob Kahn. The host-to-host protocol was specified
by a group of graduate students at UCLA, led by Steve Crocker, along with Jon
Postel and Vint Cerf. The ARPANET expanded rapidly across the United States with
connections to the United Kingdom and Norway.

Several early packet-switched networks emerged in the 1970s which researched and
provided data networking. Louis Pouzin and Hubert Zimmermann pioneered a simplified
end-to-end approach to internetworking at the IRIA. Peter Kirstein put internetworking
into practice at University College London in 1973. Bob Metcalfe developed the theory
behind Ethernet and the PARC Universal Packet. ARPA projects, the International
Network Working Group and commercial initiatives led to the development of various
ideas for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into
a network of networks. Vint Cerf, now at Stanford University, and Bob Kahn, now at
DARPA, published research in 1974 that evolved into the Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), two protocols of the Internet protocol suite.
The design included concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis
Pouzin. The development of packet switching networks was underpinned by
mathematical work in the 1970s by Leonard Kleinrock at UCLA.

In the late 1970s, national and international public data networks emerged based on
the X.25 protocol, designed by Rémi Després and others. In the United States,
the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded national supercomputing centers at
several universities in the United States, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with

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the NSFNET project, thus creating network access to these supercomputer sites for
research and academic organizations in the United States. International connections to
NSFNET, the emergence of architecture such as the Domain Name System, and
the adoption of TCP/IP on existing networks in the United States and around the world
marked the beginnings of the Internet. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs)
emerged in 1989 in the United States and Australia. Limited private connections to parts
of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by
late 1989 and 1990. The optical backbone of the NSFNET was decommissioned in
1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic,
as traffic transitioned to optical networks managed by Sprint, MCI and AT&T in the
United States.

Research at CERN in Switzerland by the British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee in

1989–90 resulted in the World Wide Web, linking hypertext documents into an
information system, accessible from any node on the network.[9] The dramatic expansion
of the capacity of the Internet, enabled by the advent of wave division
multiplexing (WDM) and the rollout of fiber optic cables in the mid-1990s, had a
revolutionary impact on culture, commerce, and technology. This made possible the rise
of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, video chat, and the World Wide Web with its discussion
forums, blogs, social networking services, and online shopping sites. Increasing
amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber-optic
networks operating at 1 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s, and 800 Gbit/s by 2019. The Internet's
takeover of the global communication landscape was rapid in historical terms: it only
communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-
way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, 51% by 2000, and more than 97%
of the telecommunicated information by 2007. The Internet continues to grow, driven by
ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, and social
networking services. However, the future of the global network may be shaped by
regional differences.

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2. How Internet changes our life?

-WHAT HAPPENED?

The Internet has turned our existence upside down. It has revolutionized
communications, to the extent that it is now our preferred medium of everyday
communication. In almost everything we do, we use the Internet. Ordering a
pizza, buying a television, sharing a moment with a friend, sending a picture over
instant messaging. Before the Internet, if you wanted to keep up with the news,
you had to walk down to the newsstand when it opened in the morning and buy
a local edition reporting what had happened the previous day. But today a click
or two is enough to read your local paper and any news source from anywhere in
the world, updated up to the minute.

The Internet itself has been transformed. In its early days—which from a
historical perspective are still relatively recent—it was a static network designed
to shuttle a small freight of bytes or a short message between two terminals; it
was a repository of information where content was published and maintained
only by expert coders. Today, however, immense quantities of information are
uploaded and downloaded over this electronic leviathan, and the content is very
much our own, for now we are all commentators, publishers, and creators.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the Internet widened in scope to encompass the IT
capabilities of universities and research centers, and, later on, public entities,
institutions, and private enterprises from around the world. The Internet
underwent immense growth; it was no longer a state-controlled project, but the
largest computer network in the world, comprising over 50,000 sub-networks, 4
million systems, and 70 million users.

The emergence of web 2.0 in the first decade of the twenty-first century was
itself a revolution in the short history of the Internet, fostering the rise of social
media and other interactive, crowd-based communication tools.

The Internet was no longer concerned with information exchange alone: it was a
sophisticated multidisciplinary tool enabling individuals to create content,

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communicate with one another, and even escape reality. Today, we can send
data from one end of the world to the other in a matter of seconds, make online
presentations, live in parallel “game worlds,” and use pictures, video, sound, and
text to share our real lives, our genuine identity. Personal stories go public; local
issues become global.

The rise of the Internet has sparked a debate about how online communication
affects social relationships. The Internet frees us from geographic fetters and
brings us together in topic-based communities that are not tied down to any
specific place. Ours is a networked, globalized society connected by new
technologies. The Internet is the tool we use to interact with one another, and
accordingly poses new challenges to privacy and security.

Information technologies have wrought fundamental change throughout society,

driving it forward from the industrial age to the networked era. In our world,
global information networks are vital infrastructure—but in what ways has this
changed human relations? The Internet has changed business, education,
government, healthcare, and even the ways in which we interact with our loved
ones—it has become one of the key drivers of social evolution.

The changes in social communication are of particular significance. Although

analogue tools still have their place in some sectors, new technologies are
continuing to gain ground every day, transforming our communication practices
and possibilities—particularly among younger people. The Internet has removed
all communication barriers. Online, the conventional constraints of space and
time disappear and there is a dizzyingly wide range of communicative
possibilities. The impact of social media applications has triggered discussion of
the “new communication democracy.”

The development of the Internet today is being shaped predominantly by instant,

mobile communications. The mobile Internet is a fresh revolution.
Comprehensive Internet connectivity via smartphones and tablets is leading to an
increasingly mobile reality: we are not tied to any single specific device, and
everything is in the cloud.

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3. Bad side of Internet and how to
minimize it
The internet has received much negative news coverage in recent years. Articles focus
on major privacy scandals and security breaches, the proliferation of fake news,
rampant harmful behaviours like cyber-bullying, cyber-theft, revenge porn, the exchange
of child porn and internet predation, internet addiction, and the negative effects of the
internet on social relations and social cohesion. Nevertheless, some 87 % of European
households have internet access at home, and 65 % use mobile devices to access the
internet. Europeans aged 16 to 24 years spend 168 minutes per day on mobile internet,
dropping to 30 minutes for 55 to 64-year olds. Around 88 % of 15 to 24-year olds use
social media, 80 % on a daily basis.

While the social and economic benefits of the internet cannot be denied, some of these
developments can severely affect such European values as equality, respect for human
rights and democracy. Technology companies are under increasing pressure to mitigate
these harmful effects, and politicians and opinion leaders are advocating drastic
measures.

The recently published STOA study on ‘Harmful internet use’ covers the damage
associated with internet use on individuals’ health, wellbeing and functioning, and the
impact on social structures and institutions. While the study does not attempt to cover
all possible societal harm relating to the internet, Part I focuses on one specific cause of
harm, internet addiction, and Part II covers a range of harmful effects on individuals and
society that are associated with internet use. The report concludes with policy options
for their prevention and mitigation.

Other studies have already extensively discussed some harmful effects, and these are
already subject to a history of policy actions. These include harm to privacy, harm
related to cybersecurity and cybercrime, and damage resulting from digital divides. In
contrast, this study covers the less-studied but equally important harmful effects that
concern individuals’ health, wellbeing and functioning, the quality of social structures
and institutions, and equality and social inclusion.

Internet addiction and problematic internet use

Internet addiction and problematic internet use prevalence rates vary across studies
and countries. The noteworthy discrepancy in prevalence estimates has a number of
causes, including the different populations studied, as well as the various diagnostic
tools and assessment criteria utilised. With this in mind, it appears that roughly 4 % of
European adolescents demonstrate a pathological use of the internet that affects their
life and health, while 13 % of adolescents engage in maladaptive behaviour when using
the internet. Similar numbers are reported for adults.

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Part I of the study focuses on generalised internet addiction, online gaming addiction,
and online gambling addiction. Clinical presentations, patient profiling, comorbidities,
instruments, interventions, and prognoses are different across these three potential
addiction disorders. The study states that the individual, cultural and media-use context
significantly contributes to the experience and severity of internet addiction.

The study proposes a set of preventive actions, and evidence to support future policies.
It states that offering information, screening tools and campaigns to students in
secondary schools and at universities regarding internet-use-related addiction problems
can help, especially regarding gaming addiction in adolescent populations. This will
require allocating research and resources for schools and their staff, and for families, as
well as the establishment of working relationships with health professionals and
services.

Harmful social and cultural effects associated with

internet use
Part II of the study identifies a number of different harmful social and cultural effects
associated with internet use. The evidence points to the occurrence of significant
damage to both individuals and society. Some of these harmful effects are described
briefly below:

Information overload:Having too much information to be able to adequately

understand an issue or make effective decisions. Information overload is associated
with loss of control, feelings of being overwhelmed, reduced intellectual performance,
and diminished job satisfaction. Studies show that information overload affects up to 20-
30% of people.

Damage to social relationships:Extensive internet use, of social media in particular, is

correlated with loneliness and social isolation. Intimate relationships can be degraded
by internet use, particularly due to viewing online pornography. Malicious online
behaviour, particularly cyber-bullying, cyber-stalking and online predation, affects a
significant percentage of internet users.

Impaired public/private boundaries: The way in which the internet and smartphones
blur the distinction between private and public, and between different spheres of life,
including work, home life and leisure, harms the boundaries between people’s public
and private lives. Harmful effects that can result from such permeations include loss of
quality of life, lack of privacy, decreased safety and security, and harm to social
relations – when friends and family members feel they are left behind by new
technology.

Harmful effects on cognitive development:Empirical evidence suggests that internet

use can have both positive and negative impacts on cognitive development, depending
on the person and the circumstances. There is evidence that children’s cognitive
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development can be damaged by prolonged internet use, including the development of
memory skills, attention span, abilities for critical reasoning, language acquisition,
reading, and learning abilities. More research is however needed to draw more reliable
conclusions.

Damage to communities: Many off-line communities suffer through the partial

migration of human activities – shopping, commerce, socialising, leisure activities,
professional interactions – to the internet. Online communities sometimes extend off-
line communities and sometimes replace them. They are often inadequate
replacements, however, as they do not possess some of the valuable or the strongest
qualities of off-line communities, and communities may consequently suffer from
impoverished communication, incivility, and a lack of trust and commitment.

The study identifies a number of broad policy options for preventing and mitigating
these harmful effects. They include, among other things:

1. promoting technology that better protects social institutions, stimulating or requiring tech
companies to introduce products and services that better protect social institutions and
internet users;
2. education about the internet and its consequences;
3. stronger social services support for internet users: this policy option involves
strengthening social services dedicated to internet users to prevent or mitigate harmful
effects such as internet addition, antisocial online behaviour or information overload;
4. incentivising or requiring employers to develop policies that protect workers against
harmful effects of work-related internet use, such as information overload and the
blurring of lines between public and private life;
5. establishing governmental units and multi-stakeholder platforms at EU level,to address
the problems of the internet’s harmful social and cultural effects.

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