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Emf - Ii - Eee - Syllabus - Class3

The document discusses the spherical coordinate system, detailing its three coordinates: radius (r), polar angle (θ), and azimuthal angle (φ). It explains the geometric interpretation of these coordinates through the intersection of surfaces such as spheres, cones, and planes, and introduces unit vectors in this system. Additionally, it describes the construction of a differential volume element in spherical coordinates and the transformation of scalars from rectangular to spherical coordinates.

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7 views69 pages

Emf - Ii - Eee - Syllabus - Class3

The document discusses the spherical coordinate system, detailing its three coordinates: radius (r), polar angle (θ), and azimuthal angle (φ). It explains the geometric interpretation of these coordinates through the intersection of surfaces such as spheres, cones, and planes, and introduces unit vectors in this system. Additionally, it describes the construction of a differential volume element in spherical coordinates and the transformation of scalars from rectangular to spherical coordinates.

Uploaded by

vspenergyofficial
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Electromagnetic Fields

Teacher :: B. Amarendra Reddy

Dept. of Electrical Engineering


AU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING(A)
ANDHRA UNIVERSITY
Coordinates

Constant Panes

Point in three dimensional space as intersection of three planes.

Differential volume Element

Incremental Surface areas

Orientation of unit vectors

Conversion from one coordinate to the other coordinate system.


THE SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM

No two-dimensional coordinate system to help us understand the three dimensional


spherical coordinate system.

The latitude and-longitude system of locating a place on the surface of the earth.

Define the distance from the origin to any point as r. The surface r = constant is a sphere.

The second coordinate is an angle θ between the z axis and the line drawn from the origin
to the point in question. The surface θ = constant is a cone.

The two surfaces, cone and sphere, are everywhere perpendicular along their intersection,
which is a circle of radius r sin θ. The coordinate θ corresponds to latitude.
The third coordinate φ is also an angle and is exactly the same as the angle φ of cylindrical
coordinates.

It is the angle between the x axis and the projection in the z = 0 plane of the line drawn
from the origin to the point.

It corresponds to the angle of longitude, but the angle φ increases to the “east.”
The surface φ = constant is a plane passing through the θ = 0 line (or the z axis).

Consider any point as the intersection of three mutually perpendicular surfaces—a sphere,
a cone, and a plane.
The radius variable r is nonnegative, and θ is restricted to the range from 0◦ to 180◦,
inclusive.

The angles are placed in the proper quadrants by inspecting the signs of x, y, and z.

The unit vector ar is directed radially outward, normal to the sphere r = constant lies in the
cone θ = constant and the plane φ = constant.
The unit vector aθ is normal to the conical surface, lies in the plane, and is tangent to the
sphere. It is directed along a line of “longitude” and points “south.”

The third unit vector aφ is the same as in cylindrical coordinates, being normal to the plane
and tangent to both the cone and the sphere. It is directed to the “east.”

A right-handed coordinate system is defined by causing ar × aθ = aφ.

The right-hand rule identifies the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger with the direction of
increasing r, θ, and φ, respectively.
A differential volume element may be constructed in spherical coordinates by increasing r,
θ, and φ by dr, dθ, and dφ,

The distance between the two spherical surfaces of radius r and r + dr is dr;

The distance between the two cones having generating angles of θ and θ + dθ is r dθ;

The distance between the two radial planes at angles φ and φ + dφ is found to be r sin θdφ.

The surfaces have areas of r dr dθ, r sin θ dr dφ, and r2 sin θ dθ dφ, and the volume is
r 2 sin θ dr dθ dφ.
(a) The three spherical coordinates. (b) The three mutually perpendicular surfaces of the
spherical coordinate system
(c) The three unit vectors of spherical coordinates: ar × aθ = aφ. (d) The differential
volume element in the spherical coordinate system.
The transformation of scalars from the rectangular to the spherical coordinate system is
easily made by using
ar · ax is obtained by projecting ar onto the x y
plane, giving sin θ, and then projecting sin θ on
the x axis, which yields sin θ cos φ.

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